Abstract: Bacteremia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer and episodes of high-risk febrile neutropenia (HRFN). Objective: To identify the frequency of microorganisms isolated from blood cultures (BC) and their antimicrobial resistance (R) profile in children with HRFN, compared with the same data from previous studies of the same group. Method: Prospective, multicenter, epidemiological surveillance study of microorganisms isolated from BC in patients under 18 years of age, from 7 PINDA network hospitals, between 2016 and 2021. Results: 284 episodes of HRFN with positive BC were analyzed out of 1091 enrolled episodes (26%). Median age 7.2 years [3.0-12.3]. The main isolates were gram-negative bacilli (GNB) 49.2%, gram-positive cocci (GPC) 43.8%, and fungi 3.6%. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were viridans group Streptococci (VGS) (25.8%), Escherichia coli (19.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (11.2%), Klebsiella spp. (10.9%), and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (10.9%). There was an increase in R to third-generation cephalosporins (p = 0.011) in GNB and to oxacillin in CoNS (p = 0.00), as well as a decrease in R to amikacin in non-fermenting GNB (p = 0.02) and to penicillin in VGS (p = 0.04). Conclusion: VGS is the main agent isolated in BC from pediatric patients with cancer and episodes of HRFN, followed by E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. Having epidemiological surveillance of microorganisms isolated from BC and their antimicrobial R profile is essential to favor the rational use of antimicrobials.

Resumen: Las bacteriemias son una causa importante de morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer y episodios de neutropenia febril de alto riesgo (NFAR). Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos aislados de hemocultivos (HC) y su perfil de resistencia (R) antimicrobiana en niños con NFAR, comparado con iguales datos de estudios previos del mismo grupo. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, de vigilancia epidemiológica de microorganismos aislados de HC en pacientes menores de 18 años, en siete hospitales de la red PINDA, 2016-2021. Resultados: Se analizaron 284 episodios de NFAR con HC positivos de 1091 episodios enrolados (26%). Mediana de edad 7,2 años [3,0-12,3]. Los aislados principales fueron bacilos gramnegativos (BGN) 49,2%, cocáceas grampositivas (CGP) 43,8% y hongos 3,6%, con mayor frecuencia de Streptococcus grupo viridans (SGV) (25,8%), Escherichia coli (19,8%), Pseudomonas spp. (11,2%), Klebsiella spp. (10,9%) y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCN) (10,9%). Hubo aumento de R a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en enterobacterales (p = 0,011) y de R a oxacilina en SCN (p = 0,00), así como disminución de R a amikacina en BGN no fermentadores (p = 0,02) y de R a penicilina en SGV (p = 0,04). Conclusión: SGV es el principal agente aislado en HC de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer y episodios de NF, seguido de E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. y Klebsiella spp. Contar con vigilancia epidemiológica de microorganismos aislados de HC y su perfil de R antimicrobiana es esencial para favorecer el uso racional de antimicrobianos.

Abstract: Bacteremia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer and episodes of high-risk febrile neutropenia (HRFN). Objective: To identify the frequency of microorganisms isolated from blood cultures (BC) and their antimicrobial resistance (R) profile in children with HRFN, compared with the same data from previous studies of the same group. Method: Prospective, multicenter, epidemiological surveillance study of microorganisms isolated from BC in patients under 18 years of age, from 7 PINDA network hospitals, between 2016 and 2021. Results: 284 episodes of HRFN with positive BC were analyzed out of 1091 enrolled episodes (26%). Median age 7.2 years [3.0-12.3]. The main isolates were gram-negative bacilli (GNB) 49.2%, gram-positive cocci (GPC) 43.8%, and fungi 3.6%. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were viridans group Streptococci (VGS) (25.8%), Escherichia coli (19.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (11.2%), Klebsiella spp. (10.9%), and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (10.9%). There was an increase in R to third-generation cephalosporins (p = 0.011) in GNB and to oxacillin in CoNS (p = 0.00), as well as a decrease in R to amikacin in non-fermenting GNB (p = 0.02) and to penicillin in VGS (p = 0.04). Conclusion: VGS is the main agent isolated in BC from pediatric patients with cancer and episodes of HRFN, followed by E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. Having epidemiological surveillance of microorganisms isolated from BC and their antimicrobial R profile is essential to favor the rational use of antimicrobials.

Resumen: Las bacteriemias son una causa importante de morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer y episodios de neutropenia febril de alto riesgo (NFAR). Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos aislados de hemocultivos (HC) y su perfil de resistencia (R) antimicrobiana en niños con NFAR, comparado con iguales datos de estudios previos del mismo grupo. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, de vigilancia epidemiológica de microorganismos aislados de HC en pacientes menores de 18 años, en siete hospitales de la red PINDA, 2016-2021. Resultados: Se analizaron 284 episodios de NFAR con HC positivos de 1091 episodios enrolados (26%). Mediana de edad 7,2 años [3,0-12,3]. Los aislados principales fueron bacilos gramnegativos (BGN) 49,2%, cocáceas grampositivas (CGP) 43,8% y hongos 3,6%, con mayor frecuencia de Streptococcus grupo viridans (SGV) (25,8%), Escherichia coli (19,8%), Pseudomonas spp. (11,2%), Klebsiella spp. (10,9%) y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCN) (10,9%). Hubo aumento de R a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en enterobacterales (p = 0,011) y de R a oxacilina en SCN (p = 0,00), así como disminución de R a amikacina en BGN no fermentadores (p = 0,02) y de R a penicilina en SGV (p = 0,04). Conclusión: SGV es el principal agente aislado en HC de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer y episodios de NF, seguido de E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. y Klebsiella spp. Contar con vigilancia epidemiológica de microorganismos aislados de HC y su perfil de R antimicrobiana es esencial para favorecer el uso racional de antimicrobianos.

ABSTRACT In the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico, wastewater is often used in agricultural systems which have caused negative environmental effects, such as edaphic heavy metal pollution. Consequently, plants in the area begin to absorb heavy metals. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride strains on bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Cr in inoculated cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus). The soil used in this study contains Pb, Cd and Cr (34.63, 0.24, and 32.32 mg/kg, respectively). In Trichoderma root colonization, the highest measurement was Trichoderma harzianum (100 %). The cucumber plants translocated Pb, Cr, and Cd to their fruits and leaves. Concentrations of Pb and Cd were higher in the basal leaves of the cucumber plant, whereas Cr was more concentrated in the cucumber fruits. Pb was not found in the cucumber skin. For Cd concentration in the skin, the T. harzianum and T. viride treatments at 2.34 × 106 and 2.34 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively, resulted in a 20.2 % reduction of this metal. Trichoderma, with 2.34 × 106 CFU/mL, had the lowest concentration of Cr in the pulp (5.572 mg/kg). No differences were found in metal concentrations in the skin or leaves.

RESUMEN En el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, México, se han utilizado aguas residuales en sistemas agrícolas, causando efectos ambientales negativos como la contaminación edáfica por metales pesados. Como consecuencia, las plantas los absorben. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las cepas de Trichoderma harzianum y Trichoderma viride en la bioacumulación de Cr, Cd y Pb en plantas de pepino (Cucumis sativus) inoculadas. El suelo usado en este estudio mostró Pb, Cd y Cr (34.63, 0.24 y 32.32 mg/kg, respectivamente). En cuanto a la colonización de raíces por Trichoderma, el valor más alto lo mostró Trichoderma harzianum (100 %). Las plantas de pepino traslocaron Pb, Cd y Cr a frutos y hojas. El Pb y el Cd se encontraron en concentraciones más altas en las hojas basales, mientras que el Cr estuvo más concentrado en los frutos de pepino. El Pb no fue encontrado en la cáscara de pepino. En cuanto a la concentración de Cd en la cáscara, los tratamientos T. harzianum y T. viride, a 2.34 × 106 y 2.34 × 106 UFC/mL, respectivamente, redujeron la concentración en un 20.2 %. Trichoderma, con 2.34 × 106 UFC/mL, mostró la concentración más baja de Cr en pulpa (5.572 mg/kg). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la concentración de metales en la cáscara y hojas.

Resumen: El aprovechamiento de los residuos en los sistemas de producción agrícola, exige el utilizar diferentes abonos orgánicos para encontrar los niveles de aplicación y sus posibles combinaciones que produzcan cultivos de calidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del estiércol bovino (EB) y vermicompost (V) en el suelo, así como el resultado positivo en la producción de sandía. Se aplicó EB y V en el mismo sitio experimental dos ciclos continuos (2013-2014), para EB en los niveles de 0, 40, 60 y 80 Mg ha-1, considerando fertilización química (FQ) para la Comarca Lagunera 120-60-00 y para V 0, 3.0, 6.0 y 9.0 Mg ha-1. Se tomaron muestras de suelo al inicio y al término de cada año a tres profundidades tomando en consideración el área radicular de la planta y el bulbo de humedad 0-15, 15-30 y 30-45 cm, evaluando materia orgánica (MO), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE) y nitratos (NO3 -). En el fruto se evaluaron los sólidos solubles totales (°Bx) y el rendimiento. Los contenidos mayores de MO (3.23% en el 2013) y NO3 - (41.4 kg ha-1 en el 2014) se encontraron de 0-15 cm con la interacción de 80 Mg ha-1 de EB y 9.0 Mg ha-1 de V. La CE se incrementó hasta 6.6 dS m-1 de 0-15 cm lo que implicó, después de dos ciclos de aplicación la disminución en el rendimiento hasta 66.1% en los niveles de 80 Mg ha-1 de EB y 3.0 Mg ha-1 de V. En el 2014 se encontró diferencias para el rendimiento y los °Bx. En el 2014, se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (29.2 Mg ha-1) concluyendo que la fertilización química (FQ) fue superada por la interacción de EB (80 Mg ha-1) con V (6.0 Mg ha-1), para °Bx igual a 8.4 en la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de EB con 9.0 Mg ha-1 de vermicompost.

Summary: The use of residues in agricultural production systems requires the use of different organic fertilizers to find application levels and possible combinations that produce quality crops. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of bovine manure (EB) and vermicompost (V) on soil, as well as the positive result in watermelon production. EB and V were applied in the same experimental site for two continuous cycles (2013-2014): EB at the levels of 0, 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha‑1, considering chemical fertilization for the Comarca Lagunera (FQ) 120-60 -00 and V 0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 Mg ha-1. Soil samples were taken at the beginning and end of each year at three depths taking into consideration the plant root area and moisture bulb 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm, evaluating organic matter (MO), pH, electrical conductivity (CE) and nitrates (NO3 -). Total soluble solids (°Bx) and yield were evaluated in the fruit. The highest contents of MO (3.23% in 2013) and NO3 - (41.4 kg ha-1 in 2014) were found at 0-15 cm with the interaction of 80 Mg ha-1 (EB) and 9.0 Mg ha-1 (V). CE increased to 6.6 dS m-1 from 0-15 cm, which after two application cycles implied the decrease in yield to 66.1% at the levels of 80 Mg ha-1 (EB) and 3.0 Mg ha -1 (V). In 2014 differences were found for yield and °Bx when the highest yield (29.2 Mg ha-1) was obtained at 80 Mg ha-1 EB level with 6.0 Mg ha-1 of V and for °Bx equal to 8.4 in the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of EB with 9.0 Mg ha-1 of vermicompost.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica falha em controlar o refluxo gastroesofágico em quase 15% dos pacientes e a maioria deles deve ser reoperada devido aos sintomas. Diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido sugeridas. OBJETIVOS: Apresentar os resultados pós-operatórios de pacientes submetidos a 3 procedimentos diferentes: Reoperação e fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica apenas (Grupo A), reoperação e fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica combinado com gastrectomia distal (Grupo B) ou reoperação e conversão para Toupet laparoscópico combinado com gastrectomia distal e reconstrução em Y-Roux (Grupo C). MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo incluindo 77 pacientes submetidos inicialmente a fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica que apresentaram recidiva do refluxo gastroesofágico após a operação. Eles foram avaliados antes e após a reoperação com questionário clínico e estudos funcionais específicos. Reestabelecida a anatomia da junção esôfago-gástrica, procedeu-se às referidas cirurgias. Nenhum paciente perdeu seguimento. RESULTADOS: Os sintomas persistentes foram observados com maior frequência nos pacientes dos Grupos A ou B, associados à estenose da fundoplicatura, fundoplicatura intratorácico ou fundoplicatura torcida. No Grupo C, os sintomas recorrentes associados a essa alteração anatômica foram observados com pouca frequência. Esfincter esofágico inferior incompetente foi confirmado em 57,7% dos pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo A em comparação com 17,2% após fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica combinado com gastrectomia distal, e 26% após a Toupet laparoscópico combinado com gastrectomia distal e reconstrução em Y-Roux. Nesse grupo, apesar do alto percentual de pacientes com esfincter esofágico inferior incompetente, 8,7% apresentaram refluxo ácido anormal após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: As técnicas de Nissen ou Toupet combinados com a gastrectomia distal em Y de Roux são seguras e eficazes para o manejo da falha da fundoplicatura a Nissen. A técnica de Toupet é preferível para pacientes que sofrem principalmente com disfagia e dor.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication fails to control the gastroesophageal reflux in almost 15% of patients, and most of them must be reoperated due to postoperative symptoms. Different surgical options have been suggested. AIMS: This study aimed to present the postoperative outcomes of patients submitted to three different procedures: redo laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication alone (Group A), redo laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication combined with distal gastrectomy (Group B), or conversion to laparoscopic Toupet combined with distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy (Group C). METHODS: This is a prospective study involving 77 patients who were submitted initially to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and presented recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux after the operation. They were evaluated before and after the reoperation with clinical questionnaire and objective functional studies. After reestablishing the anatomy of the esophagogastric junction, a surgery was performed. None of the patients were lost during follow-up. RESULTS: Persistent symptoms were observed more frequently in Group A or B patients, including wrap stricture, intrathoracic wrap, or twisted fundoplication. In Group C, recurrent symptoms associated with this anatomic alteration were infrequently observed. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter was confirmed in 57.7% of patients included in Group A, compared to 17.2% after Nissen and distal gastrectomy and 26% after Toupet procedure plus distal gastrectomy. In Group C, despite the high percentage of patients with incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, 8.7% had abnormal acid reflux after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Nissen and Toupet procedures combined with Roux-en-Y distal gastrectomy are safe and effective for the management of failed Nissen fundoplication. However, Toupet technique is preferable for patients suffering from mainly dysphagia and pain.

Background: Information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) in Mexico is limited. We developed an on-line platform Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 1 (RENACED-DT1). Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and healthcare of PWT1D registered in RENACED-DT1. Methods: Analyses of 965 PWT1D from July 2014 to January 2018 in different endocrinology clinics around Mexico. Results: Sixty-one percent were female with median age of 21 years, age at diagnosis 11 years, and disease duration at inclusion 8.2 years. Treatment regimen was basal-bolus in 61% and insulin-pumps in 21% (mainly in the private sector); 33.3% with self-monitoring of blood-glucose (SMBG) ≥4 times/day. Mean HbA1c at last follow-up was 8.7 ± 2.1% (72±23 mmol/mol), 18% had HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol), and 35% > 9% (75 mmol/mol). SMBG ≥ 4 times/day was associated with HbA1c < 7%. Time since diagnosis > 10 years, female sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, SMBG < 4 times/day, and any hypoglycemia were associated with microvascular complications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 7% is low; increased blood glucose monitoring is associated with better glycemic control. The achievement of optimal glycemic control must be increased to reduce the incidence of chronic complications and improve quality of life in PWT1D.

Abstract The contamination of water, air, soil and food is a collateral consequence of the activities that man has developed to live and improve his quality of life. The development of the human being, its continuous growth since the time of the industrial revolution has left damage and degradation in natural resources. In its demographic, scientific and technological growth, human beings have not made sufficient efforts to sustainably preserve natural resources. Among these resources, water is one of the most essential and vital for all forms of life, but every day the resource is scarcer in a healthy way. Due to multiple factors associated with population growth, urbanization and industrialization, all equally direct and indirect causes of climate change. Treating and using wastewater is challenging because that is often the only option farmers have. Thus, these waters represent a valuable resource, both from an economic and environmental point of view (conservation of water resources, recycling of nutrients). Currently, about 80% of wastewater is disposed of without treatment and is used for agricultural irrigation, representing a significant sanitary problem (due to the presence of pathogenic and toxic elements).

Resumen La contaminación del agua, aire, suelo y alimentos es una consecuencia colateral de las actividades que el hombre ha desarrollado para vivir y mejorar su calidad de vida. El desarrollo del ser humano, su crecimiento continuo desde la época de la revolución industrial ha dejado daños y degradación en los recursos naturales. En su crecimiento demográfico, científico y tecnológico el ser humano no ha realizado los esfuerzos suficientes para preservar sustentablemente los recursos naturales. Dentro de tales recursos, el agua es uno de los primordiales y vital para todas las formas de vida, pero cada día está más escaso el recurso en forma saludable. Debido a múltiples factores asociados al crecimiento demográfico, la urbanización y la industrialización, todas igualmente causas directas e indirectas del cambio climático. El tratamiento y uso de aguas residuales constituye un reto, porque con frecuencia esa es la única opción con la que cuentan los agricultores. Así, estas aguas representan un recurso valioso, tanto desde el punto de vista económico como ambiental (conservación de recursos hídricos, reciclaje de nutrientes). En la actualidad, cerca de 80% de las aguas residuales son dispuestas sin tratamiento son usadas para riego agrícola, representando un problema sanitario significativo (por la presencia de elementos patógenos y tóxicos).

Abstract Background: Viridans group streptococci (VGS) has acquired relevance as a microorganism causing febrile neutropenia, associated with significant morbidity. Aim: To characterize episodes of bacteremia caused by VGS in children with cancer who developed high-risk febrile neutropenia (HRFN) during the period from April 2004 to June 2018 in six pediatric hospitals of Santiago, Chile. Method: Database analysis of 4 successive, prospective and multicentric studies recording clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated strains. Results: 95 episodes of VGS bacteremia in 91 children with HRFN were analyzed. It emphasizes acute myeloid leukemia as cancer type, deep neutropenia, prolonged hospitalization (15 days), with extended use of antimicrobials (14 days) and use of cytarabine in chemotherapy schemes (86% episodes). The most frequent clinical manifestations were respiratory and gastrointestinal, associating up to 26% viridans group shock syndrome. There was high resistance to β lactams. As expected, there were not non-susceptible strains to vancomycin. Discussion: VGS is a relevant microorganism in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia, with a high percentage of sepsis. Resistance to β lactams is an issue that requires strict epidemiological surveillance in this population.

Resumen Introducción: Streptococcus grupo viridans (SGV) ha adquirido relevancia como microorganismo causante de neutropenia febril, asociándose a morbilidad significativa. Objetivo: Caracterizar episodios de bacteriemia causados por SGV en niños con cáncer que desarrollaron neutropenia febril de alto riesgo (NFAR) desde abril de 2004 a junio de 2018 en seis hospitales pediátricos de Santiago, Chile. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de bases de datos de cuatro proyectos FONDECYT sucesivos, prospectivos y multicéntricos, registrando características clínicas y de laboratorio de los pacientes, además de patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de las cepas aisladas. Resultados: Se registraron 95 episodios de bacteriemia asociada a SGV en 91 niños con NFAR. Destacan: leucemia mieloide aguda como enfermedad de base, neutropenia profunda, hospitalización prolongada (15 días), uso extendido de antimicrobianos (14 días), uso de citarabina en esquemas de quimioterapia (86% episodios). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron respiratoria y gastrointestinal, asociándose en 26% a síndrome de shock por Streptococcus grupo viridans. Hubo elevada resistencia a β lactámicos, sin cepas no susceptibles a vancomicina. Discusión: SGV es un patógeno relevante en niños con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia en nuestro medio, asociado a casos de sepsis. La resistencia a β lactámicos es un aspecto que requiere vigilancia epidemiológica estricta en esta población.

Background Prisons are a source of inherent violence and an environment conducive to traumatic injuries. Aim The objective of this paper is to describe the income and evolution profile of hospitalized people deprived of liberty at the tertiary level due to trauma that occurred in two prison detention centers in Santiago, that enters our service. Materials and Method Descriptive study, included the review of clinical records in our hospital, during the period between August 2009 and December 2016. Results 88 consultations of people deprived of liberty, where 46 consultations for traumatic injuries were obtained. A symmetric distribution was observed for the variables age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin and leukocyte count. The most frequent trauma site was the thorax and abdomen (including front face and full back), each with 18 patients (39.13% each). The most frequent diagnosis of admission was pneumothorax in twelve subjects. The main treatments were 16 exploratory laparotomies (34.78, 95% CI: 22.68 to 49.23) and 12 pleurostomies (26.09, 95% CI: 15.60 to 40.26). The duration of hospitalization distributed asymmetrically, with a median of 3 days. We had 6 readmissions (13.04%) in the first 30 days after discharge and one mortality. Conclusions The violence in this two prison detention centers, in Santiago, is a diagnosis that appears in the urgency of our hospital, with lesions of different severity and treatment. It is necessary to anticipate these scenarios, where we now know that a large part of them will need some procedure or intervention.

Resumen Introducción Las cárceles constituyen un foco de violencia inherente y un ambiente propicio de lesiones traumáticas. Objetivo Describir el perfil de ingreso y evolución de personas privadas de libertad hospitalizadas en nivel terciario por trauma acontecido en 2 complejos penitenciarios, que ingresan a nuestro Servicio. Materiales y Método Estudio descriptivo, incluyó la revisión de fichas clínicas en nuestro hospital (HUAP), durante el periodo entre agosto de 2009 y diciembre de 2016. Resultados 88 consultas de personas privadas de libertad, donde se obtuvieron 46 consultas por lesiones traumáticas. Se observó una distribución simétrica para las variables edad, presión arterial media, frecuencia cardíaca, hematocrito, hemoglobina y recuento de leucocitos. El sitio del trauma más frecuente fue el tórax y el abdomen (incluyendo cara anterior y posterior completa), cada uno con 18 pacientes (39,13% cada uno). El diagnóstico de ingreso más frecuente fue neumotórax en doce sujetos. Los principales tratamientos efectuados fueron 16 laparotomías exploradoras (34,78; IC 95%: 22,68 a 49,23) y 12 pleurostomías (26,09; IC 95%: 15,60 a 40,26). La duración de la hospitalización distribuyó en forma asimétrica, con mediana de 3 días. Tuvimos 6 reingresos (13,04%) en los primeros 30 días posteriores al alta y una mortalidad. Conclusiones Los hechos de violencia en estos 2 centros penitenciarios en Santiago, son un diagnóstico que se presenta en la urgencia de nuestro hospital, con lesiones de distinta gravedad y tratamiento. Resulta necesario adelantarse a estos escenarios, donde ahora sabemos que gran parte de ellos necesitará algún procedimiento o intervención.

Invasive meningococcal disease is challenging for public health, mainly when it manifests with sudden changes in incidence, serogroups and hypervirulent clones that spread in the population, causing great alarm due to its sequelae and often fatal course, a situation that occurred in Chile, starting at week 26 of the year 2012. To face this scenario, an organization of multidisciplinary teams was required, called W-135 Action Plan in Chile, which included sanitary alerts, education, reinforcement of the epidemiological surveillance of suspicious cases, immediate diagnosis through state-of-the-art techniques, blocking of contacts, communication plans, and, from the 42nd week, ON the vaccination campaign was started for children aged from 9-months-old to less than 5 years of age. The vaccination strategy had a great impact on the decrease in incidence (1.3 to 0.1/100,000) and case fatality rate in the vaccinated population (23% to 0%), with a high safety profile, leading to its subsequent inclusion in the national immunization program. The ability to develop molecular, clinical and epidemiological studies allowed us to better understand the situation, supporting public health policy decisions for its control. The W-135 Action Plan implemented by the Ministry of Health in Chile, to manage the outbreak of meningococcal disease by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, demonstrated that the coordination of these efforts, through an organized Action Plan, allows the implementation of campaigns at the national level achieving high coverage of risk populations in short periods of time, generating a positive impact on the health of the population.

Pesquisas empíricas em vários países mostram que uma parte importante da população é subjetivamente identificada com as classes médias. Partindo de uma classificação das pessoas na sociedade desenvolvida pelos próprios indivíduos, analisamos como eles se identificam com uma posição social. Nossa análise é baseada em uma pesquisa em que os participantes foram solicitados a realizar um jogo de classificação de vinhetas representativas de pessoas na sociedade chilena. A pesquisa foi aplicada no Chile no ano de 2016 para uma amostra de 2.000 indivíduos estatisticamente representativos da população. Os resultados mostram os critérios que predominam na classificação das pessoas na sociedade e o que influencia a definição de sua posição social pelos indivíduos, que se identificam principalmente com uma categoria baixa na sociedade.

Empirical research in various countries shows that a significant part of the population is subjectively identified with the middle classes. Starting from a classification of people in society developed by individuals themselves, we analyze how they identify with a social position. Our analysis is based on a survey in which the participants were asked to perform a classification game of vignettes representative of people in Chilean society. The survey was applied in Chile in the year 2016 to a sample of 2,000 individuals statistically representative of the population. The results show the criteria that predominate when classifying people in society and what influences the definition of their social position by individuals, who self-identify mainly with a lower category.

Investigaciones empíricas en diversos países muestran que una parte importante de la población se identifica subjetivamente con las clases medias. A partir de una clasificación de las personas en la sociedad elaborada por los propios individuos, analizamos de qué modo ellos se identifican con una posición social. Nuestro análisis se basa en una encuesta en que se solicitó a los participantes realizar un juego de clasificación de viñetas representativas de personas en la sociedad chilena. La encuesta fue aplicada en Chile en el año 2016 a una muestra de 2.000 individuos estadísticamente representativos de la población. Los resultados muestran los criterios que predominan al clasificar a las personas en la sociedad y qué influye en la definición de su posición social por parte de los individuos, quienes se autoidentifican mayoritariamente con una categoría baja en la sociedad.

Dans divers pays, la recherche empirique montre qu’une partie significative de la population s’identifie du point de vue subjectif avec les classes moyennes. A partir d’une classification des individus dans la société élaborée par des enquêtés eux-mêmes, nous analysons comment ces derniers s’identifient avec une position sociale particulière. Notre analyse est fondée sur une enquête au cours de laquelle les participants ont été invités à effectuer un jeu de classification de cartes ou vignettes représentatives des individus au sein de la société chilienne. Cette enquête a été appliquée au Chili en 2016 à un échantillon de 2000 individus statistiquement représentatifs de la population. Les résultats mettent en lumière les critères qu’utilisent les individus lors de la classification et qui déterminent la définition de leur propre position sociale, s’identifiant le plus souvent avec une catégorie inférieure au sein de la société.

ABSTRACT Temperature is one of the most dominant environmental factor influencing the biology and performance of aquatic ectotherms in the wild and in culture conditions. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate thermoregulatory behavior, thermal tolerance and active metabolic scope in Macrobrachium tenellum. To fulfill our goal, we measure, the preferred temperature, critical threshold limits, thermal window width, oxygen consumption routine rate and active metabolic scope in the prawn M. tenellum acclimated to 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32°C. The preferred temperature obtained by the graphic acute method was 28.5°C. Acclimation temperature significantly affected the thermal tolerance which increased with the acclimation temperature. The scope for thermal tolerance had an interval of 25.3 to 27.7°C. The thermal window calculated for M. tenellum was 325°C2. The acclimation response ratios had an interval of 0.42-0.50. These values allow us to characterize these species as inhabitants of subtropical and tropical regions. The oxygen consumption routine rates increased as the acclimation temperature increased from 20 to 32°C. The range of temperature coefficient (Q10) between 29-32°C was the lowest, at 1.98. The active metabolic scope for prawns was the lowest for organisms acclimated to 20 and 32°C and the highest value was obtained at 29°C. The results obtained in the present study are important to determine the optimum conditions in which M. tenellum needs to live in the natural environment and may partially explain their wide distribution pattern along the Mexican Pacific Ocean littoral.

Abstract Objective: From the approach of Environmental Justice, this work compares the socioeconomic conditions that characterize social disadvantaged population groups, with an emphasis on children residents in rural locations located in the main agricultural regions of the state of Sonora, Mexico. Methodology: The study is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-relational and comparative. The information was obtained from a family socioeconomic questionnaire applied to women-mothers (n≤363) and a psychological test to children (n = 698). With the data of the first instrument, the Socioeconomic Conditions Index (ICSe) and the Health Conditions Index (ICSa) are elaborated. Results: The ISCe differs significantly by type of location (0.001); by indigenous origin (0.001); by agricultural area (0.04), from lowest to highest level in north <south <center. Conclusions: The socioeconomic and health conditions of the population that resides in rural localities are lower than, those of the control group (urban); the children population of indigenous origin presents conditions of greater vulnerability; of the rural group, the population that resides in the northern and central region has lower socioeconomic conditions. It is recommended to continue the study and implement social intervention programs that address such differences.

Resumen Objetivo: desde el enfoque de Justica Ambiental, este trabajo compara las condiciones socioeconómicas que caracterizan a grupos de población en desventaja social, con énfasis en los niños/as residentes en localidades rurales situadas en las principales regiones agrícolas del estado de Sonora, México. Metodología: el estudio es cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal relacional y comparativo. La información se obtuvo de un cuestionario socioeconómico familiar aplicado a mujeres-madre (n≤363) y un test psicológico a población infantil (n=698). Con los datos del primer instrumento se elaboró el Índice de Condiciones Socioeconómicas (ICSe) y el de Condiciones de Salud (ICSa). Resultados: el ICSe difiere de manera altamente significativa por tipo de localidad (.0001); por origen indígena (0.001); y por zona agrícola (0.04), de menor a mayor nivel en norte<sur<centro. Limitaciones: respecto al ICSa, la información fue proporcionada por las madres de los niños/as. Se sugiere corroborar los datos de salud de los niños/as con especialistas de salud reconocidos oficialmente. Conclusiones: las condiciones socioeconómicas y de salud de la población que reside en localidades rurales son más bajas que las del grupo control (urbano). La población infantil de origen indígena presenta condiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad. En el grupo rural, la población que reside en la región norte y centro presenta condiciones socioeconómicas más bajas. Se recomienda continuar el estudio e instrumentar programas de intervención social que atiendan tales diferencias.

ABSTRACT Different research projects in Sonora, Mexico, have proven contamination from pesticides in workers and locals living in communities near agricultural fields. To evaluate the health hazards from passive exposition of their inhabitants to such compounds, it is required reliable and updated information on the crops sown, their pests, as well as pesticide amounts, doses and forms of application, especially of agrochemicals that pose health risk potential. This work proposes a reference frame to identify the required information at a local level such as the Rural Development District (RDD) 144 Hermosillo, on crops, pests, besides the intensity and frequency of the application of pesticides by spraying. In the period from 2010 to 2014, nine crops occupied 72 500 ha (80 %) of the sown area in RDD Hermosillo, and could employ 24 most frequent agrochemical products applied by spray. Of those organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, 16 and 211 t were applied over 72 500 ha in one season. Several of these pesticides are moderately persistent in the environment and they are considered with adverse health effects by national and international organizations. It is concluded that in agricultural fields, enough quantities of hazardous pesticides are sprayed, which might possibly affect the health of inhabitants in the nearby communities.

RESUMEN En diferentes proyectos realizados en Sonora, México, se comprobó la presencia de contaminación por agroquímicos en trabajadores y habitantes de localidades rurales aledañas a campos de cultivo. Para evaluar el peligro que representa para la salud de los habitantes la exposición pasiva de dichos compuestos, se requiere información confiable y actualizada sobre cultivos sembrados y plagas, así como cantidades, dosis y formas de aplicación de los plaguicidas utilizados, especialmente aquellos con potencial de riesgo para la salud. En este trabajo se propone un marco de referencia que permita identificar la información con que se cuenta a nivel local, como lo es el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural (DDR) 144-Hermosillo sobre cultivos y sus plagas, además de la intensidad y frecuencia de aplicación de plaguicidas por aspersión. En el periodo 2010 a 2014, nueve cultivos ocupaban el 80 % de la superficie sembrada en el DDR 144 Hermosillo y podían emplear 24 productos agroquímicos aplicados por aspersión. De éstos, los insecticidas organofosforados y herbicidas llegan a aplicarse de 16 a 211 t en 72 500 ha en una temporada, varios de estos plaguicidas son moderadamente persistentes en el ambiente y se consideran con efectos adversos a la salud por organizaciones nacionales e internacionales. Se concluye que en los predios agrícolas se asperjan suficientes cantidades de plaguicidas peligrosos, que pueden afectar la salud de los habitantes de localidades cercanas.

Abstract This work presents the results of a device, MilkTech, developed to detect milk tampering, based on electrical measurements. The device indicates possible frauds by water, sodium chloride, caustic soda, ethyl alcohol and sodium bicarbonate. The advantages in relation to traditional methods are portability, low cost and detection of mixed frauds. The experiments were conducted in dairy plants at Governador Valadares, in Brazil. The results were compared with cryoscopy and chloride tests. It is demonstrated there is high correlation between MilkTech and Cryoscopy. For instance, the detection limit of the equipment for water addition with the set of analyzed data was 0.78% with precision of 1.1%. Adulterations with sodium chloride, caustic soda, ethyl alcohol and sodium bicarbonate are detected qualitatively, even when added with water, and MilkTech indicates “SUSPECT” milk.