ABSTRACT Alternative materials can be used to reduce reliance on mining for P-based fertilizers. In this sense, the pyrolysis process of bovine bones produces the “bone char”, which can be used as a source of P. This study aimed to characterize bone char and conduct a comparative analysis with both soluble (triple superphosphate) and non-soluble (Bayóvar phosphate rock) phosphate fertilizers, specifically examining its behavior in soil and uptake by plants. Bone char characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDS). The XRD analyses have shown the presence of hydroxyapatite in the bone char, bands assigned to P-O stretching from phosphate have been observed in ATR-FTIR, and Ca, P, C, and O elements were identified in the materials by EDS analyses. Solubility from fertilizer extractants was higher for bone char compared to Bayóvar, and both sources showed lower solubility compared to triple superphosphate. Cumulative amount of P released from bone char was higher than Bayóvar and lower than triple superphosphate. Amount of total dry matter, total shoot P uptake, and total shoot Ca uptake were higher for triple superphosphate compared to bone char and Bayóvar. Release profile of P from bone char strongly suggests this material can be used as a slow-release P source, with intermediate solubility between soluble and non-soluble commercialized sources. Pbased based fertilizers sense , char” nonsoluble non rock plants Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) ATRFTIR, ATRFTIR ATR FTIR (ATR-FTIR) energydispersive energy dispersive SEMEDS. SEMEDS SEM . (SEM-EDS) PO FTIR, ATR-FTIR C matter slowrelease slow release (XRD (ATR-FTIR (SEM-EDS

Resumo A forte pressão antrópica no Cerrado torna necessários estudos para averiguar o nível de conservação de áreas que estão sujeitas a essa atividade. Com isso, objetivo do trabalho foi comparar e avaliar a florística, a estrutura e o grau de conservação de duas áreas adjacentes de Cerrado, sendo uma área de cerrado conservado (CC) e outra de cerrado antropizado (CA). Foram utilizados os parâmetros fitossociológicos convencionais: densidade relativa (DR), dominância relativa (DoR), frequência relativa (FR) e o valor de importância (VI), além dos índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e equitabilidade de Pielou. Foram feitas análises de ordenação pelo método DCA, dendrograma de classificação (UPGMA) a partir dos índices de Sørensen-Dice e Bray-Curtis, além da divisão hierárquica dicotômica por Twinspan. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as variáveis, classes diamétricas e classes de altura. O cerrado conservado apresentou valores maiores para número de indivíduos, classes diamétricas, área basal e altura. O índice de diversidade por parcelas, número de espécies, indivíduos e área basal total foram diferentes estatisticamente em relação as duas áreas. Através das análises multivariadas foi possível segregar as parcelas com base no grau de conservação, tanto na análise de ordenação (DCA) quanto de classificação (Dendrograma). Os métodos utilizados foram eficientes para demonstrar as diferenças entre as duas áreas, porém a análise multivariada se mostrou eficiente em fornecer maior detalhamento na diferenciação.

Abstract The strong anthropic pressure in the Cerrado makes studies necessary to ascertain the level of conservation of areas that are subject to this activity. Thus, the objective of the work was to compare and evaluate the floristics, the structure and the degree of conservation of two adjacent areas of Cerrado, one area of conserved savanna (CC) and another of anthropized savanna (CA). Conventional phytosociological parameters were used: relative density (DR), relative dominance (DoR), relative frequency (FR) and the importance value (VI), in addition to the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's equitability. Sorting analyzes were performed using the DCA method, classification dendrogram (UPGMA) based on the Sørensen-Dice and Bray-Curtis indices, in addition to the dichotomous hierarchical division by Twinspan. Student's t-test was used to compare variables, diametric classes and height classes. The conserved savannah presented higher values for the number of individuals, diametric classes, basal area and height. The diversity index by plots, number of species, individuals and total basal area were statistically different for the two areas. Through multivariate analyzes it was possible to segregate the plots based on the degree of conservation, both in the ordering analysis (DCA) and in the classification (Dendrogram). The methods used were efficient to demonstrate the differences between the two areas, however the multivariate analysis proved to be efficient in providing greater detail in the differentiation.