Abstract Phenological processes are strongly affected by environmental conditions. In this study we investigate the phenological patterns of six tree/shrub species in three Caatinga fragments and analyze the influence of rainfall and air temperature on these processes. Circular statistics was used to analyze the vegetative and reproductive phenophases over 12 months (dry and rainy seasons) in the years 2016 to 2017 and 2018 to 2019. Spearman’s linear correlation test (r) was applied to verify the influence of meteorological variables of the two years of study on the phenological stages for each species. All species showed a seasonal pattern for vegetative phenophases. Reproductive phenophases were recorded in the two study periods only for one species. There was correlation of the phenophases only with rainfall, but not for all species. The amount of rainfall below the historical average indicates that precipitation is the most limiting factor for flowering in the evaluated species. conditions treeshrub tree shrub 1 dry seasons 201 2019 Spearmans Spearman s r (r 20 2

Abstract Aim: We investigated the effects of continuous or interval aerobic exercise training on vascular reactivity of female rats fed with fructose. Methods: Female Wistar rats (8-wk old) were divided into: sedentary (SD), continuous training (CTR), and interval training (ITR). Moderate intensity training protocols consisted of running 3 days/week for 7 weeks. CTR ran 40 min at 30%–40% of the maximal speed (MS) and TRI consisted of 7 sets of 1 min at 70% of MS followed by 3 min at 35% of MS. Animals were fed with standard chow and fructose (10%) in drinking water. Concentration-response curves to acetylcholine and phenylephrine, and oxidative stress biomarkers, were determined in the aorta. Body weight gain, visceral fat, and plasma triglycerides and glucose were also evaluated. Results: Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly increased by both exercise regimens (CTR: Emax = 85 ± 6% and ITR: Emax = 84 ± 1%) compared to sedentary rats (SD: Emax = 62 ± 5%). The contractile maximal response was not different but phenylephrine potency was increased in CTR (pEC50: 8.41 ± 0.19) and reduced in ITR (pEC50: 7.06 ± 0.11) compared to SD (pEC50: 7.77 ± 0.08). In addition, the generation of superoxide was lower in trained groups as compared with sedentary (about −28% in CTR and −22% in ITR). TBARS and nitrate/nitrite levels were not modified. Compared to the SD group, ITR gained 39% less body weight and CTR has 29% less visceral fat. Glucose and triglycerides were not modified. Conclusion: CTR and ITR, carried out 3 days/week, were efficient to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation and reduce superoxide generation in the aorta from female rats fed with fructose.

Resumo Fundamento: O mecanismo da disfunção vascular induzido pelo consumo de etanol não é totalmente compreendido. Justifica-se, assim a identificação de mecanismos bioquímicos e moleculares que poderiam explicar tais efeitos. Objetivos: Investigar se a ingestão aguda de etanol ativa a via vascular RhoA/Rho quinase em artérias de resistência e o papel das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) derivadas da NAD(P)H oxidase nessa resposta. Nós também avaliamos se ocorreu translocação da p47phox e ativação da NAD(P)H oxidase após o consumo agudo de etanol. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram tratados com etanol via oral (1g/kg, p.o. gavagem) ou água (controle). Alguns ratos foram tratados com vitamina C (250 mg/kg, p.o. gavagem, 5 dias) antes de água ou etanol. O leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) foi coleado 30 min após a administração de etanol. Resultados: A vitamina C preveniu o aumento da geração de ânion superóxido (O2 -) e lipoperoxidação no LAM induzidos pelo etanol. A atividade da catalase (CAT), da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e os níveis de glutationa reduzida(GSH), nitrato e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) não foram afetados após a ingestão aguda de etanol. A vitamina C e o 4-metilpirazol preveniram o aumento na geração de O2 - induzido pelo etanol em cultura de células do músculo liso vascular (CMLV). O etanol não afetou a fosforilação da proteína quinase B (Akt) e nem da óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) (nos resíduos de Ser1177 ou Thr495) ou a reatividade vascular do LAM. A vitamina C preveniu o aumento da razão membrana:citosol da p47phox e a expressão da RhoA no LAM de rato induzido pelo etanol. Conclusão: A ingestão aguda de etanol induz a ativação da via RhoA/Rho quinase por um mecanismo que envolve a geração de ERO. Nas artérias de resistência, o etanol ativa NAD(P)H oxidase induzindo a translocação da p47phox por um mecanismo redox-sensível.

Abstract Background: The mechanism underlying the vascular dysfunction induced by ethanol is not totally understood. Identification of biochemical/molecular mechanisms that could explain such effects is warranted. Objective: To investigate whether acute ethanol intake activates the vascular RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in resistance arteries and the role of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) on such response. We also evaluated the requirement of p47phox translocation for ethanol-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Methods: Male Wistar rats were orally treated with ethanol (1g/kg, p.o. gavage) or water (control). Some rats were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg, p.o. gavage, 5 days) before administration of water or ethanol. The mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) was collected 30 min after ethanol administration. Results: Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in superoxide anion (O2-) generation and lipoperoxidation in the MAB. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the reduced glutathione, nitrate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were not affected by ethanol. Vitamin C and 4-methylpyrazole prevented the increase on O2- generation induced by ethanol in cultured MAB vascular smooth muscle cells. Ethanol had no effect on phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and eNOS (Ser1177 or Thr495 residues) or MAB vascular reactivity. Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in the membrane: cytosol fraction ratio of p47phox and RhoA expression in the rat MAB. Conclusion: Acute ethanol intake induces activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by a mechanism that involves ROS generation. In resistance arteries, ethanol activates NAD(P)H oxidase by inducing p47phox translocation by a redox-sensitive mechanism.

Introduction: pharmaceutical care is the direct interaction of the pharmacist and the user in order to achieve rational drug therapy and to obtain defined measurable results aimed at improving the life quality of the patient. Depression is considered one of the ten main causes of disability worldwide since it restricts the physical, social and personal functioning of the individual. However, few people having these health problems receive proper treatment and directions about their disease and therapy. Objective: to evaluate the pharmaceutical care service through counseling on the effectiveness of and adherence to drug therapy. Methods: nineteen patients were selected, aged 15 to 82 years and with mood disorders. They were all seen at the Psychosocial and Outpatient Care Center of UNIFENAS in Brazil. They were visited at home to give instructions to them about their disease, adverse reactions, and drug interactions, length of treatment and importance of adherence to therapy. Beck depression inventory and Morisky´s test were used to evaluate adherence to treatment before and after the pharmacist counseling. Results: most of patients were Catholic women, who had been under study for up to 9 years. When comparing the results of the application of the Beck depression inventory before and after the pharmacist counseling, there was observed an statistically significant difference ((p= 0.0354), with a reduction of roughly 6 point in Beck´s score (24,22 for 18). The adherence to treatment rate increased since the number of patients who showed high rate of adherence to therapy rose from 21.06 % to 42.10 %. Conclusions: the results suggest that the pharmacist counseling could be a useful method to achieve better outcomes in adherence to and effectiveness of treatment.

Introducción: la atención farmacéutica consiste en la interacción directa del farmacéutico con el usuario a fin de lograr una farmacoterapia racional y obtener resultados definidos y mensurables, encaminados a la mejoría de la calidad de vida del paciente. La depresión es considerada una de las diez principales causas de incapacidad en el mundo, la cual limita el funcionamiento físico, personal y social. Sin embargo, pocas personas afligidas con estos problemas de salud reciben el tratamiento adecuado y orientaciones acerca de la enfermedad y tratamiento. Objetivo: evaluar el servicio de la atención farmacéutica mediante consejo farmacéutico sobre la efectividad y adhesión a la farmacoterapia. Métodos: se seleccionaron 19 pacientes, con edad entre 15 y 82 años, con trastornos de humor, atendidos en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial y Ambulatorio de UNIFENAS, Brasil. Se realizaron citas domiciliares, durante las cuales se les dieron a los pacientes orientaciones acerca de la enfermedad, reacciones adversas, interacciones medicamentosas, duración del tratamiento e importancia de adhesión a este. El inventario de depresión de Beck y la prueba de Morisky para evaluar la adhesión fueron aplicados antes y después del consejo farmacéutico. Resultados: la mayoría fueron mujeres, católicas, con hasta nueve años de estudio. Al comparar los resultados de la aplicación del inventario de depresión de Beck antes y después del consejo del farmacéutico, hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,0354), con reducción de aproximadamente 6 puntos en el escore de Beck (24,22 para 18). El nivel de adhesión entre los pacientes aumentó, pues el número de pacientes con alta adhesión pasó de 21,06 % a 42,10 %. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que el consejo farmacéutico puede ser útil para lograr mejores resultados de adhesión y efectividad al tratamiento.