Abstract The affective influence around the elaboration of the judgment that is the product of the habit of virtue has been extensively and explicitly treated both by Saint Thomas and by his commentators, mainly by deepening the nature of virtue and the understanding of it as second nature. This same relationship has a central place in knowledge by affective connaturality, reflected in the work of Aquinate. However, only in the twentieth century there was an interest of its commentators to delve into this type of knowledge generated by inborn nature. However, this recent investigation did not stop at specifying some topics that we intend to develop in this work, namely, the degree of certainty inherent to the judgment by connaturality, the place that prudence has and the influence of passion in the articulation of the intelligence and the internal senses subordinate to it, especially the cogitative.

Resumen La influencia afectiva en torno a la elaboración del juicio que es producto del hábito de la virtud ha sido amplia y explícitamente tratada tanto por santo Tomás como por sus comentadores, principalmente al profundizar la naturaleza de la virtud y la comprensión de esta como segunda naturaleza. Esta misma relación tiene un lugar central en el conocimiento por connaturalidad afectiva, reflejado en la obra del Aquinate. Sin embargo, recién en el siglo XX hubo un interés de sus comentaristas por profundizar en torno a este tipo de conocimiento generado por connaturalidad. No obstante, esta reciente indagación no se detuvo en precisar algunos tópicos que pretendemos desarrollar en este trabajo, a saber, el grado de certeza propio del juicio por connaturalidad, el lugar que tiene la prudencia y la influencia de la pasión en la articulación de la inteligencia y los sentidos internos subordinados a ella, en especial la cogitativa.

Resumen: El cambio climático es un problema de interés público a escala global. Por sus dimensiones espaciales y temporales, este fenómeno requiere la construcción de una perspectiva global amplia para ser legible. Sin embargo, ¿cómo se manifiesta su estudio en lo local? Este artículo explora algunas particularidades de las ciencias del clima practicadas en Chile a partir de entrevistas y observaciones con integrantes del Centro de Ciencias del Clima y la Resiliencia. El artículo argumenta que las ciencias del clima en Chile presentan una condición híbrida, entre vida local y pertenencia global. Para ello, explora la tensión entre las condiciones locales de investigación en Chile y el estudio global del cambio climático en torno a dos aspectos centrales: el uso local de dispositivos de visualización y la organización de las comunidades epistémicas que estudian el clima. Mostramos que existen condiciones locales que afectan la forma de producir conocimiento. Esta “cultura de lo inacabado” permea y da forma al conocimiento producido en Chile. Concluimos discutiendo el lugar de las ciencias locales en la globalidad del cambio climático.

Abstract: Climate change is a public problem on a global scale. The spatial and temporal dimensions of this phenomenon make it necessary to produce a global perspective to understand its causes and effects. However, how knowledge about climate change is produced in local spaces? This paper explores particularities of climate sciences practiced in Chile, arguing that Chilean researchers have a hybrid condition between local forms of science and global participation in the scientific infras- tructure of climate change. Tensions between Chilean conditions of scientific production and the global dimensions of climate change are explored in relation to two central aspects of climate sciences: the use and production of devices to visualize the climate and the organization of the scientific communities that research climate change. The paper is sustained in interviews and observations with researchers of the Center of Climate Science and Resilience (CR2).

Resumo O artigo explora conflitos entre a indústria florestal, as comunidades Mapuche e o Estado chileno à luz da leitura de Polanyi sobre a expansão capitalista. Oferece análise histórico-institucional das maneiras pelas quais o Estado chileno usou a florestação para domar uma fronteira selvagem e os povos nativos que ali vivem. Argumenta que o aumento da violência nessa zona responde à crescente militarização do Estado na área e reflete o contramovimento de proteção social iniciado pelo povo Mapuche - contra uma indústria florestal de livre mercado que transformou a paisagem, limitando o acesso dos Mapuche a terras e florestas, e contra um processo de modernização liderado pelo Estado chileno que corroeu as instituições tradicionais dos Mapuche e lhes ofereceu integração em termos desiguais, como “campesinos pobres”.

Abstract This article explores conflicts between the forestry industry, Mapuche communities and the Chilean State in light of Polanyi’s reading of capitalist expansion. It offers a historical-institutional analysis of the ways in which the Chilean State used afforestation to tame a wild frontier and the native people living there. We argue that the rise of violence in this zone responds to the State’s growing militarization of the area and reflects the counter-movement of social protection initiated by the Mapuche people - both against a free-market forestry industry that has transformed the landscape, limiting Mapuche access to lands and forests, and a modernization process led by the Chilean State that eroded traditional Mapuche institutions and offered them integration on unequal terms as “poor peasants.”

Abstract: Contrary to the managerial perspective that characterizes the university and its production as a profit-generating enterprise, we propose to protect the exceptional and asymmetric autonomy that, historically, has characterized the university. Traditionally, universities have allowed to be determined by the legality that governs the processes of knowledge production. Where the social, political or economic usefulness does not count as an operator which determines its outcome. Recognizing the specificity of knowledge production is a fundamental analytical requirement for its proper management. The guiding question for research policies in universities is not how to maximize the usefulness of knowledge, but how to ensure the autonomy of its production processes.

Resumen: Contra el punto de vista que caracteriza la universidad y el conocimiento que ella produce como emprendimientos generadores de utilidades, se propone defender la autonomía que ha caracterizado históricamente la investigación en la universidad. Tradicionalmente, la universidad ha sabido dejarse determinar por la legalidad que gobierna los procesos de producción de conocimiento, donde la utilidad social, política o económica no cuenta como operador determinante de sus resultados. Reconocer la especificidad de los procesos de producción de conocimiento es un requerimiento analítico básico para su gestión adecuada. La pregunta rectora para la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad no es cómo maximizar su utilidad, sino cómo asegurar la autonomía de los procesos que lo producen.

ResumoO artigo contrasta as experiências do neoliberalismo na Argentina e no Chile e explora por que dois países que implementaram reformas para o mercado aparentemente semelhantes atingiram posições distintas quanto à mercantilização: uma política pós-neoliberal na Argentina e um neoliberalismo temperado no Chile que só recentemente vem sendo questionado. O artigo traça os antecedentes comuns que inspiraram essas reformas e os diferentes resultados e reações que eles produziram. Em contraste com a literatura recente que enfatiza um ou outro fator explicativo,o artigo oferece uma comparação sintética dos fatores históricos, políticos, econômicos e ideológicos em jogo, ajudando a entender como os capitalistas conseguiram uma posição de classe hegemônica no Chile mas não na Argentina.

AbstractThis paper contrasts the experiences of neoliberalism in Argentina and Chile, exploring why two countries that implemented apparently similar market reforms came to different stances on marketization: a post-neoliberal politics in Argentina, and a tempered neoliberalism in Chile that has only recently come under scrutiny. The paper traces the common antecedents that inspired these reforms and the different outcomes and reactions that they produced. In contrast to recent literature, which emphasizes one or another explanatory factor, this article offers a synthetic comparison of the historical, political, economic, and ideological factors in play, helping to understand how capitalists achieved a hegemonic class position in Chile and not in Argentina.