RESUMO: A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados (RC) tem sido usada para melhorar o valor nutricional e facilitar o armazenamento na fazenda. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de inoculantes microbianos de quitosana e ácido lático na microbiologia de silagem de milho reidratada, perfil e perdas de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estabilidade aeróbia. Quarenta silos experimentais foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para avaliar os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle (CON): silagem RC sem aditivos; 2) Quitosana (CHI): silagem de RC com 6 g/kg de matéria seca (MS) de quitosana; 3) Lactobacillus buchneri (LB): RC ensilados com 5 × 105 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de L. buchneri por grama na alimentação; e 4) Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici (LPPA): RC ensilado 1,6 × 105 de L. plantarum e 1,6 × 105 P. acidilactici por grama na alimentação. Os aditivos aumentaram as bactérias láticas e a concentração de ácido lático e propiônico, diminuíram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas gasosas e fermentativas e melhoraram a recuperação da MS. Os silos CHI apresentaram menores pH da silagem, concentração de N amoniacal, perdas fermentativas e maior concentração de ácido acético em comparação com silos inoculados microbianos. Além disso, CHI e LB reduziram pH e temperatura da silagem após a exposição ao ar. Embora os tratamentos mostrem pequenos efeitos sobre o valor nutricional do RC, a CHI melhoroua a estabilidade aeróbia e diminui as perdas por fermentação. RESUMO (RC fazenda reidratada fermentação química 1 CON (CON) 2 (CHI) gkg g kg MS (MS 3 (LB) 10 UFC (UFC L alimentação 4 LPPA (LPPA) 16 1, P propiônico amoniacal disso ar (CON (CHI (LB (LPPA

ABSTRACT: Ensilage of rehydrated corn kernels (RC) has been used to improve nutritional value and facilitate on-farm storage. This study evaluated the effects of chitosan and lactic acid microbial inoculants on rehydrated corn silage microbiology, fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and aerobic stability. Forty experimental silos were used in a completely random design to evaluate the following treatments: 1) Control (CON): RC silage without additives; 2) Chitosan (CHI): RC silage with 6 g/kg dry matter (DM) of chitosan; 3) Lactobacillus buchneri (LB): RC ensiled with 5 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) of L. buchneri per gram fresh weight; and 4) Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici (LPPA): RC ensiled 1.6 × 105 of L. plantarum and 1.6 × 105 P. acidilactici per gram fresh weight. Additives increased lactic acid bacteria and concentration of lactic and propionic acid, decreased mold and yeast count and gas and fermentative losses, and improved DM recovery. The CHI-silos had lower silage pH, Ammonia-N concentration, fermentative losses, and higher acetic acid concentration compared to microbial inoculated-silos. In addition, CHI and LB decreased silage pH and temperature after aerobic exposure. Although, treatments showed slight effects on the nutritional value of RC, CHI improved aerobic stability and decreaseds fermentation losses. ABSTRACT (RC onfarm farm storage microbiology losses composition degradation 1 CON (CON) additives 2 (CHI) gkg g kg (DM 3 (LB) 10 CFU (CFU L weight 4 LPPA (LPPA) 16 1. P recovery CHIsilos AmmoniaN Ammonia N inoculatedsilos. inoculatedsilos inoculated silos. inoculated-silos addition exposure Although (CON (CHI (LB (LPPA

Summary: Biofortification is a process that increases the nutrient content in plants’ edible parts. The objective was to determine the effect of iron chelate and iron sulfathe applied through foliar and edaphic methods on the mineral, nutritional, and bioactive compound content of the Verdin bean grain. Foliar doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM of iron chelate and edaphic doses of 0, 0.25 and 0.50 g per plant of iron sulfate were applied, which generated 12 treatments that were evaluated in a randomized block design in 4×3 factorial arrangement where the first factor was the foliar doses, and the second factor was the edaphic doses. The content of iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, calcium and potassium, ash, proteins, fats, fiber, total phenols, flavonoid, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity were determined in the grain. The individual applications of foliar and edaphic iron had significant effects (P ≤ 0.05), with the edaphic dose of 0.50 g presenting the greatest increases in iron (17.38%), nickel (20.69%), protein (10.93%), crude fiber (5.82%) and antioxidant capacity (2.84%) regarding doses without edaphic iron. The simultaneous application of edaphic and foliar iron showed statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05), presenting the greatest increase in iron (75.91%), nickel (30.61%), ash (114.69%), protein (18.14%) and crude fiber (15.34%) with the 100 mM foliar - 0.50 g edaphic combination regarding to the combination without iron. For individual and simultaneous iron applications, it was observed that increasing the foliar and edaphic doses had antagonistic effects on the zinc and fat content. The application of iron can be beneficial to increase the mineral and nutritional content, and some bioactive compounds, but care must be taken to minimize the negative effects on other nutrients and properties of the grain.

Resumen: La biofortificación es el proceso por medio del cual se puede incrementar el contenido de nutrientes en la parte comestible de las plantas cultivadas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del quelato y sulfato de hierro aplicado de forma foliar y edáfica en el contenido mineral, nutricional, y compuestos bioactivos del grano de frijol variedad Verdín. Se aplicaron las dosis de 0, 25, 50 y 100 mM de quelato de hierro foliar y dosis de 0, 0.25 y 0.50 g por planta de sulfato de hierro edáfico, lo que origino 12 tratamientos que se evaluaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial 4×3 donde el primer factor fueron las dosis foliares y el segundo factor las dosis edáficas. En el grano se determinó el contenido de hierro, zinc, manganeso, níquel, calcio, potasio, cenizas, proteínas, grasas, fibra, fenoles totales, flavonoides, antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante. Las aplicaciones individuales de hierro edáfico y foliar tuvieron efectos significativos (P < 0.0001), presentando la aplicación edáfica de 0.50 g de hierro los mayores incrementos de 17.38%, 20.69%, 10.93%, 5.82% y 2.84% del contenido de hierro, níquel, proteína, fibra cruda y capacidad antioxidante con respecto a la dosis sin hierro edáfico. Pero se observaron efectos antagónicos en el contenido de zinc y grasas al incrementar la dosis de hierro. La aplicación simultánea de hierro edáfico y foliar presentó diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05), presentando el mayor incremento de hierro (75.91%), níquel (30.61%), cenizas (114.69%), proteína (18.14%) y fibra cruda (15.34%) la aplicación de 100 mM foliar y 0.50 g edáfico con respecto a la combinación sin hierro. La aplicación combinada de hierro puede ser benéfica para aumentar el contenido mineral, nutricional y algunos compuestos bioactivos; pero se debe tener cuidado para minimizar los efectos negativos en otros nutrientes y propiedades del grano.

Abstract San Pedro El Alto is a community that belongs to the Zapotec ethnic group and has a great biological richness; its inhabitants have knowledge about the use of medicinal plants. The aim was establishing the identity and nature of the uses given to the different plants known locally as camorreal. The growth sites and the type of vegetation where they are found naturally were located. Botanical collections were made of the species that the villagers call camorreal indistinctly, which were identified in the CHAPA Herbarium-Hortory of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 62 people from the community to document the way in which they are used and the criteria they use to differentiate them. As a result, the botanical identity of five species of camorreal was established: Asclepias circinalis (Decne.) Woodson, Asclepias melantha Decne, Iostephane trilobata Hemsl, Lobelia hartwegii Benth. ex A.DC and Psacalium paucicapitatum (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell, all associated with the pine-oak vegetation; all with medicinal use, of which Lobelia hartwegii Benth. ex A.DC is the most important species with local use for the inhabitants of the community.

Resumen San Pedro El Alto es una comunidad que pertenece a la etnia zapoteca que cuenta con una gran riqueza biológica, en donde sus pobladores poseen bastos conocimientos etnobotánicos y etnomedicinales. Por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue establecer la identidad y la naturaleza de los usos dados a las diferentes plantas conocidas localmente como camorreal. Se localizaron los sitios de crecimiento y el tipo de vegetación en donde se encuentran de forma natural. Se realizaron colectas botánicas de las especies a las que los pobladores llaman camorreal de forma indistinta, que se identificaron en el Herbario-Hortorio CHAPA del Colegio de Postgraduados, México. Además, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 62 personas de la comunidad, para documentar la forma en que son aprovechadas y los criterios que usan para diferenciarlas. Como resultado se estableció la identidad botánica de cinco especies de camorreal: Asclepias circinalis (Decne.) Woodson, Asclepias melantha Decne, Iostephane trilobata Hemsl, Lobelia hartwegii Benth. ex A.DC y Psacalium paucicapitatum (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell, todas asociadas a la vegetación pino-encino; todas con uso medicinal, de ellas, Lobelia hartwegii Benth. ex A.DC es la especie más importante con uso local para los pobladores de la comunidad.

RESUMO O bisfenol A (BPA) é utilizado como matéria prima na fabricação do plástico e apresenta-se como um desregulador endócrino. Foi realizado o desenvolvimento e a validação de um método voltamétrico para determinação de BPA e o método foi baseado em sensores descartáveis de carbono modificados com carbon black. A voltametria de onda quadrada foi selecionada para a determinação do BPA em amostras de água mineral, comercializadas em garrafas plásticas, e este método foi validado por meio das figuras de mérito. Observou-se uma resposta linear no intervalo de concentração de 6,10 a 27,4 µmol L–1, com valores de limites de detecção e de quantificação iguais a 0,137 µmol L–1 e 0,416 µmol L–1, respectivamente. O método demonstrou seletividade adequada e boa precisão, com desvios padrão relativos entre 0,59 e 9,89%, estando abaixo do limite indicado para esta faixa de concentração. A estimativa da exatidão, em termos de recuperação média, foi obtida na faixa de 58,16 e 118,79%, estando dentro dos limites estabelecidos por órgãos reguladores. Deste modo, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são viáveis frente a outros trabalhos já reportados na literatura para a determinação de BPA, apresentando-se como uma alternativa rápida e de baixo custo para o monitoramento deste contaminante. (BPA apresentase apresenta se endócrino black mineral plásticas mérito Observouse Observou 610 6 10 6,1 274 27 4 27, L1 L 1 0137 0 137 0,13 L– 0416 416 0,41 respectivamente precisão 059 59 0,5 989 9 89 9,89% exatidão média 5816 58 16 58,1 11879 118 79 118,79% reguladores modo apresentandose apresentando contaminante 61 6, 2 013 13 0,1 041 41 0,4 05 5 0, 98 8 9,89 581 58, 1187 11 7 118,79 01 04 9,8 118,7 9, 118,

ABSTRACT The bisphenol A (BPA) is a raw material in plastic manufacturing and is known as an endocrine disruptor. The development and validation of a voltammetric method for BPA determination were carried out, based on disposable carbon sensors modified with carbon black. Square-wave voltammetry was selected for BPA determination in mineral water samples, marketed in plastic bottles, and this method was validated using figures of merit. A linear response was observed in the concentration range of 6.10 to 27.4 µmol L–1, with detection and quantification limits values of 0.137 µmol L–1 and 0.416 µmol L–1, respectively. The method demonstrated adequate selectivity and good precision, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.59 to 9.89%, which were below the indicated limit for this concentration range. Accuracy estimation, in terms of average recovery, ranged from 58.16 to 118.79%, falling within the limits established by regulatory agencies. Thus, the results obtained in this study are viable compared to other studies reported in the literature for BPA determination, presenting themselves as a rapid and cost-effective alternative for monitoring this contaminant. (BPA disruptor out black Squarewave Square wave samples bottles merit 610 6 10 6.1 274 27 4 27. L1 L 1 0137 0 137 0.13 L– 0416 416 0.41 respectively precision 059 59 0.5 989 9 89 9.89% estimation recovery 5816 58 16 58.1 11879 118 79 118.79% agencies Thus costeffective cost effective contaminant 61 6. 2 013 13 0.1 041 41 0.4 05 5 0. 98 8 9.89 581 58. 1187 11 7 118.79 01 04 9.8 118.7 9. 118.

Summary: Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for forage crops because of its contribution in various biochemical reactions in the different phenological stages of the plant. The main aim of this study is to develop a multiple linear regression model to estimate total nitrogen (Nt) in corn plants using spectral indexes. The percentage of total nitrogen (Nt) was determined through three plant samplings in four experimental plots. The estimation model was obtained to process the Sentinel-2 satellite images according to the plant sampling dates; 13 spectral indexes were calculated and the association between nitrogen and the reflectance values was analyzed by the principal component analysis (ACP), correlation matrix, and dendrogram. The indexes with the highest relationship were MCARI / OSAVI, TCARI / OSAVI, MCARI / OSAVI RE and TCARI / OSAVI RE, explaining more than 50% of the variability of the proposed model and a MSE of 0.12. This study indicates that the estimation obtained from Sentinel-2 spectral indexes images has great potential to determine nitrogen in crops. However, for future research, Nt estimation models should be obtained for each phenological crop stage.

Resumen: El nitrógeno es el nutriente más importante en cultivos forrajeros, debido a su participación en diversas reacciones bioquímicas en las diferentes etapas fenológicas de la planta. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para estimar el nitrógeno total (Nt) en planta de maíz a partir de imágenes satelitales. El porcentaje de Nt se determinó mediante tres muestreos de planta en cuatro parcelas experimentales. El modelo de estimación se obtuvo al procesar las imágenes satelitales Sentinel-2 de acuerdo a las fechas de muestreo, se calcularon 13 índices espectrales y se analizó la asociación entre los valores del contenido de nitrógeno y la reflectancia a través de: análisis de componentes principales (ACP), matriz de correlación y dendrograma. Los índices con mayor relación fueron MCARI/OSAVI, TCARI/OSAVI, MCARI/OSAVI RE y TCARI/OSAVI RE, esto permitió explicar más de 50% de la variabilidad del modelo propuesto y un EMC de 0.12. El presente estudio indicó que el cálculo de índices espectrales derivados de Sentinel-2 tiene gran potencial para conocer el estado nitrogenado del cultivo de maíz, sin embargo, para futuras investigaciones se sugiere obtener modelos de estimación de Nt por etapa fenológica del cultivo.

Abstract Introduction: Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), known as pirul tree in Mexico, is a species rich in essential oil in leaves and fruits. Objective: To characterize the phytochemical profile of essential oil obtained from S. molle leaves using two distillation systems and different extraction times. Materials and methods: An intermediate scale Rayleigh batch distiller was used to extract essential oil from S. molle leaves collected in the central region of Mexico. The product obtained at different times was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemical profile was compared with the extract obtained in the Clevenger apparatus. Results and discussion: The Rayleigh distiller had a higher extraction capacity, but the yield was 0.6 % lower (P = 0.05) than with the Clevenger apparatus at 120 min. A total of 37 compounds were found, of which 31 were present in the extract from the Rayleigh distiller, five were compounds of low concentration and one, classified as oxygenated sesquiterpene, had a high concentration (10.25 %) of essential oil. With longer extraction time, sesquiterpenes increased and oxygenated sesquiterpenes decreased. The essential oil had higher presence of hydrogenated monoterpenes, mainly α-phellandrene (21.20-28.57 %), limonene + β-phellandrene (19.07-27.78 %), camphene (3.32-9.93 %), α-pinene (5.74-8.56 %), β-mircene (2.95-6.91 %) and β-pinene (1.31-3.55 %). Conclusions: The characterization of the extraction procedure and chemical profile of essential oil of S. molle can favor the exploitation of this species.

Resumen Introducción: Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), conocido como pirul en México, es una especie rica en aceite esencial en hojas y frutos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil fitoquímico de aceite esencial obtenido de hojas de S. molle mediante dos sistemas de destilación y distintos tiempos de extracción. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un destilador discontinuo Rayleigh de escala intermedia para extraer aceite esencial de hojas de S. molle colectadas en la región central de México. El producto obtenido a distintos tiempos se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). El perfil fitoquímico se comparó con extracto obtenido en aparato Clevenger. Resultados y discusión: El destilador Rayleigh tuvo mayor capacidad de extracción, pero el rendimiento fue 0.6 % menor (P = 0.05) que con el aparato Clevenger a los 120 min. En total se encontraron 37 compuestos, de los cuales 31 estuvieron presentes en el extracto obtenido con destilador Rayleigh, cinco fueron compuestos de baja concentración y uno, catalogado como sesquiterpeno oxigenado, tuvo alta concentración (10.25 %) en el aceite esencial. Con mayor tiempo de extracción, los sesquiterpenos incrementaron y los sesquiterpenos oxigenados disminuyeron. El aceite esencial tuvo presencia mayoritaria de monoterpenos hidrogenados, principalmente de α-felandreno (21.20-28.57 %), limoneno + β-felandreno (19.07-27.78 %), canfeno (3.32-9.93 %), α-pineno (5.74-8.56 %), β-mirceno (2.95-6.91 %) y β-pineno (1.31-3.55 %). Conclusiones: La caracterización del procedimiento de extracción y del perfil químico del aceite esencial de S. molle puede favorecer el aprovechamiento de esta especie.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade da água sobre o desempenho de crescimento, a sobrevivência e a taxa de masculinização de larvas de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema de tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT). Sete níveis de salinidade (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 g L-1) foram testados durante quatro semanas no período de masculinização após a absorção do saco vitelino, em sistema de bioflocos maturados. As variáveis de qualidade da água estiveram dentro dos intervalos recomendados para a produção de tilápia-do-nilo. Entretanto, os picos de nitrito foram mais altos nos tratamentos com maiores níveis de salinidade e foram associados à menor sobrevivência dos peixes em salinidade igual ou superior a 6 g L-1. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto ao peso médio final e à taxa de masculinização. A biomassa final e a sobrevivência diminuíram, e o alimento oferecido como proporção da biomassa final apresentou os piores resultados em razão do aumento da salinidade. Portanto, uma vez que não são obtidas taxas de masculinização maiores em água leve ou moderadamente salinizada, a salinidade deve ser mantida próxima de 0 g L-1 para o protocolo de masculinização de larvas de tilápia-do-nilo em BFT, para melhor sobrevivência e maior biomassa dos peixes, assim como menor desperdício do alimento oferecido. crescimento tilápiadonilo tilápia nilo Oreochromis niloticus BFT. BFT . (BFT) 0, (0 2 4 8 1 L1 L vitelino maturados tilápiadonilo. nilo. Entretanto L1. 1. diminuíram Portanto salinizada L- (BFT (

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water salinity levels on the growth performance, survival, and masculinization rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae in a biofloc technology (BFT) system. Seven salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g L-1) were tested during four weeks in the masculinization period after the absorption of the yolk sac in a matured biofloc system. The water quality variables were within the recommended range for Nile tilapia farming. However, the nitrite peaks were higher at higher salinity levels and were associated with the lower survival of fish at salinity levels equal to or higher than 6 g L-1. There was no difference between treatments for average final body weight and masculinization rate. Final biomass and survival decreased, and the feed offered as a proportion of final biomass showed the worst results because of the increase in salinity. Therefore, since higher masculinization rates are not obtained at slight and moderate levels of saline water, salinity should be kept close to 0 g L-1 for the masculinization protocol of Nile tilapia in a BFT, for a better survival and higher biomass of the fish, as well as a lower waste of the offered feed. performance Oreochromis niloticus BFT (BFT system 0, (0 2 4 8 10 1 L1 L farming However L1. 1. decreased Therefore L- (

At present, the conventional raw matters for the elaboration of balanced (concentration) pig diets have been notably increase, so it is necessary to use resources of alternative feeding to achieve sustainable productions. Considering the reality, the chemical characteristics of the ripe guava fruit silage as alternative food for pigs are evaluated in this study. In eight days silage samples was determined the dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ashes, nitrogen free extracts and gross energy. In the days 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 the pH was determined. In the nutritional composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ashes, nitrogen free extracts and gross energy) the average value, standard deviation and variation coefficient was checked. The pH data were processed through a completely random design, where the treatments were the fermentation days (0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 d).At day eight of evaluation; the silage has considerable contents of dry matter (22.61 %), crude protein (13.51 %), crude fiber (9.90 %), ether extract (6.08 %), ash (10.24 %), nitrogen free extract (72.49 %) and gross energy (18.54 kJ g DM-1). With respect to the pH, the highest values (p < 0.05) were showed in the day 0 (4.75) and one (4.01), and between the days 4 and 30 was stabilized (3.74-3.76). The ripe guava fruit silage showed good nutritional composition and constitutes an alternative food with favorable nutritive characteristics for their use in pig diets under the Ecuadorian Amazonia conditions.

En la actualidad, las materias primas convencionales para la elaboración de dietas balanceadas (concentración) destinadas a cerdos se han encarecido notablemente, por lo que es necesario utilizar recursos de alimentación alternativa para lograr producciones sostenibles. Ante esta realidad, en este estudio se evalúan las características químicas del ensilado de fruta de guayaba madura como fuente de alimento alternativo para cerdos. En muestras de ensilado de ocho días se determinó la materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra bruta, extracto etéreo, cenizas, extractos libres de nitrógeno y energía bruta. En los días 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 y 30 se determinó el pH. En la composición nutricional (materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra bruta, extracto etéreo, cenizas, extractos libres de nitrógeno y energía bruta) se comprobó el valor promedio, la desviación estándar y el coeficiente de variación. Los datos del pH se procesaron mediante un diseño completamente aleatorizado, donde los tratamientos fueron los días de fermentación (0, 1, 4, 8, 15 y 30 d). Al día ocho de evaluación, el ensilado presentó apreciables contenidos de materia seca (22.61 %), proteína bruta (13.51 %), fibra bruta (9.90 %), extracto etéreo (6.08 %), ceniza (10.24 %), extracto libre de nitrógeno (72.49 %) y energía bruta (18.54 kJ g MS-1). Con respecto al pH, los mayores valores (p < 0.05) se evidenciaron en el día cero (4.75) y uno (4.01), y entre los días cuatro y 30 se estabilizó (3.74-3.76). El ensilado de fruta de guayaba madura presentó buena composición nutricional y constituye un alimento alternativo con características nutritivas favorables para su uso en dietas destinadas a cerdos en condiciones de la Amazonía ecuatoriana.

Resumo A incorporação dos afetos às agendas educativas contemporâneas tem se dinamizado de maneira criativa com a pandemia da covid-19. Por isso, este artigo analisa discursivamente documentos oficiais chilenos sobre contenção socioemocional em contextos de crise. Para examinar com cautela a incorporação dos afetos ao atual debate educacional, realiza-se uma análise discursiva orientada a partir dos postulados e ferramentas analíticas da Psicologia Discursiva Crítica. Os achados evidenciam um cânon afetivo-discursivo que, apelando a versões tradicionais de afetos e apagamentos inter-agências, contribuiria para consolidar a ordem neoliberal. Discute-se a pertinência da categoria discurso para estudar a afetividade humana e a necessidade histórica de transcender as crises. covid19. covid19 covid 19. 19 covid-19 isso crise educacional realizase realiza Crítica afetivodiscursivo afetivo discursivo que interagências, interagências inter agências, agências inter-agências neoliberal Discutese Discute crises covid1 1 covid-1 covid-

Résumé L’inclusion des affects dans les programmes scolaires contemporains a été dynamisée de manière créative par la pandémie de covid-19. Cet article a pour objet d’analyser discursivement des documents officiels chiliens concernant la contention socio-émotionnelle en contexte de crise. Pour examiner judicieusement la question de l’inclusion des affects dans le débat éducatif actuel, une analyse discursive a été menée à partir des postulats et des outils analytiques de la psychologie discursive critique. Les résultats mettent en évidence un canon affectif et discursif qui ayant recours à des représentations traditionnelles des affects ainsi qu’à l’effacement des rapports entre agents, contribuerait à consolider l’ordre néolibéral. La discussion souligne la pertinence de la catégorie “discours” pour étudier l’affectivité humaine et la nécessité historique de transcender les crises. Linclusion L inclusion covid19. covid19 covid 19. 19 covid-19 danalyser d analyser socioémotionnelle socio émotionnelle crise linclusion l actuel critique quà qu leffacement effacement agents lordre ordre néolibéral discours “discours laffectivité affectivité crises covid1 1 covid-1 covid-

Abstract The incorporation of affects into contemporary educational agendas has been stimulated in a creative way by the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present article analyzes official Chilean documents discursively, regarding socio-emotional containment in crisis contexts. In order to examine carefully the incorporation of affects into the current educational debate, a discursive analysis based on the postulates and analytical tools of Critical Discursive Psychology was conducted. The findings show an affective-discursive canon which, by appealing to traditional versions of affect and inter-agency erasures, would contribute to consolidating the neoliberal order. The relevance of the discourse category for studying human affectivity and the historical need to transcend crises is discussed. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 pandemic Therefore discursively socioemotional socio emotional contexts debate conducted affectivediscursive affective which interagency inter agency erasures discussed Covid1 1 Covid-

Resumen La incorporación de los afectos en las agendas educativas contemporáneas se ha dinamizado creativamente con la pandemia covid-19. Por ello, este artículo analiza discursivamente documentos oficiales chilenos sobre contención socioemocional en contextos de crisis. Para examinar cautelosamente la incorporación de los afectos en el debate educativo actual, se conduce un análisis discursivo orientado desde los postulados y herramientas analíticas de la Psicología Discursiva Crítica. Los hallazgos evidencian un canon afectivo-discursivo que, apelando a versiones tradicionales de afectos y borramientos agenciales, contribuiría a consolidar el orden neoliberal. Se discute la pertinencia de la categoría discurso para estudiar la afectividad humana y la necesidad histórica de trascender las crisis. covid19. covid19 covid 19. 19 covid-19 ello crisis actual Crítica afectivodiscursivo afectivo que agenciales neoliberal covid1 1 covid-1 covid-

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the presence and microbiological characteristics of Shigella in children with acute diarrhoeal disease (ADD), attended at the Paediatric Hospital of Posadas, Misiones between 2016 and 2019. All ADEs documented in the laboratory were included. Standardised microbiological techniques were used. We considered age groups: infants (L)≤ 2 years, preschool (PE): 3-5 years, school (E): 5- 14 years. We recorded 106/2128 (5%) Shigella spp. isolates, with a higher frequency in summer (54.5%). S. flexneri (64; 60.4% serotypes 02(54), 03(3), AA479(2) and 01(1)) and S. sonnei (37; 34.9%) predominated. Mean age: 4.2 years (1.2 m-11a). Those < 5 years old were the most affected (70 %). Hospitalisation was required in 7.7%. S. flexneri/S. sonnei were: in L (42.9% vs 27.7%) and in E (27 vs 42.9%). Overall resistance to AMP was 72.7% and 58.1% to TMS. 97% were sensitive to furazolidone (FUR), cefpodoxime and fluorinated quinolones. In S. flexneri the % resistance to AMP/TMS was (78.7/44.8) and in S. sonnei (61.8/80.6) p< 0.05). We detected 6 resistance phenotypes with low multi-resistance (2.6%). FUR remains an empirical therapeutic option in outpatients.

Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la presencia y características microbiológicas de Shigella en niños con enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Posadas, Misiones entre 2016 y 2019. Se incluyeron todas las EDA documentadas en el laboratorio. Se utilizaron técnicas microbiológicas estandarizadas. Consideramos grupos etarios: lactantes (L)≤ 2 años, preescolar (PE): 3-5 años, escolar (E): 5- 14 años. Se registraron 106/2128 (5%) aislamientos de Shigella spp., con mayor frecuencia en verano (54,5%). Predominaron S. flexneri (64; 60,4% serotipos 02(54), 03(3), AA479(2) y 01(1)) y S. sonnei (37; 34,9%). Edad media: 4,2 años (1,2 m-11a). Los < 5 años fueron los más afectados (70 %). El 7,7% requirió internación. S. flexneri/S. sonnei fueron: en L (42,9% vs 27,7%) y en E (27 vs 42,9%). La resistencia global a AMP fue 72,7% y el 58,1% a TMS. Un 97% sensibles a furazolidona (FUR), cefpodoxima y quinolonas fluoradas. En S. flexneri el % resistencia a AMP/TMS fue (78,7/44,8) y en S.sonnei (61,8/80,6) p< 0,05). Detectamos 6 fenotipos de resistencia con baja multirresistencia (2,6%). FUR continúa siendo opción terapéutica empírica en pacientes ambulatorios.

Abstract The use of mulch in soil to produce vegetables increases the yield and quality of harvested products; however, these increases are conditioned by the type of mulch, whether plastic or organic. An experiment was performed in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var Capitata) culture during the 2021-2022 season, with the aim of evaluating its response on water use efficiency, mineral nutrition and yield to four types of mulches in the soil. Four treatments were evaluated (soil with black plastic mulch, white plastic mulch, mulch with wheat straw and a control without mulching), distributed under a randomized block design with four repetitions. The results showed that white plastic mulch increased the total biomass, cabbage weight and leaf weight, compared to the rest of the treatments. The use of both plastic mulches (black and white) increased the concentration of nitrates in the cell extract of the midrib. The leaf temperature increased only due to the use of black plastic mulch. Finally, the efficiency in the use of water was higher in the treatments with plastic mulch and lower in the soil without mulching. Considering the greater efficiency in the use of water, yield and mineral nutrition, it was concluded that the soil with plastic mulch is the most recommended to produce cabbage in the Mexicali Valley, Mexico.

Resumen El uso del acolchado en suelo para producir hortalizas incrementa el rendimiento y la calidad de los productos cosechados; sin embargo, estos incrementos se encuentran condicionados al tipo de acolchado, ya sea plástico u orgánico. Se realizó un experimento en el cultivo de repollo (Brassica oleracea L. var Capitata) durante la temporada de 2021-2022, con el objetivo de evaluar su respuesta sobre la eficiencia en el uso del agua, nutrición mineral y rendimiento a cuatro tipos de acolchados en suelo. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos (suelo con acolchado plástico color negro, color blanco, acolchado con paja de trigo y un control sin acolchar) distribuidos bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados mostraron que el acolchado plástico blanco incrementó la biomasa total, el peso del repollo y peso de las hojas, en comparación al resto de los tratamientos. El uso de ambos acolchados plásticos (blanco y negro) incrementó la concentración de nitratos en el extracto celular de la nervadura central. La temperatura foliar incrementó solo por el uso del acolchado plástico negro. Finalmente, la eficiencia en el uso del agua resultó mayor en los tratamientos con acolchado plástico y menor en el suelo sin acolchar. Considerando la mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua, rendimiento y nutrición mineral se concluyó que el suelo con acolchado plástico es el más recomendable para producir repollo en el valle de Mexicali, México.

Resumen Introducción: El estado de alarma decretado por la pandemia del virus SARS COV-2 del 14 de marzo hasta el 21 de junio, ha supuesto un desafío para el área de pacientes externos de los Servicios de Farmacia. Nos centramos en los pacientes con hemofilia que se administran factores de la coagulación de forma crónica para prevenir hemorragias. Objetivos: Analizar durante este periodo el porcentaje de pacientes que han recogido su medicación, han mantenido la adherencia al tratamiento y las barreras encontradas para ello. Cuantificar el número y gravedad de episodios hemorrágicos (EH) sufridos y su relación con la pandemia. Analizar la prevalencia y gravedad de COVID en hemofílicos. Métodos: Uno objetivo, utilizando los registros del hospital y otro subjetivo, mediante encuesta oral durante la consulta de atención farmacéutica presencial o telemática. Resultados: El 80% de los pacientes retiraron medicación durante el periodo de estudio, un 30% en domicilio. El último mes las dispensaciones a domicilio se acompañaron de consulta telemática. Un 24% de pacientes disminuyó su adherencia respecto al 2019. Las principales causas fueron dificultad para acudir al hospital, y percepción de no necesitar tratamiento ante la inactividad. No se registraron más EH o ingresos por causas imputables a la pandemia. No hubo ningún enfermo COVID-19 grave y la incidencia de pacientes con síntomas leves fue similar a la población general. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes con hemofilia pudieron acceder a su medicación. La adherencia se redujo. Los EH no aumentaron por causas atribuibles a la pandemia. La incidencia de COVID-19 fue similar a la población.

Summary Introduction: The state of alarm decreed by the SARS COV-2 virus pandemic from March 14th to June 21st, has meant a challenge for the outpatient area of the pharmacy services. We focus on hemophilia patients who are chronically administered clotting factors to prevent bleeding. Objectives: To analyse during this period the percentage of patients who have collected their medication, maintained adherence to treatment and the barriers encountered in doing so. To quantify the number and severity of haemorrhagic episodes (HD) suffered and their relationship with the pandemic. Analyse the prevalence and severity of COVID in haemophiliacs. Methods: One objective, using hospital records, and one subjective, using an oral survey during the face-to-face or telematic pharmaceutical care consultation. Results: 80% of patients withdrew medication during the study period, 30% at home. In the last month, home deliveries were accompanied by telematic consultation. 24% of patients decreased their adherence with respect to 2019. The main causes were difficulty in going to hospital, and perception of not needing treatment in the face of inactivity. There were no more HD or admissions for reasons attributable to the pandemic. There were no serious COVID-19 patients and the incidence of patients with mild symptoms was similar to the general population. Conclusion: Most haemophilia patients were able to access their medication. Adherence was reduced. HD did not increase due to causes attributable to the pandemic. The incidence of COVID-19 was similar to the population.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de óleos funcionais (OF) [ácido ricinoleico (AR) e líquido da castanha de caju (LCC)] no consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, utilização de nitrogênio e estimativa de proteína microbiana de novilhas leiteiras. Doze novilhas da raça Jersey (14±0,6 meses e 264±18,7 kg PV) foram alocadas em um experimento de quadrado latino 4×4 contendo os tratamentos a seguir: controle (CON), uma dieta sem aditivos; Ácido ricinoleico, inclusão de 2g kg-1 de matéria seca (MS) de AR na dieta; Líquido da castanha de caju (LCC), inclusão de 2 g kg-1 MS de LCC na dieta; e uma mistura de 1 g kg-1 MS de AR e 1 g kg-1 MS de LCC na dieta (AR+LCC). Cada período experimental tinha 14 dias para adaptação aos tratamentos e 5 dias de coleta. O consumo de alimentos foi mensurado diariamente, e uma coleta total de fezes foi realizada durante 3 dias consecutivos de cada período experimental para determinar a digestibilidade de nutrientes. Amostras de fluído ruminal foram coletadas no último dia de cada período para determinação da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Amostras de urina foram coletadas no dia 18 de cada período para análises de nitrogênio e derivados de purina. O fornecimento de AR diminuiu o consumo de MS e proteína bruta (PB), mas aumentou a digestibilidade de proteína bruta e concentração ruminal de acetato. O fornecimento de LCC não afetou o consumo, mas aumentou a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A associação de AR+LCC aumentou a digestibilidade da PB e FDN como também a concentração total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no rúmen, sem alterar o consumo de MS. O tratamento AR diminuiu a ingestão de N como também a excreção de N pelas fezes e urina. As novilhas do grupo LCC tiveram os maiores valores de N absorvido e retido enquanto as novilhas do grupo AR tiveram os menores valores. As novilhas do grupo RA tiveram menor estimativa de proteína microbiana em comparação com aquelas no grupo LCC e AR+LCC mas não diferiram do CON. Em conclusão, a associação de AR+LCC melhorou a digestibilidade da fibra e aumentou a concentração do total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no rúmen sem alterar o balanço de N e estimativa da proteína microbiana no rúmen.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combining functional oils (FO) [ricinoleic acid (RA) and cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL)] on nutrient intake and total-tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and predicted rumen microbial protein (Pmic) in heifers. Twelve Jersey heifers (14±0.6 months and 264±18.7 kg BW) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with the following treatments: Control (CON), diet without feed additives; Ricinoleic acid, dietary inclusion of RA at 2 g kg-1 dry matter (DM); Cashew nutshell liquid, dietary inclusion of CNSL at 2 g kg-1 DM; and a mixture of 1 g kg-1 DM of RA and 1 g kg-1 DM of CNSL (RA+CNSL). Heifers were allowed 14 d for treatment adaptation followed by 5 days of sampling. Total feces collection was performed to determine digestibility. Rumen fluid was collected to determine short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Urine samples were collected for nitrogen and purine derivatives analyses. Feeding RA decreased intake of DM, but increased crude protein (CP) digestibility and ruminal acetate concentration. Feeding CSNL increased NDF digestibility and lowered Pmic. The association of RA+CNSL increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and ruminal concentration of total SCFA without affecting DM intake. Feeding RA treatment decreased N intake and N excreted in feces and urine. CNSL group had the highest values of N balance. Heifers fed RA had lower Pmic than CNSL and RA+CNSL. The association of RA+CNSL improved digestibility of fiber and increased ruminal concentration of SCFA without altering N balance and Pmic.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum activity of PON1 in women according to SNPs L55M and T-107C and diet composition. Materials and methods: Blood and serum samples from 26 women were used. DNA extraction, PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes of the PCR fragment were performed for genotyping the PON1 SNPs T-107C and L55M. Serum PON1 activity was measured in a single time point. Patients completed the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and diet composition was estimated. Results: Genotypic distribution for L55M SNP was 56% for the LL genotype, 32% for LM and 12% for MM; for the PON1 C(-107)T SNP it was 28% for the TT genotype, 41% for CT and 31% for CC. Individuals with C and L alleles had higher serum PON1 activity. Combining the two SNPs, we observed that individuals carrying the LL and CC genotypes had twice the activity of carriers of the TT and MM genotypes. Considering food intake, no significant difference was observed between genotypes and intake levels. Conclusion: PON1 T(-107)C and L55M SNPs exert a strong effect on serum PON1 activity in an additive manner and are more important than diet to predict serum PON1 activity.

Abstract Introduction: POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes) is a monoclonal gammopathy with polyneuropathy as a mandatory criterion. Objective: To describe potential associations between clinical expression and electrodiagnostic patterns in POEMS syndrome. Method: Observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study of cases cared in a referral center diagnosed with POEMS syndrome from 2009-2019. Results: Eleven cases (8 men) were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was 40 years (range: 31–51, mean: 37.19 ± 15.67 years). Mean latency at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 8.37 months. In all subjects, initial clinical manifestation was polyneuropathy. Most patients had an axonal pattern (n = 5), followed by demyelinating (n = 4), and mixed (n = 2). Monoclonal gammopathy was observed in all patients (6 λ, and 5 κ cases, immunoglobulin [Ig] G: 72%, IgA: 18%, IgM: 9%). Medical Research Council sum score was lower in the axonal pattern (median: 37.00, vs. 45.5, p = 0.024). There were no differences in the systemic involvement between electrophysiological patterns. Conclusion: Electrophysiological patterns are unlikely to have a clear extra-neurological clinical correspondence; however this will need to be definitively proven with a larger sample size.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes) es una gammapatía monoclonal con polineuropatía como criterio obligatorio. Objetivo: Describir las potenciales asociaciones entre la expresión clínica y los patrones de electrodiagnóstico en el síndrome POEMS. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de los casos atendidos en un centro de referencia con diagnóstico de síndrome de POEMS de 2009 a 2019. Resultados: Se analizó a 11 pacientes (8 hombres). La mediana de la edad al diagnóstico fue de 40 años (rango: 31-51, media: 37.19 ± 15.67 años). La latencia media al diagnóstico fue de 9.7 ± 8.37 meses. En todos la manifestación clínica inicial fue la polineuropatía. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron un patrón axonal (n = 5), seguido del desmielinizante (n = 4) y mixto (n = 2). La gammapatía monoclonal se observó en todos (6 casos l λ 5 κ, inmunoglobulina [Ig] G: 72%, IgA: 18%, IgM: 9%). El Medical Research Council sum score fue menor en el patrón axonal (medianas: 37.00 vs. 45.5, p = 0.024). No se presentaron diferencias en la afección sistémica entre patrones electrofisiológicos. Conclusión: Es poco probable que los patrones electrofisiológicos tengan una correspondencia clínica extraneurológica clara, sin embargo, esto deberá probarse de forma definitiva con un mayor tamaño de muestra.