RESUMEN Introducción: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis pueden presentar alteraciones en su composición corporal, para ello las unidades de nefrología cuentan con herramientas, como son la bioimpedancia y la escala “Malnutrition Inflamation Score” para prevenir, detectar y diagnosticar estados de desnutrición. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre el estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis, medido mediante la escala Malnutrición Inflamación y la bioimpedancia. Material y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental realizado en 48 pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, de composición corporal de los pacientes en dos mediciones, mediante bioimpedancia y escala de malnutrición MIS. Los pacientes que presentaron una puntuación de la escala MIS≥6 recibieron una intervención nutricional, evaluándolos nuevamente a los 6 meses. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 69,9±13,6 años, 29 (60,41%) eran hombres. Los pacientes llevaban en tratamiento con hemodiálisis una mediana de tiempo de 24(P25:10,3-P75:59,3) meses. Los pacientes que presentaron valores de la escala MIS≥6 fueron 24(50%), recibiendo la intervención educativa. En los pacientes que no recibieron la intervención el resultado MIS empeoró a los 6 meses (3,4 vs 5,4, p=0,002). Conclusiones: Aquellas personas que no recibieron una intervención educativa empeoraron sus resultados nutricionales frente a quienes si la recibieron. Cabe destacar la importancia de utilizar de forma sistematizada instrumentos validados, como la bioimpedancia y la escala MIS, para hacer un seguimiento del estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemodialysis patients may present alterations in body composition. Nephrology units have tools such as bioimpedance and the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) to prevent, detect and diagnose malnutrition. Objective: To assess the impact of an educational intervention on the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients using the MIS and bioimpedance. Material and Method: Quasi-experimental study carried out in 48 hemodialysis patients. Sociodemographic and clinical variables as well as patient body composition were analysed in two measurements using bioimpedance and MIS. Patients with an MIS≥6 received a nutritional intervention, with a reassessment at 6 months. Results: Mean age was 69.9±13.6 years; 29 (60.41%) were male. Patients had been on hemodialysis for a median of 24 (P25:10.3-P75:59.3) months. Patients with MIS values≥6 were 24 (50%), receiving such an educational intervention. In patients who did not receive the intervention the MIS value worsened at 6 months (3.4 vs. 5.4, p=0.002). Conclusions: People who did not receive an educational intervention worsened their nutritional outcomes compared to those who did. The importance of systematically using validated instruments such as bioimpedance and the MIS to monitor the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients should be emphasised.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado na microrregião de Ilhéus-Itabuna, Bahia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis neurona em equinos da microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna (BA) e identificar possíveis fatores associados à infecção. A presença de esporocistos/oocistos de Sarcocystis spp. também foi pesquisada em Didelphis spp. Foram coletadas 669 amostras de soro de equinos em 56 propriedades localizadas em 12 municípios da região. Foi utilizada a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando-se lâminas confeccionadas com merozoítos de Sarcocystis neurona (cepa SN138) e ponto de corte na diluição de 1:80. A ocorrência de anticorpos anti- S. neurona, nos equinos amostrados, foi de 7,92%. As finalidades dos animais - comércio e trabalho - apresentaram-se significativas (p<0.05), sendo que a finalidade trabalho (21,6%) foi considerada fator de risco, enquanto a finalidade comércio (3,6%) foi considerada fator de proteção. Foram capturados 25 Didelphis spp., para pesquisa de esporocistos/oocistos em amostras de fezes e raspado de mucosa intestinal. Todos os Didelphis spp. foram negativos para a presença de Sarcocystis spp., mesmo assim essa circunstância não alterou o fato da ocorrência de S. neurona ter sido observada em cavalos criados na mesorregião do sul da Bahia.

Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in equines in the Ilhéus-Itabuna microregion (BA), and identify possible factors associated with infection. The presence of sporocysts/oocysts of Sarcocystis spp. was also verified in Didelphis spp. A total of 669 serum samples were collected from equines in 56 properties located in 12 municipalities in the region. Indirect fluorescent antibody test was performed with slides containing merozoites of the S. neurona, using a cut-off titer of 1:80. Occurrence of 7.92% of anti-S. neurona antibodies was observed in the sampled equines. The purposes trade and work were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies (p<0.05), and being used for the purpose of work (21.6%) was considered a risk factor, while being used for the purpose of trade (3.6%) was a protective factor. A total of 25 Didelphis spp. was captured for research on sporocysts/oocysts in stool samples and intestinal scrapings, being all negative. Didelphis spp. were all negative for the presence of Sarcocystis spp. and this circumstance does not change the fact that seroprevalence of S. neurona has been observed in horses raised in the southern Bahia.

Resumo Ante a crescente importância da geração distribuída, a pluralização da matriz energética próxima aos grandes centros de consumo tornou-se necessário. Nesse sentido, o setor de sucro energético pode contribuir para a geração de eletricidade utilizando resíduos como vinhaça, o mais relevante em volume e capacidade poluidora. Logo, objetivo geral deste artigo é analisar a viabilidade econômico do uso de vinhaça para geração de eletricidade, como objetivo específico, identificar a faixa de preço viável do MWh nos ambientes livre e regulado de energia e a capacidade produtiva das plantas para esse tipo de investimento. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa quantitativa, com base na estrutura de custo de biodigestor IC, motor de combustão interna com 38% de rendimento e logística de vinhaça em função da capacidade de produção de usina autônomas em 100 m3, 1.000 m3 e 3.000 m3 etanol / dia para cenários com e sem isenção de impostos para uma faixa de preço entre US$ 26,04 a US$ 130,20/MWh. A análise permite observar que o uso de vinhaça para geração de eletricidade está restrito a produtores de médio e grande porte. Outrossim, o preço do MWh é mais relevante que a isenção fiscal para viabilidade deste tipo de projeto. Isso corrobora os constantes pedidos do setor sucroenergetico para realização leilões de eletricidade exclusivos para biomassa, dado sua estrutura de custos e suas as externalidades sociais, econômicas e ambientais.

Abstract In view of the growing importance of distributed generation, the pluralization of the energy matrix close to large consumption centers has become necessary. In this sense, the energy sector can contribute to electricity generation using waste products such as vinasse, the most relevant in terms of volume and polluting capacity. The general objective of this article is to analyze the economic feasibility of using vinasse for electricity generation, and as a specific objective, to identify the viable price range of MWh in free and regulated energy environments and the productive capacity of plants for this type of investment. The methodology used was quantitative research, based on the cost structure of a biodigester IC internal combustion engine with 38% yield and vinasse logistics according to the production capacity of autonomous plants of 100 m3, 1,000 m3, and 3,000 m3ethanol/day for scenarios with and without tax exemptions for a price range between US$ 26.04 and US$ 130.20/MWh. The analysis shows that the use of vinasse for electricity generation is restricted to medium and large producers. Furthermore, the price of MWh is more relevant than the tax exemption for the feasibility of this type of project. This corroborates the constant requests from the sugar-energy sector to hold exclusive electricity auctions for biomass, given its cost structure and its social, economic, and environmental externalities.

Resumen En vista de la creciente importancia de la generación distribuida, la pluralización de la matriz energética cerca de los grandes centros de consumo se ha vuelto necesaria. En este sentido, el sector azucarero-energético puede contribuir a la generación de electricidad utilizando residuos como la vinaza, el más relevante en términos de volumen y capacidad contaminante. Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de este artículo es analizar la viabilidad económica del uso de vinaza para la generación de electricidad, como un objetivo específico, para identificar el rango de precio viable de MWh en entornos de energía libres y regulados y la capacidad productiva de las plantas para este tipo de inversión. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación cuantitativa, basada en la estructura de costos de biodigestores IC, motor de combustión interna con 38% de rendimiento y logística de vinaza de acuerdo con la capacidad de producción de la planta autónoma en 100 m3, 1,000 m3 y 3,000 m3 de etanol/día para escenarios con y sin exención de impuestos para un rango de precios entre US$ 26,04 a US$ 130,20/MWh. El análisis muestra que el uso de vinaza para la generación de electricidad está restringido a productores medianos y grandes. Además, el precio del MWh es más relevante que la exención de impuestos para la viabilidad de este tipo de proyecto. Esto corrobora las constantes solicitudes del sector azucarero-energético para realizar subastas exclusivas de electricidad para biomasa, dada su estructura de costos y sus externalidades sociales, económicas y ambientales.

Abstract The following article presents a critical reflection on intersubjective rela tions in the field of interculturality. From this perspective, dialogue emerges as an im portant factor, as it represents a fundamental element of intersubjective relations between kimches and Western teachers. This would favor coexistence in an intercultural context, since the knowledge of the Other constitutes one of the essential sources for the construction of common life projects. In this respect, within an intercultural educational framework, Mapuche cultural knowledges should be recognized, understood, valued and validated from an epistemological perspective, in order to contribute to the education of Mapuche and non-Mapuche people who live and interact in the same society.

Resumen El presente artículo se propone reflexionar en torno a las relaciones intersubjetivas en el campo de la interculturalidad. Desde esta perspectiva, es posible señalar que el diálogo juega un rol importante, pues es un elemento fundamental en las relaciones intersubjetivas existentes entre los kimches y los profesores occidentales. Esto favorecería la convivencia en un contexto intercultural, debido a que el conocimiento del Otro constituye una de las fuentes imprescindibles para la construcción de proyectos de vida en común. Al respecto, en el marco de la educación intercultural, los saberes culturales mapuche se deben reconocer, comprender, valorar y legitimar desde un plano epistemológico, a fin de contribuir a la formación de personas mapuche y no mapuche que conviven e interactúan en una misma sociedad.

RESUMO O Programa Nacional de Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB) buscou difundir ‘sustentabilidade’ com a implantação do biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira, pressupondo-se uma adequada gestão de seus resíduos. Dentre eles, há o glicerol, que foi desconsiderado, inclusive, pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Seu descarte ou uso indevido nas indústrias químicas ou alimentícias pode causar problemas à saúde da população. Neste âmbito e interdisciplinarmente, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar riscos e oportunidades sobre a destinação do glicerol frente à lacuna normativa e aos aspectos sustentáveis. Trata-se de um estudo de múltiplos-casos com metodologia qualitativa e aplicação do software Maxqda® para análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam algumas alternativas de destinação, mas que constituem modos fragilizados por falta de informações e regulamentação. Identifica-se tal fragilidade, principalmente, pela transferência de responsabilidade dos grandes produtores a terceiros em relação à destinação do glicerol e, sobretudo, desinteresse pelos efeitos decorrentes. Espera-se fornecer subsídios que contribuam para remediar ineficiências relacionadas à gestão de resíduos, buscando desencadear ações que possam ser implementadas no âmbito normativo ambiental para as medidas compensatórias e mitigadoras, possibilitando maior desenvolvimento regional e valorização das pequenas propriedades com fortalecimento contínuo do desenvolvimento sustentável.

ABSTRACT The National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB) sought to disseminate 'sustainability' with the implementation of biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, therefore, it is assumed an adequate management of its waste. Among them, there is glycerol, which was disregarded, even, by the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS). Their disposal or misuse in the chemical or food industries can cause health problems for the population. In this scope and interdisciplinary, the objective of this study was to analyze risks and opportunities on the destination of glycerol in front of the normative gap and the sustainable aspects. This is a multi-case study with qualitative methodology and Maxqda® software application for content analysis. The results point to some alternatives of destination, but which are weakened by lack of information and regulation. This fragility is identified mainly by the transfer of responsibility from the big producers to third parties in relation to the destination of glycerol and, above all, disinterest in the resulting effects. It is hoped to provide subsidies aimed at remedying inefficiencies related to waste management, seeking to trigger actions that can be implemented in the environmental normative framework for compensatory and mitigating measures, allowing greater regional development and valuation of small properties, with the continuous strengthening of the sustainable development.

RESUMEN El Programa Nacional de Producción del Biodiesel (PNPB) buscó difundir 'sostenibilidad' con la implantación del biodiesel en la matriz energética brasileña, por lo tanto, se presupone una adecuada gestión de sus residuos. Entre ellos, hay el glicerol, que fue desconsiderado, inclusive, por la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos (PNRS). Su descarte o uso indebido en las industrias químicas o alimenticias puede causar problemas a la salud de la población. En este ámbito e interdisciplinario, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar riesgos y oportunidades sobre la destinación del glicerol frente a la laguna normativa ya los aspectos sostenibles. Se trata de estudio de múltiples casos con metodología cualitativa y aplicación del software Maxqda® para los análisis de contenido. Los resultados apuntan algunas alternativas de destino, pero que constituyen modos fragilizados por falta de información y reglamentación. Se identifica tal fragilidad, principalmente, por la transferencia de responsabilidad de los grandes productores a terceros en relación al destino del glicerol y, sobre todo, desinterés por los efectos que surgen. Se espera proporcionar subsidios que tengan por objeto remediar ineficiencias relacionadas con la gestión de residuos, buscando desencadenar acciones que puedan ser implementadas, en el ámbito normativo ambiental, para las medidas compensatorias y mitigadoras, posibilitando un mayor desarrollo regional y valorización de las pequeñas propiedades, con el fortalecimiento continuo desenvolvimiento sustentable.

Resumo Passados nove anos da Lei do Saneamento, que define as diretrizes nacionais, verifica-se a necessidade de integrar os componentes do conceito de saneamento básico e buscar meios para monitorar os municípios. Crescentes iniciativas internacionais utilizam indicadores compostos para mensurar o desempenho das cidades, compará-las e para influenciar discussões de políticas nacionais e internacionais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo foi analisar variáveis para elaboração de indicadores de saneamento básico para os municípios paulistas a fim de gerar informações para a administração pública. O método fundamenta-se na análise de conteúdo temática de documentos para compreender os componentes e atributos do saneamento; e na análise fatorial exploratória para elaboração dos indicadores. O resultado da análise originou três indicadores que compõem um índice municipal e indica a necessidade de dados para avaliar de forma completa o saneamento.

Abstract After nine years of the Sanitation Law that defines the national guidelines in this area, it is still necessary to clarify the elements characterizing basic sanitation, and seek tools that enable monitoring sanitation in municipalities. Increasing international initiatives employ composite indicators to measure the performance of cities, compare them and use them to influence national and international political discussions. In this direction, the objective of this study is to analyze variables for the elaboration of sanitation indicators for the municipalities of São Paulo in order to generate information for the public administration. The method is based on thematic content analysis to understand the sanitation’s components and attributes, and factorial exploratory analysis to elaborate indicators. The results show three indicators that compose a municipal index and indicate the need for data to fully evaluate sanitation.

Resumen Después de nueve años de Ley de Saneamiento, que establece las directrices nacionales, aun existe la necesidad de integrar el concepto de los componentes de saneamiento y buscar formas de controlar el saneamiento en los condados. Crecientes iniciativas internacionales utilizan indicadores compuestos para medir el desempeño de las ciudades, para compararlas y para influir en los debates de políticas nacionales e internacionales. En este sentido, el objetivo es analizar variables para la elaboración de indicadores de saneamiento para los municipios de São Paulo a fin de generar información para la administración pública. El método se basa en el análisis de contenido temático para entender los componentes y atributos del saneamiento; y análisis exploratorio factorial para elaborar indicadores. El análisis resultante arrojó tres indicadores que componen un índice municipal e indican la necesidad de datos para evaluar completamente el saneamiento.

Resumo: A partir da implantação do Plano Real em 1994, o setor bancário brasileiro passou por profundas mudanças estruturais, no qual a eficiência produtiva e a presença de bancos estrangeiros na economia ganharam maior importância. O debate em torno da presença de bancos estrangeiros em economias domésticas e sua consequência na eficiência do setor bancário é tema de muita discussão. O presente trabalho pretende testar no mercado brasileiro se os bancos estrangeiros foram mais eficientes do que os domésticos entre 2006 e 2013, por meio da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Depois de calculadas as medidas de eficiência operacional e obtidas as fronteiras eficientes, os resultados encontrados apontaram para um setor bancário brasileiro dominado por bancos domésticos e que, no período de 2006 a 2013, estes foram mais eficientes do que seus concorrentes estrangeiros, enquanto que a eficiência geral do setor, em média, deteriorou-se.

Abstract: After the implementation of the Real Plan in 1994, the Brazilian banking industry has undergone profound structural changes, in which the production efficiency and the presence of foreign banks in the national economy have become more important for the sector. The debate on the presence of foreign banks in domestic economies and its consequences in the banking industry efficiency is subject of much discussion. This paper aims to test if foreign banks in the Brazilian market were more efficient than domestic banks between 2006 and 2013, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). After having calculated the operational efficiency measures and obtained the efficient frontiers, the results pointed to a Brazilian banking industry dominated by domestic banks, and, in the period of 2006-2013, these were more efficient than their foreign competitors, while the overall efficiency of the Brazilian banking industry, on average, has deteriorated.

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in Mexico, as it is in other countries, is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use it appropriately. Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance lead to high blood glucose levels. In Mexico, people with diabetes are known to use the decoction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L., Rhizophoraceae) bark to control blood glucose levels. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the chronic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of R. mangle; we also elucidate some of the major phytochemical compounds of R. mangle. To analyze the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, we used rats with streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced hyperglycemia; the rats were classified into four groups (six rats each), based on the treatment given, as follows: group 1, non-hyperglycemic control; group 2, hyperglycemic control; group 3, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight); and group 4, Rhizophora ethanol–water extract (90 mg/kg). The extract or glibenclamide was orally administered, dissolved in 1.5 ml of physiological NaCl-solution, twice a day (in the morning and in the evening) over a period of 42 days. The methanolic extract was used to elucidate the main compounds present in R. mangle via conventional phytochemical methods, such as TLC, HLPC, UPLC–DAD–MS, and NMR. The following compounds were detected: cinchonains Ia and Ib, catechin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside, epicatechin, lyoniside, and nudiposide. The daily administration of Rhizophora ethanol–water extract, similar to the traditional usage to control type 2 diabetes, was shown to exert chronic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This effect may be associated whit the constituents in the extract. These findings suggest that R. mangle and its constituents could be potentially used to treat type 2 diabetes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se adultos e idosos com escolaridade alta teriam aprendizagem diferente de adultos e idosos com escolaridade média em uma tarefa cognitivo-motora envolvendo função de membros inferiores. Método: A tarefa foi baseada no Trail Making Test (Tarefa de Deambulação Funcional, TDF). Oitenta voluntários (40:50–65 anos; 40:66–80 anos) foram subdivididos em escolaridade média (6–11 anos) e alta (12–17 anos) e realizaram duas sessões de treinamento (1: oito repetições, 2: quatro repetições), com intervalo de uma semana. O Timed Up and Go (TUG) foi realizado antes e após o treinamento. Resultados: Voluntários com escolaridade média levaram mais tempo para concluir a TDF do que voluntários com escolaridade alta (p < 0.001). Idosos apresentaram menor retenção do que adultos (p < 0.001). TUG foi mais rápido após o treinamento. Conclusão: O impacto da escolaridade foi observado quando a locomoção foi associada com tarefas cognitivas. Voluntários com escolaridade média apresentaram menor aprendizagem do que com escolaridade alta, principalmente idosos. A velocidade da marcha aumentou com o treinamento.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate if middle-aged and older adults with a higher education would differ from those with an average education in cognitive-motor tasks involving lower limb function. Methods: A walking version of the Trail Making Test (Walking Executive Function Task, [WEFT]) was used. Eighty volunteers (40: 50–65 years; 40: 66–80 years) were subdivided into average (6–11years of education) and higher education (12–17 years). They received two training sessions (session 1: eight repetitions, session 2: four repetitions), with a one week-interval between them. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was performed before and after the training. Results: Volunteers with an average education showed longer times on the WEFT than those with a higher education. Older adults showed lower retention than middle-aged adults (p < 0.001). The TUG was faster after the WEFT training (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The impact of education was observed when locomotion was associated with cognitive tasks. Average education resulted in poorer performance and learning than higher education, mainly in older adults. Gait speed increased after training.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To investigate the effects of D-002, a mixture of 6 high molecular weight primary aliphatic alcohols, obtained from beeswax (Apis mellifera), on severe inflammatory ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by Dextran sulfate (DSS) and ethanol in rats (Ratus ratus). Materials and methods. Rats were randomly distributed in six groups: a zero control to which no damage was caused, and five to which the UC was induced: a negative control (vehicle), three treated with D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) and a positive control with sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) (reference substance). Clinical manifestations (body weight variation, diarrhea and rectal bleeding), macroscopic and histological damage score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified. Results. The oral treatment with D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/ kg) significantly prevented the decrease in body weight. The dose of 400 mg/kg reduced the presence of diarrhea and rectal bleeding, although its comparison with the negative control only reached statistical significance on diarrhea. D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the score of macroscopic lesions (40.0; 43.3 and 47.2% inhibition, respectively), the histological damage score (31.5; 53.7 and 67.1% inhibition, respectively) and the activity of MPO (73.2; 83.6 and 85.0% inhibition, respectively), compared to the negative control group. Sulfasalazine significantly reduced all variables studied. Conclusions. D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) significantly protected the colonic mucosa in rats with severe inflammatory UC induced by DSS and ethanol.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Investigar los efectos del D-002, mezcla de seis alcoholes alifáticos primarios de alto peso molecular, obtenida de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera), sobre la colitis ulcerativa (CU) inflamatoria severa inducida por sulfato de dextrano (DSS) y etanol en ratas (Ratus ratus). Materiales y métodos. Las ratas se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en seis grupos: un control cero al que no se provocó daño, y cinco a los que se les indujo la CU: un control negativo (vehículo), tres tratados con D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) y un control positivo con sulfazalacina (200 mg/kg) (sustancia de referencia). Se cuantificaron las manifestaciones clínicas (variación del peso corporal, presencia de diarrea y de sangrado rectal), el puntaje de daño macroscópico e histológico, y la actividad de mieoloperoxidasa (MPO). Resultados. El tratamiento oral con D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) previno significativamente la disminución del peso corporal. La dosis de 400 mg/kg redujo la presencia de diarreas y sangrado rectal, aunque su comparación con el control negativo solo alcanzó significación estadística sobre las diarreas. El D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) redujo significativamente el puntaje de las lesiones macroscópicas (40,0; 43,3 y 47,2% de inhibición, respectivamente), el puntaje de daño histológico (31,5; 53,7 y 67,1% de inhibición, respectivamente) y la actividad de MPO (73,2; 83,6 y 85,0% de inhibición, respectivamente), comparado con el grupo control negativo. La sulfazalacina redujo significativamente todas las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones. El D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) protegió significativamente la mucosa colónica en ratas con CU inflamatoria severa inducida por DSS y etanol.

Objectives. To investigate the effects of D-002, a mixture of 6 high molecular weight primary aliphatic alcohols, obtained from beeswax (Apis mellifera), on severe inflammatory ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by Dextran sulfate (DSS) and ethanol in rats (Ratus ratus). Materials and methods. Rats were randomly distributed in six groups: a zero control to which no damage was caused, and five to which the UC was induced: a negative control (vehicle), three treated with D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) and a positive control with sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) (reference substance). Clinical manifestations (body weight variation, diarrhea and rectal bleeding), macroscopic and histological damage score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified. Results. The oral treatment with D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/ kg) significantly prevented the decrease in body weight. The dose of 400 mg/kg reduced the presence of diarrhea and rectal bleeding, although its comparison with the negative control only reached statistical significance on diarrhea. D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the score of macroscopic lesions (40.0; 43.3 and 47.2% inhibition, respectively), the histological damage score (31.5; 53.7 and 67.1% inhibition, respectively) and the activity of MPO (73.2; 83.6 and 85.0% inhibition, respectively), compared to the negative control group. Sulfasalazine significantly reduced all variables studied. Conclusions. D-002 (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) significantly protected the colonic mucosa in rats with severe inflammatory UC induced by DSS and ethanol.

Objetivos. Investigar los efectos del D-002, mezcla de seis alcoholes alifáticos primarios de alto peso molecular, obtenida de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera), sobre la colitis ulcerativa (CU) inflamatoria severa inducida por sulfato de dextrano (DSS) y etanol en ratas (Ratus ratus). Materiales y métodos. Las ratas se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en seis grupos: un control cero al que no se provocó daño, y cinco a los que se les indujo la CU: un control negativo (vehículo), tres tratados con D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) y un control positivo con sulfazalacina (200 mg/kg) (sustancia de referencia). Se cuantificaron las manifestaciones clínicas (variación del peso corporal, presencia de diarrea y de sangrado rectal), el puntaje de daño macroscópico e histológico, y la actividad de mieoloperoxidasa (MPO). Resultados. El tratamiento oral con D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) previno significativamente la disminución del peso corporal. La dosis de 400 mg/kg redujo la presencia de diarreas y sangrado rectal, aunque su comparación con el control negativo solo alcanzó significación estadística sobre las diarreas. El D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) redujo significativamente el puntaje de las lesiones macroscópicas (40,0; 43,3 y 47,2% de inhibición, respectivamente), el puntaje de daño histológico (31,5; 53,7 y 67,1% de inhibición, respectivamente) y la actividad de MPO (73,2; 83,6 y 85,0% de inhibición, respectivamente), comparado con el grupo control negativo. La sulfazalacina redujo significativamente todas las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones. El D-002 (25, 100 y 400 mg/kg) protegió significativamente la mucosa colónica en ratas con CU inflamatoria severa inducida por DSS y etanol.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of roosters on welfare and egg production of laying hens reared in an alternative system. Two breeding systems were established: barn 1 - laying hens reared without roosters (4500 birds); and barn 2 - laying hens reared with roosters (4500 layers and 250 roosters). In the poultry facilities, microclimate, egg production, mortality rate, and bird behavior were evaluated. Microclimate analysis showed that the birds were subjected to periods of constant heat stress, except for the morning hours. However, even under these conditions, egg production results and mortality rate were consistent with the indices recommended in the Isa Brown management guide in the barn with roosters; the indices obtained were even better and were characterized by higher egg production and lower mortality rates. In addition to productivity benefits, the presence of roosters broadened the behavioral repertoire of the birds due to the introduction of reproductive behaviors. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the tolerance-reflex behavior, which is associated with the impossibility of displaying reproductive behaviors. This alternative egg production system proved to promote animal welfare since it provides and stimulates the display of behaviors considered important for birds.

This manuscript aims to understand how it is possible to improve the competitiveness of a company using open innovation practices and presents evidences that open innovation can be practice, especially regarding technologies adoption and actions involving partnerships and collaboration. The paper concludes, base in a case study of a ICT firm, that even with a partial degree of openness and an intermediate level of maturity, open innovation put into practice have contributed to technological development and increase company competitiveness in its activity sector. It also pointed out challenges in execution capacity, internal process improvements and partnership relations, but mainly challenge is breaking cultural barriers in open innovation implementation. Finally, a set of recommendations were proposed to expand actions based on open innovation management, upgrade innovation maturity level and increase competitive potential of the companies.