ABSTRACT The chemical characteristics of a silage of banana (Musa paradisiaca) and baby banana (Musa acuminata AA) rachis treated with whey and urea were evaluated. In total, 24 microsilos of 1 kg capacity were prepared and the pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ashes, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) and gross energy (GE) were determined at 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 days of conservation (four microsilos for each day). The silage material presented an adequate pH and produced significant increases in the content of DM, CP, ash, EE, NFE and GE and a reduction in the content of CF, with respect to the rachis in its natural state. There was an absence of Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp and Salmonella spp. Mild and strong acid odor, light and dark brown color and solid and semi-solid consistency were evident. The use of drying material, molasses, urea and whey allowed to improve the nutritional composition of plantain and banana rachis, generating a feed of appreciated nutritional quality for use as animal feed.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron las características químicas de un ensilado de raquis de plátano (Musa paradisiaca) y banano orito (Musa acuminata AA) tratado con suero de leche. Se prepararon 24 microsilos de 1 kg de capacidad y se determinó el pH, materia seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra bruta (FB), cenizas, extracto etéreo (EE), extractos libres de nitrógeno (ELN) y energía bruta (EB) a los 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 y 30 días de conservación (cuatro microsilos por cada día). El material ensilado presentó un adecuado pH y produjo incrementos significativos en el contenido de MS, PB, cenizas, EE, ELN, EB y una reducción en el contenido de FB, respecto al raquis en estado natural. Hubo ausencia de Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp y Salmonella spp. Se evidenció olor ácido suave y fuerte, color marrón claro y oscuro y consistencia sólida y semisólida. El uso de material secante, melaza, urea y suero de leche permitió mejorar la composición nutricional del raquis de plátano y banano, generando un alimento de apreciada calidad nutritiva para su empleo en la alimentación animal.

To assess chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of silages of taro tubers (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), for feeding pigs, four silages with waste tubers were carried out. A completely randomized design with a 4x6 factorial arrangement to analyze the chemical composition was applied. Natural yogurt (-1NY), whey (-2W), whey with 5%of molasses (-3WM5) and whey with 10% of molasses (-4WM10) were evaluated as silage components. The silages time were 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM with 15d of silages elaboration was investigated by means of simple classification design. The interactions treatments per day were significant (P < 0.05).The silage four in the 180th day show higher DM content (33.61%).The highest CP(N x 6.25) concentration(8.83%) was evidenced in silage two, in the 90th day. The lowest CF was determined in silage two in the 0 (2.85) and 60th (2.84) days. The GE was high in silage one in the 0 day (4.40 kcal g DM-1).The highest in vitro digestibility coefficient of DM (74.65 %) and OM (76.76 %) was found in silage two. The conservation of taro tubers, between 0 and 180 d, by means of the addition of variables levels of natural yogurt, whey and sugar cane molasses, create different products with good DM, CP, GE content and low CF concentration, capable to be used in feeding pigs

Para valorar la composición química y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilados de tubérculos de papa china (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), destinados a la alimentación de cerdos, se realizaron cuatro ensilados con tubérculos de desecho. Para analizar la composición química, se aplicó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con arreglo factorial (4 x 6). Se evaluó el yogurt natural (-1YN), suero de leche (-2SL), suero de leche con 5 % de miel (-3SLMB5) y suero de leche con 10 % de miel (-4SLMB10) como componentes de los ensilados. Los tiempos de ensilado fueron 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 y 180 d. La digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y MO se investigó con ensilados de 15 d de elaboración mediante un diseño de clasificación simple. Las interacciones tratamientos por día resultaron significativas (P < 0.05). El ensilado cuatro en el día 180 presentó mayor contenido de MS (33.61%). La concentración de PB (N x 6.25) más elevada (8.83 %) se evidenció en el ensilado dos, en el día 90. El menor tenor de FB se determinó en el ensilado dos en los días 0 (2.85 %) y 60 (2.84 %). El contenido de EB fue alto en el ensilado uno en el día 0 (4.40 kcal g MS-1). El mayor coeficiente (P < 0.05) de digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (74.65 %) y MO (76.76 %) lo tuvo el ensilado dos. La conservación de tubérculos de papa china, entre 0 y 180 d, mediante la adición de niveles variables de yogurt natural, suero de leche y melaza de caña de azúcar, originan distintos productos que tienen buen contenido de MS, PB, EB y baja concentración de FB, aptos para ser utilizados en la alimentación de ganado porcino

We aimed to characterize the population genetic structure within and among five Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations collected from different host plants and geographic regions by using microssatelites as a molecular marker. Each population was represented by 19 specimens. The host plants and geographic origins of these populations were described as follows: Pop 1: Squash Barreiras (BA); Pop 2: Cotton Barreiras (BA); Pop 3: Soybean Campinas (SP); Pop 4: Tomato Cruz das Almas (BA); and Pop 5: Soybean Rondonópolis (MT). Six polymorphic loci were observed, which discriminated 31 different alleles in the studied populations, with a mean number of alleles per population of 3.30 (2.67 - 4.00). Using Fisher's Exact test, it was observed that at least three populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for most of the studied loci (six). The dendrogram (UPGMA) separated populations into groups mainly related to the geographic origin of the samples. Only population 5 differed from the others at a 0.15 distance (74.5% group consistency). The most similar populations were 1 and 2, with a 0.01 distance (65.3%). This is in agreement with their geographic origins and it was not consistent with host specificity. The results suggest considerable gene flow (7.3%) among all whitefly populations and indicate that a better understanding of the gene flow in populations of B. tabaci associated with different hosts is required for the management of this insect.

A mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci biótipo B) é uma das mais nocivas pragas da agricultura. Além de danos diretos, transmite vírus e também induz desordens fisiológicas, como o prateamento-das-folhas-da-aboboreira. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o prateamento em folhas de cultivares de aboboreiras, submetidas à infestação artificial de B. tabaci biótipo B. Um experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Campinas-SP, no ano agrícola 2003-2004, com 16 cultivares de aboboreira (Cucurbita spp.), sendo sete de hábito de crescimento rasteiro e nove de moita. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 16 tratamentos (cultivares) e cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela formada por duas plantas. Procedeu-se à infestação da área experimental por meio de transplante de plantas de soja infestadas pela mosca-branca entre as aboboreiras, quando estas emitiram o terceiro par de folhas. A evolução do prateamento nas folhas foi avaliada a cada dois ou três dias, mediante uso de escala de notas variando de 1 (sem sintomas) a 5 (folha completamente prateada). 'Baianinha', 'Golden Delight', 'Caravela' e 'Arlika' apresentaram grau máximo de prateamento das folhas (média 5,0) enquanto 'Novita' (2,5), 'Atlas' (2,0) e 'Atlanta AG-303' (1,5) exibiram sintomas amenos, caracterizando-se como menos sensíveis a essa desordem fisiológica.

The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B is one of the most harmful insect pests for agricultural and vegetable crops. Beside the direct damage, it transmits pathogenic virus and induces plant physiological disorders, such as the squash silverleaf disorder. In this research we evaluated the development of leaf silvering in squash cultivars submitted to artificial infestation of B. tabaci biotype B. An experiment was conducted under field conditions, in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, during the season 2003-2004. The germplasm (Cucurbita spp.) comprised of seven cultivars of summer squash and nine of bush squash. The experiment used a complete randomized blocks design, with 16 treatments (cultivars) and five replications. Each plot consisted of two plants. The artificial infestation was done when the plants emitted the third pair of leaves, by transplanting soybean plants infested with silverleaf whitefly between the squash plots. The leaf silvering was evaluated every two or three days, using a rating scale varying from 1 (no symptom) to 5 (leaves completely silvered). The highest level (5.0) was observed in 'Baianinha', 'Golden Delight', 'Caravela' and 'Arlika', while 'Novita' (2.5), 'Atlas' (2.0) and 'Atlanta AG-303' (1.5) showed light symptoms, indicating that these have low sensibility to this physiological disorder.