ABSTRACT Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, and it is largely used in illegal gold extraction in Peru. We evaluated the tolerance to Hg in Paronychia microphylla Phil, Ambrosia artemisioides Willd and Croton ruizianus Müll. Arg. plants, using controlled concentrations (5, 10 and 80 mg Hg L-1). Two groups were identified according to the antioxidant enzymatic and bioaccumulation response, but the changes in the soluble protein suggest other tolerance mechanisms in the species. P. microphylla has an accumulator performance (BCF = 1.16 at 10 mg Hg L-1); in contrast, C. ruizianus has a exclusor behavior with low BCF and better antioxidant response. In that sense, the concentration of 5 mg Hg L-1 triggers the oxidative stress and increases the levels of malondialdehyde and proline, but when treatment concentration increases there is regulation in the antioxidant system. Among the three species, C. ruizianus Müll. Arg. has the better antioxidant response, but the lower bioaccumulation.

RESUMEN El mercurio (Hg) es uno de los metales pesados más tóxicos y se utiliza principalmente en la extracción ilegal de oro en Perú. Se evaluó la tolerancia a Hg en en plantas de Paronychia microphylla Phil, Ambrosia artemisioides Willd y Croton ruizianus Müll. Arg., utilizando concentraciones controladas (5, 10 y 80 mg Hg L -1 ). Se identificaron dos grupos, según la respuesta antioxidante enzimática y de bioacumulación, pero los cambios en la proteína soluble sugieren otros mecanismos de tolerancia en las especies. P. microphylla tiene un desempeño acumulador (BCF = 1,16 a 10 mg Hg L-1); por el contrario, C. ruizianus tiene un comportamiento excluyente con bajo BCF y mejor respuesta antioxidante. En ese sentido, la concentración de 5 mg Hg L- 1 , desencadena estrés oxidativo y aumenta los niveles de malondialdehído y prolina, pero cuando aumenta la concentración del tratamiento hay regulación en el sistema antioxidante. Entre las tres especies, C. ruizianus Müll. Arg. tiene la mejor respuesta antioxidante, pero la menor bioacumulación.

Abstract: Shipwrecks are artificial reefs that can enhance local diversity. In this study, the macrobenthic community associated with a shipwreck in the Strait of Magellan, the DAP Mares, is described for the first time. Species richness and functional group richness were estimated, and general linear models were used to test the prediction that diversity varied systematically with depth. The most speciose and abundant groups were echinoderms, molluscs, sponges, and tunicates. The most abundant trophic type was suspension feeders. Species richness changed significantly with depth, being similar between the upper and middle zones but decreasing at the deepest zone. Neither functional group richness nor functional dispersion (Rao’s quadratic entropy) varied with depth, suggesting that not all aspects of macrobenthic diversity respond equally to this variable. The biodiversity observed was consistent with that described for natural hard substrates in the Strait of Magellan. Thus, this vessel could represent a good model to study patterns of community structure.

Resumo As comunidades zooplanctônicas frequentemente exibem migrações verticais diárias para evitar a radiação ultravioleta natural e/ou a predação de peixes. No entanto, não há informações sobre esse tema em lagos chilenos no norte da Patagônia até a presente data. Portanto, este estudo trata de uma primeira caracterização da migração vertical diária de crustáceo planctônico em dois lagos temperados e oligotróficos (lagos Villarrica e Panguipulli, 39º S) no sul do Chile. O zooplâncton foi coletado em diferentes profundidades (0-10 m, 10-20 m, 20-30 m e 30-40 m) no início da manhã, ao meio-dia, à tarde e à noite no local estudado. Os resultados revelaram que as espécies de zooplâncton (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus e Tropocyclops prasinus) são abundantes nas zonas de superfície à noite, de manhã cedo e à tarde, enquanto, ao meio-dia, as abundâncias do zooplâncton são altas nas zonas de profundidade. Os resultados expostos corroboram as observações para outros lagos argentinos e da América do Norte, onde foram reportados esses padrões de migração diária em espécies crustáceas de zooplâncton por causa, principalmente, da exposição à radiação ultravioleta natural, enquanto, para lagos do hemisfério norte, a migração vertical se dá em razão do efeito combinado da radiação ultravioleta natural e exposição à predação.

Abstract The zooplankton communities often exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid natural ultraviolet radiation and/or fish predation. However there is no information on this topic in Chilean North Patagonian lakes up to date. Therefore, this study deals with a first characterization of plankton crustacean daily vertical migration in two temperate, oligotrophic lakes (Villarrica and Panguipulli lakes, 39°S) in Southern Chile. Zooplankton were collected at different depths intervals (0-10m, 10-20 m, 20-30m, 30-40m) at early morning, middle day, evening and night in the studied site. The results revealed that zooplankton species (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus, and Tropocyclops prasinus) are abundant in surface zones at night, early morning and evening, whereas at middle day the zooplankton abundances are high at deep zones. The results agree with observations for Argentinean and North American lakes where these daily migration patterns in crustacean zooplankton species were reported due mainly natural ultraviolet radiation exposure, whereas for northern hemisphere lakes the vertical migration is due to combined effect of natural ultraviolet radiation and fish predation exposure.

Abstract Background: Seed mass is a key component of adaptation in plants that are strongly affected by development and maturity, and, at the same time, all is modulated by the environment of cultivation. Hypotheses: The response to water deficit in seeds of P. vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray is species-dependent and affects their biochemical and morphological characteristics. Studied species: The studied cultivars were Rosa Bufa (P. vulgaris) and cv. 10017 (P. acutifolius). Seeds were obtained from plants grown at 100 % and 25 % soil field capacity during their pod development. Study site and dates: The experiments were performed during May and August 2018 in a greenhouse at the Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, State of Mexico (altitude 2,353 m). Methods: The biochemical and morphological characteristics and the grain size of starch in seeds cotyledons were assessed. Results: Water restriction had no significant effects on the seed thickness, width, or mass only length decreased in P. acutifolius. In both species, the axis size of the starch granules decreased due to the stress, glucose concentration increased, sucrose and starch were not altered. Water imbibition increased six times in P. vulgaris seeds with no effect on the germination. The α-amylase activity was 25 - 35 % lower in both species due to the water restriction, particularly in P. acutifolius the activity was two-fold higher than in P. vulgaris. Conclusions: Comparing the carbohydrate concentration in germinating seeds of common and Tepary beans gave insights on the nutrient reserves mobilization during seed maturation and germination.

Resumen Antecedentes: La acumulación de biomasa en la semilla es dependiente del desarrollo y la madurez, y responde al ambiente. Hipótesis: Las semillas de P. vulgaris L. y P. acutifolius A. Gray responden a la deficiencia de agua con alteraciones bioquímicas y morfológicas en dependencia de la especie. Especies de estudio: cv. Rosa Bufa (P. vulgaris L.) y cv. 10017 (P. acutifolius). Las semillas se obtuvieron de plantas en riego con 25 y 100 % de capacidad de campo durante el desarrollo de la vaina. Sitio y año de estudio: Las semillas se obtuvieron en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Estado de México (altitud 2,353 m) entre mayo y agosto de 2018. Métodos: Los análisis incluyeron las características bioquímicas y morfológicas de las semillas y el tamaño de los gránulos del almidón. Resultados: La restricción de humedad no modificó significativamente el espesor, la anchura y la biomasa de la semilla, pero en P. acutifolius la longitud disminuyó. En ambas especies el tamaño del eje de los gránulos de almidón decreció, la concentración de glucosa incrementó, la concentración de sacarosa y almidón no cambió. Las semillas de P. vulgaris incrementaron seis veces su imbibición, sin afectar la germinación por el déficit de humedad. La actividad de α-amilasas disminuyó entre 25 y 35 % pero en P. acutifolius fue el doble que en P. vulgaris. Conclusiones: La comparación de la concentración de carbohidratos en semillas en germinación de Phaseolus aportó información sobre la movilización de nutrientes durante la maduración y la germinación.

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-3 in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). A guideline development group (GDG) was established for develop this CPG, which included clinical and methodology specialists, who formulated 08 clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and, when considered necessary, primary studies were conducted to answer each question; and relevant evidence was selected. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GDG used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and for developing recommendations. At the end, this CPG formulated 08 recommendations (04 strong and 04 conditional), 29 points of good clinical practice, and 03 flowcharts were formulated.

RESUMEN El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en los estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Para el desarrollo de esta GPC, se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, el cual formuló ocho preguntas clínicas. Para responder cada pregunta se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y, cuando fue considerado pertinente, de estudios primarios; y se seleccionó la evidencia pertinente. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y emitir las recomendaciones. Se emitieron ocho recomendaciones (cuatro fuertes y cuatro condicionales), 29 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y tres flujogramas.

RESUMO A abobrinha italiana é uma hortaliça de importância nacional, bastante apreciada, o que exige técnicas que visem aumento de produção em menor espaço. O espaçamento de plantio pode influenciar o desenvolvimento das plantas e a produção dos frutos. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de abobrinha italiana em função do espaçamento entre plantas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de duas cultivares de abobrinha (Alícia e Caserta) e quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (0,4; 0,5; 0,6 e 0,7 m). As características avaliadas foram: número total de frutos planta-1, número de frutos comerciais planta-1, produtividade total, comercial e não comercial, massa fresca de frutos comerciais e massa seca da planta. As cultivares responderam de modo distinto aos espaçamentos entre plantas. O híbrido Alícia expressou maior produtividade comercial, 28.490,5 kg ha-1 no espaçamento de 0,64 m entre plantas e a cultivar Caserta, 26.398,8 kg ha-1 no espaçamento de 0,4 m.

ABSTRACT The italian zucchini is a vegetable of national importance, much appreciated, which requires techniques that aim to increase production in less space. Plant spacing can influence the development of plants and the fruit production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Italian zucchini cultivars as a function of plant spacing. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of a combination of two cultivars of zucchini (Alícia and Caserta) and four spacings between plants (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 m). The evaluated characteristics were: total number of fruits plant-1, number of commercial fruits plant-1, total productivity, commercial and non commercial, fresh mass of commercial fruits and dry mass of the plant. The cultivars responded differently to spacings between plants. The Alicia hybrid showed higher commercial yield, 28,490.5 kg ha-1 at spacing of 0.64 m between plants and Caserta cultivar, 26,398.8 kg ha-1 at spacing of 0.4 m.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of hospitalization for aging populations in Western countries, and is showing an increasing mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the probable long-term mortality risk factors for patients admitted because of HF. Methods Retrospective study of a cohort of 202 patients consecutively hospitalized because of HF and followed up for a maximum period of 5 years. Clinical and epidemiological factors and their relationship to in-hospital and long-term mortality were analyzed. Results In-hospital mortality was 16%.The independent predictors were: age >75 years (HR = 2.68, 95% IC: 1.65-4.36, p = 0.001); cognitive impairment (HR = 2.77, 95% IC: 1.40-5.48, p = 0.004); Barthel index ≥60 (HR = 0.54, 95% IC: 0.37-0.78, p = 0,009); creatinine levels >1.16 mg/dl at admission (HR = 1.57, 95% IC: 1.12-2.20, p = 0.009); and number of diagnostics >10 on discharge (HR = 1. 64, 95% IC: 1.14-2.36, p = 0.007). Accumulated mortality at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after hospital discharge were 43%, 51%, 67% and 70%, respectively; the independent predictors for this were: age >75 years (HR = 2.55, 95% IC: 1.56-4.15, p <0.001); cognitive impairment (HR = 2.45, 95% IC: 1.22-4.90, p = 0.011); creatinine levels >1.16 mg/dl on admission (HR = 1.59, 95% IC: 1.12-2.24, p = 0.009); systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg on admission (HR = 0.56, 95% IC: 0.40-0.80, p <0.001); and number of diagnostics >10 on discharge (HR = 1. 49, 95% IC: 1.03-2.16, p = 0.033). Conclusions Clinical and epidemiological factors related to in-hospital and long-term mortality could help to improve the management of patients with HF.

Resumen Fundamento La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es la primera causa de hospitalización en países occidentales, con una mortalidad creciente. El objetivo fue describir los posibles factores pronósticos de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por IC. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de una cohorte de 202 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados por IC, y seguidos durante un período máximo de 5 años. Se analizaron variables basales epidemiológicas y clínicas y su relación con la mortalidad hospitalaria y a largo plazo. Resultados La mortalidad durante el episodio índice de hospitalización fue del 16%. Las variables predictoras independientes de la mortalidad hospitalaria fueron: edad >75 años (HR = 2,68; IC 95%: 1,65-4,36; p = 0,001), presencia de deterioro cognitivo (HR = 2,77; IC 95%: 1,40-5,48; p = 0,004), índice de Barthel >60 (HR = 0,54; IC 95%: 0,37-0,78; p = 0,009), creatinina >1,16 mg/dL al ingreso (HR = 1,57; IC 95%: 1,12-2,20; p = 0,009) y >10 diagnósticos al alta (HR = 1,64; IC 95%: 1,14-2,36; p = 0,007). La mortalidad global acumulada a los 12, 24, 36 y 48 meses fue del 43%, 51%, 67% y 70%, respectivamente, y sus predictores independientes fueron: edad >75 años (HR = 2,55; IC 95%: 1,56-4,15; p <0,001), deterioro cognitivo al ingreso (HR = 2,45; IC 95%: 1,22-4,90; p = 0,011), creatinina >1,16 mg/dL al ingreso (HR = 1,59; IC 95%: 1,12-2,24; p = 0,009), presión arterial sistólica <140 mm Hg al ingreso (HR = 0,56; IC 95%: 0,40-0,80; p <0,001) y >10 diagnósticos al alta (HR = 1,49; IC 95%: 1,03-2,16; p = 0,033). Conclusiones Existen variables relacionadas con la mortalidad hospitalaria y a largo plazo que podrían ayudar a un mejor manejo de estos pacientes.

RESUMO O nitrogênio exerce influência marcante no rendimento e qualidade da cebola. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de junho a outubro de 2016, tendo como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e qualidade de duas cultivares de cebola sob sistema adensado em função de doses de nitrogênio em Mossoró, RN. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2 x 7, correspondendo às cultivares IPA 11 e Rio das Antas e sete doses de nitrogênio (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225 e 270 kg ha-1 de N), fornecidas via fertigação, com quatro repetições. A dose de 92 kg ha-1 de N proporcionou as maiores produtividades total e comercial de bulbos. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou o teor de N, clorofilas a, b e total nas folhas da cebola, bem como os percentuais de bulbos das classes 3 e 4 e a pungência, reduzindo os percentuais de bulbos da classe 2 e não comerciais. As doses de 108 e 82 kg ha-1 de N proporcionaram as máximas taxas de retorno para ‘IPA 11’ (R$ 2,07) e ‘Rio das Antas’ (R$ 2,41), respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen exerts a marked influence on the yield and quality of the onion. The present work was developed from June to October 2016, aiming to evaluate the yield and quality of two cultivars of onion under a system densified as a function of nitrogen doses in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme, with four repetitions, corresponding to two cultivars (IPA 11 and Rio das Antas) and seven nitrogen doses (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225 and 270 kg ha-1 of N), provided by fertigation, with four repetitions. The dose of 92 kg ha-1 of N provides the highest total and marketable yields of bulbs. Nitrogen fertilization increases the concentrations of N, chlorophyll a, b and total in the leaves of the onion, as well as the percentage of bulbs of classes 3 and 4 and the pungency, reducing the percentage of bulbs of class 2 and non-commercial. The doses of 108 and 82 kg ha-1 of N provide the highest rates of return for ‘IPA 11’ (R$ 2.07) and ‘Rio das Antas’ (R$ 2.41), respectively.

Ten specimens of the dappled flounder Paralichthys woolmani were captured at a depths from 109 to 248.1 m in the central Gulf of California in an exploration cruise on board the research ship BIP XII in February 2005. The average temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were 14.5°C and 1.01 mg O2 L-1, respectively. P. woolmani had not been reported at greater depth than 100 m. This new record represents an increase of 148.1 m in its bathymetric distribution in the Gulf of California.

Abstract The objectives of this research were: a) detect differences in leaf nutrient concentrations of various clonal avocado rootstocks prior to being grafted, and b) determine the effect of the rootstock on leaf nutrient concentrations in young and adult ‘Hass’ scions grown without irrigation. Rootstocks were planted in 2000 and grafted in 2001 in a rainfed orchard in the municipality of Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico. As control, ‘Hass’ on native rootstock grown from seed was used. Thirty six-month-old leaves from the winter vegetative flush were sampled from each tree and from them the concentration of macro- and micronutrients was determined. The ungrafted rootstocks and the young ‘Hass’ trees on the evaluated rootstocks showed no variations in leaf nutrient concentrations, and in adult trees there were only differences for P. Leaf concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mn and B were higher at the beginning of the productive stage of the trees, while nutrient concentrations of Fe and Zn were higher in trees in full production. The type of rootstock used did not affect fruit production. This research identified rootstocks that positively or negatively modify leaf nutrient concentrations in ‘Hass’ scions, which will help the commercial management of their nutrition.

Resumen Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: a) detectar diferencias en la concentración nutrimental foliar de diversos portainjertos clonales de aguacate previo a ser injertados, y b) determinar el efecto del portainjerto sobre la concentración foliar de nutrimentos en injertos jóvenes y adultos de ‘Hass’ cultivados sin riego. Los portainjertos se plantaron en el 2000 e injertaron en 2001 en un huerto sin riego del municipio de Tepic, Nayarit, México. Como testigo se empleó ‘Hass’ sobre portainjerto criollo originado por semilla. En cada árbol se muestrearon 30 hojas, de seis meses de edad del flujo vegetativo de invierno, y se les determinó la concentración de macro- y micronutrimentos. Los portainjertos sin injertar y los árboles jóvenes de ‘Hass’ sobre los portainjertos evaluados no mostraron variaciones en la concentración foliar de nutrimentos, y en árboles adultos solo hubo diferencias para P. Las concentraciones foliares de N, P, Ca, Mn y B fueron mayores al inicio de la etapa productiva de los árboles; mientras que la concentración nutrimental de Fe y Zn fue superior en árboles en plena producción. El tipo de portainjerto empleado no afectó la producción de fruto. Esta investigación permitió identificar portainjertos que modifican positiva o negativamente las concentraciones nutrimentales foliares en injertos de ‘Hass’, lo que ayudará al manejo comercial de su nutrición.

ABSTRACT In forest ecosystems, numerous species of insectivorous birds use certain tree species as feeding and nesting substrates. Between 2009 and 2010, the use of different floristic components as feeding substrate by the Pygarrhichas albogularis King, 1831 was evaluated in a southern Chilean secondary native forest. From a total of 13 trees and bush species, six tree species were used by P. albogularis as a feeding substrate. Tree use was limited to intermediate heights (11-20 m) and, mainly, to the trunk (40% of observations) and secondary branches (26%). Pygarrhichas albogularis showed a disproportionated use of N. dombeyi and an important use of trees with a greater age structure (DBH 81-100 cm). Nothofagus dombeyi presented a significantly greater tree bark crevice depth than E. cordifolia. In turn, covariance between crevice depth and invertebrate supply in tree bark was positive and significant. We consider bark depth and invertebrate supply to be the proximate causes explaining P. albogularis disproportionated use of Nothofagus dombeyi.

RESUMEN En ecosistemas boscosos, numerosas especies de aves insectívoras usan ciertas especies de árboles como sustrato de alimentación y de nidificación. Evaluamos el uso de Pygarrhichas albogularis King, 1831 por componentes florísticos utilizados como sustrato de alimentación en un bosque nativo en el sur de Chile entre el 2009 y 2010. De 13 especies de árboles y arbustos P. albogularis utilizó seis especies de árboles como sustrato de alimentación. El uso de los árboles se limitó a alturas intermedias (11-20 m) y principalmente utilizó el tronco (40% observaciones) y las ramas secundarias (26%) de los árboles como sustrato de alimentación. Pygarrhichas albogularis mostró un uso desproporcionado por Nothofagus dombeyi y un uso importante por árboles con la mayor estructura etárea (DAP 81-100 cm). Por su parte, N. dombeyi presentó una profundidad de las grietas de la corteza significativamente mayor que E. cordifolia. A su vez, la profundidad de las grietas covarió positiva y significativamente con la oferta de invertebrados en la corteza de los árboles. Consideramos la profundidad de la corteza y la oferta de invertebrados como las causas próximas que podrían explicar el uso desproporcionado de P. albogularis por Nothofagus dombeyi.

The aim of this study was to assess the early colonization of four periodontopathogenic bacteria (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis and T. denticola) on titanium implants immediately after two weeks following second stage surgery; to compare the presence of these four periodontopathogenic bacteria at subgingival implant and adjacent tooth sites. Subgingival plaque samples from implant and neighboring teeth were studied by PCR after two weeks following second stage surgery. Sixteen implants and thirteen teeth, in ten patients were selected. At two weeks, pathogenic bacteria presence was found in both peri-implant and periodontal sites, there was no relation found between tooth and implant for P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis and T. denticola. A significant relation was found for A. actinomycetemcomitans (P<0.005). The more frequently detected bacteria were P. gingivalis, and the less was T. denticola. The dependence for A. actinomycetemcomitans was related to patients with a history of periodontitis. Within the limits of this study, the findings showed the early presence of the four periodontopathogenic bacteria around implant sites and a statistically significant (P<0.005) relation between implants and teeth sites for A. actinomycetemcomitans.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue valuar la presencia temprana en sitios dentarios e implantarios de cuatro bacterias periodontopatógenas (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis y T. denticola) luego de dos semanas de la cirugía de segunda fase, además se propone comparar la presencia de estas 4 bacterias en sitios subgingivales dentarios e implantarios. Se estudiaron mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa muestras de placa subgingival de implantes y de dientes vecinos a ellos, dos semanas luego de la cirugía de segunda fase. Dieciséis implantes y trece dientes en diez pacientes fueron seleccionados. Luego de dos semanas se encontró presencia de bacterias periodontopatógenas en sitios tanto periodontales como peri-implantarios, no se encontró relación entre diente e implante para P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis y T. denticola. Se encontró una relación significativa para A. actinomycetemcomitans (P<0,005). La bacteria detectada con mayor frecuencia fue P. gingivalis y la menos encontrada fue T. denticola. La dependencia para A. actinomycetemcomitans estuvo relacionada a pacientes con historia de periodontitis. Dentro de los límites de este estudio, los resultados muestran la presencia temprana de los cuatro patógenos periodontales alrededor de los sitios implantarios, y una relación estadísticamente significativa (P<0,005) entre implante y diente para A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Population dynamics of the goatfish Pseudupeneus grandisquamis and the round ray Urobatis halleri were assessed as dominant shrimp trawl bycatch species in the Gulf of California. Samplings were collected during the 2004-2005 shrimp season onboard 13 shrimp vessels. A total of 3,586 organisms were analyzed (n = 2,463 of P. grandisquamis and n = 1,123 of U. halleri); size frequencies were obtained by the von Bertalanffy model; growth, natural mortality (M), mortality by fishing (F), total mortality (Z), and exploitation rate (E) were determined by Pauly, Jensen, Ricker, and Taylor equations and the catch curve method. Size of P. grandisquamis ranged from 20-210 mm in total length (TL); growth parameters (L∞ 213 mm; K/year 0.9; t0/year -0.19) indicated moderate growth, longevity (3.3 years), and high mortality rates (Mp = 1.73/ year; Mj = 1.35/year). Size of U. halleri ranged from 90-450 mm in TL; growth parameters (L∞ 472 mm; K/year 0.27; t0/year -0.54) indicated slow growth, moderate to high longevity (11.1 years), and moderate mortality rates (Mp = 0.6; Mj = 0.4 year-1). Exploitation rate was <0.5 for P. grandisquamis and 0.8 for U. halleri, which was greater than the value suggested for a healthy stock (E ≤ 0.5). According to the high mortality and exploitation rates estimated, it is concluded that shrimp trawl fishery represents a risk for U. halleri but not for P. grandisquamis

Se evaluó la dinámica poblacional de Pseudupeneus grandisquamis y Urobatis halleri, especies dominantes de la fauna de acompañamiento en la pesquería de arrastre de camarón (FAC) en el Golfo de California. Se efectuaron muestreos de FAC en la temporada de pesca de camarón 2004-2005, a bordo de trece barcos camaroneros. Se analizaron 3,586 organismos (2,463 de P. grandisquamis y 1,123 de U. halleri) y se obtuvieron sus frecuencias de tallas utilizando el modelo de von Bertalanffy; para determinar el crecimiento, tasa de mortalidad natural (M), por pesca (F), total (Z) y tasa de explotación (E), se utilizaron el método de curva de captura y las ecuaciones de Pauly, Jensen, Ricker y Taylor. El intervalo de tallas de P. grandisquamis fue de 20 a 210 mm de longitud total (LT); los parámetros de crecimiento (L∞ 213mm; K/año 0.9 y t0/año -0.19) indican crecimiento moderado, con longevidad de 3.3 años de edad y tasa de M altas (Mp = 1.73/año;Mj = 1.35/año). El intervalo de tallas de U. halleri fue de 90 a 450 mm de LT; los parámetros de crecimiento (L∞ 472mm; K/año 0.27; t0/año -0.54) indican crecimiento lento, con longevidad de 11.1 años y la M fue moderada (Mp = 0.6/año; Mj = 0.4). La tasa de explotación de U. halleri fue E = 0.8, mayor al valor óptimo para un stock saludable (E = 0.5) y para P. grandisquamis fue menor al óptimo (E = 0.28). De acuerdo a las altas tasas de mortalidad y explotación estimadas, se concluye que la pesca de arrastre de camarón no representa riesgo para P. grandisquamis, pero si para U. halleri.

At central Chile grows the spiny forest of Acacia caven and Prosopis chilensis of which less than 40% of its original surface currently persists, but with no representation into the wilderness protected areas. Owing to the action of cattle, has it been previously suggested a population reduction of P. chilensis coupled to a population increase of A. caven which, nonetheless, has not yet verified empirically. At four sites belonging to two micro-basins in the Metropolitan Region at central Chile (Batuco and Huechún), we assessed the incidence of environmental disturbances (cattle, rabbits, weeds, garbage), the phytosanitary stage, and population structure of P. chilensis, as well as the regeneration dynamics of this tree and A. caven by using Markovian transition matrices. Populations of P. chilensis suffer similar degrees of threats, exhibit a similar but depauperate phytosanitary stage and, consequently, they face a senescent stage prone to disappear when the current adult individuals go death. Furthermore, the population decrease of P. chilensis does not correlate with the previously suggested population increase of A. caven; hence, the tree species characterizing and defining the spiny forest of central Chile are prone to be extinct and with them the vegetation belt. It appears, therefore, as an urgent necessity the establishment of conservation and restoration programs in order to assure the persistence of the spiny forest at the Metropolitan Region in central Chile.

En la zona central de Chile se encuentra el bosque espinoso de Acacia caven y Prosopis chilensis, donde persiste menos del 40% de su superficie original, aunque sin representación en las áreas silvestres protegidas. Debido a la acción del ganado, se ha sugerido una contracción poblacional de P. chilensis acoplado a una expansión poblacional de A. caven lo cual, sin embargo, no ha sido verificado empíricamente. En cuatro sitios correspondientes a dos microcuencas de la Región Metropolitana en Chile (Batuco y Huechún), se evaluó la incidencia de las perturbaciones ambientales (ganado, conejos, malezas, basuras), el estado fitosanitario y estructura poblacional de P. chilensis, así como las dinámicas de regeneración de este árbol y A. caven, mediante el uso de matrices de transiciones Markovianas. Las poblaciones de P. chilensis enfrentan similares grados de amenaza, exhiben un estado fitosanitario similar y deficitario y, consecuentemente, se encuentran en estado senescente prontas a desaparecer una vez muertos los individuos adultos de las siguientes dos generaciones. Además, la contracción poblacional de P. chilensis no se correlaciona con una expansión poblacional de A. caven, por lo cual las dos especies que definen y caracterizan el bosque espinoso de la Región Metropolitana de Chile se encuentran prontas a extinguirse y con ellas el piso vegetacional. Surge, por lo tanto, como necesidad urgente el establecer las medidas de conservación y restauración necesarias para asegurar la persistencia del bosque espinoso en la Región Metropolitana de Chile.

During the neurodegenerative processes there is a reduction of the function and viability of neurons. The pathological increase in the intracellular calcium concentration, the alteration of the synaptic plasticity and the apoptosis are implicated in Alzheimer disease (AD, a paradigm of a neurodegenerative process, related with the progressive loss of cognitive functions. To evaluate neuroprotector effect of Piper aduncum damage was induced with Aβ1-42 and NMDA to cultured cells. So hippocampal cells were treated with Aβ1-42 1 uM and cellular viability, levels of caspasa-3 and expression of NMDA receptors in synapses were evaluated. Also, intracellular calcium influxe (sobreestimulation with NMDA) of was registered in treatments with P. aduncum. In the neuroprotector evaluation there is a reduction of 20.6% of caspasa-3; one increase of 9.6% over control and recovery of 20.86% for NR1 and SV2 proteins respectively. Besides, there is a reduction of more than 50% of cellular calcium. These results demonstrate neuroprotector effect of P. aduncum for the studied model

Durante los procesos neurodegenerativos la función y viabilidad de las neuronas se reduce. En particular, el incremento patológico en la concentración de calcio intracelular, la alteración de la plasticidad sináptica y apoptosis están implicados en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), paradigma de un proceso neurodegenerativo, relacionado con la pérdida progresiva de las funciones cognitivas. Para evaluar el efecto neuroprotector de Piper aduncum "matico" se indujo el daño con el péptido Aβ a células cultivadas. Igualmente, células hipocampales fueron tratadas con el Aβ, y se evaluó viabilidad celular, niveles de caspasa-3 y expresión de receptores NMDA en sinapsis. También se registró el influjo de calcio intracelular en tratamientos con agonista NMDA y P. aduncum. En la evaluación neuroprotectora hay una reducción de un 20,6% de caspasa-3; un aumento del 9,6% por encima del control y una recuperación del 20,86% para las proteínas NR1 y SV2 respectivamente. Además hay una reducción de más del 50% del calcio celular. Estos resultados evidencian efecto neuroprotector de P. aduncum para el modelo estudiado