INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis and cancer are the main causes of pleural effusion. Pleural involvement is associated with migration of immune cells to the pleural cavity. We sought to characterize the immunophenotype of leukocytes in the pleural effusion and peripheral blood of patients with tuberculosis or malignancy. METHODS: Thirty patients with tuberculosis (14) or malignancy (16) were studied. A control group included 20 healthy blood donors. RESULTS: Malignant phycoerythrin pleural effusions showed higher percentages of CD3, CD4, CD3CD45RO, and CD20CD25 lymphocytes and lower percentages of CD3CD25 and CD20HLA-DR when compared to PB lymphocytes. Compared to PB, tuberculous effusions had a higher percentage of lymphocytes that co-expressed CD3, CD4, CD3CD45RO, CD3TCRαβ, CD3CD28, and CD20 and a lower percentage of CD14, CD8 and CD3TCRγδ-positive lymphocytes. Malignant effusions presented higher expression of CD14 whereas tuberculous effusions had higher expression of CD3 and CD3CD95L. Peripheral blood cells from tuberculosis patients showed higher expression of CD14, CD20CD25 and CD3CD95L. Compared with the control cells, tuberculosis and cancer peripheral blood cells presented a lower percentage of CD3CD4 and CD3CD28-positive cells as well as a higher percentage of CD3CD8, CD3CD25 and CD3CD80-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous and malignant peripheral blood is enriched with lymphocytes with a helper/inducer T cell phenotype, which are mainly of memory cells. CD14-positive cells were more frequently found in malignant effusions, while CD3-positive cells expressing Fas ligand were more frequently found in tuberculous effusions.

Early identification of an outbreak is one of the main advantages of routine epidemiological surveillance. Enterococcus spp. used to be regarded as microorganisms of low pathogenicity, because they are part of the normal microbial flora of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. Recently, they have emerged as important pathogenic agents, sometimes causing infections with high mortality rates. We studied a clustering of primary bloodstream infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis in a cardiology hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Four cases of primary bloodstream infection by E. faecalis were detected from April 15 to May 13, 2004, during active infection surveillance. The isolates were sensitive to glycopeptides. Some aspects of the management of these patients, including the date of insertion and placement of a central venous catheter, prescription of a specific medication, contiguity of beds, personnel attending the patients, and occurrence of diarrhea were analyzed to look for factors that might affect the spread of the microorganisms. Measures taken to hamper the spread included contact precautions throughout the unit, cleansing and disinfection of equipment and surfaces, bathing children with 2% chlorhexidine-gluconate-containing soap, professional reeducation, and reinforcement of all measures to prevent infections. We suggest that there is a need to re-evaluate preventive infection measures and to review the strategies aimed at decreasing the nosocomial infection rate in the NICU.

HIV-infected women from São Paulo city were enrolled in a cross-sectional study on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) prevalence and their association with laboratory markers of AIDS, namely HIV viral load and CD4+ cell counts. A cervical specimen was collected and submitted to Hybrid Capture, a test for HPV viral load determination. HPV-DNA was detected in 173 of 265 women (64.5%). Twenty (7.5%) women were infected by one or more low-risk viruses, 89 (33%) by one or more high-risk viruses, and 64 (24%) harbored at least one HPV type from each risk group. Abnormal smears were observed in 19% of the patients, though there were no invasive carcinomas. Severely immunosuppressed patients (CD4/µL <100) were at the greatest risk of having a cytological abnormality and a high high-risk HPV viral load.

This study was done to determine the occurrence of mycobacteria in the bloodstreams of patients with fever and advanced AIDS in a Brazilian hospital. We also verified the capability of an automated method for recovering these bacteria. During a period of 19 months, 254 patients with AIDS were evaluated. Blood cultures were generally submitted in pairs and drawn separately. Blood cultures were processed by the BACTEC 460TB System (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Sparks, MD), using the Bactec 13A media (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Sparks, MD). Of the 530 vials submitted, 77 (14.5%) from 41 (16%) patients were positive. Mycobacterium avium complex was recovered from 45 (58.4%) of the 77 positive vials, corresponding to 22 (53.6%) patients with positive blood cultures. The average time to detect Mycobacterium avium complex was 15 days. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was recovered from 26 (33.8%) of the 77 positive vials, corresponding to 15 (36.6%) patients with positive blood cultures, with an average detection time of 24 days. Other species of mycobacteria were recovered from 6 (7.8%) of the 77 vials, corresponding to 4 (9.8%) patients. M.avium complex was fairly prevalent (8.7%) in severely ill patients with AIDS in our hospital. M. tuberculosis was also an important (6.0%) agent of systemic bacterial infections in these patients. The rapid diagnosis of mycobacteremia was possible with the implementation of this automated technology.

Foi demonstrado que o tratamento com indinavir resulta em importante redução da carga viral e aumentos das células CD4 em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Foi realizado um estudo duplo-cego, randômico para avaliar a eficácia do indinavir isoladamente (800 mg cada 8h), zidovudina isoladamente (200 mg cada 8h) ou a combinação, para avaliar a progressão para AIDS. Foram distribuidos para tratamento 996 pacientes virgens de tratamento antiretroviral, com contagens de CD4 entre 50 e 250 células/mm3. Durante o estudo, o protocolo foi modificado para adicionar lamivudina aos braços contendo zidovudina. O "endpoint" primário foi o tempo para o desenvolvimento de uma doença-definidora de AIDS ou morte. O estudo foi interrompido após uma análise preliminar definida no protocolo ter demonstrado reduções significativas na progressão para um evento clínico nos grupos contendo indinavir, comparado ao grupo da zidovudina (p< 0,0001). Após uma mediana de seguimento de 52 semanas (chegando a 99 semanas), as reduções percentuais nas ocorrências para indinavir+zidovudina e indinavir, comparado com zidovudina foram de 70% e 61%, respectivamente. Reduções significativas na medida do RNA viral e aumentos nas contagens de CD4 também foram observadas nos grupos contendo indinavir, em relação ao da zidovudina. A melhora nas células CD4 e RNA viral foram ambas associadas a risco reduzido de progressão da doença. Os três tratamentos foram geralmente bem tolerados.

Treatment with indinavir has been shown to result in marked decreases in viral load and increases in CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. A randomized double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of indinavir alone (800 mg q8h), zidovidine alone (200 mg q8h) or the combination was performed to evaluate progression to AIDS. 996 antiretroviral therapy-naive patients with CD4 cell counts of 50-250/mm3 were allocated to treatment. During the trial the protocol was amended to add lamivudine to the zidovudine-containing arms. The primary endpoint was time to development of an AIDS-defining illness or death. The study was terminated after a protocol-defined interim analysis demonstrated highly significant reductions in progression to a clinical event in the indinavir-containing arms, compared to the zidovudine arm (p<0.0001). Over a median follow-up of 52 weeks (up to 99 weeks), percent reductions in hazards for the indinavir plus zidovudine and indinavir groups compared to the zidovudine group were 70% and 61%, respectively. Significant reductions in HIV RNA and increases in CD4 cell counts were also seen in the indinavir-containing groups compared to the zidovudine group. Improvement in both CD4 cell count and HIV RNA were associated with reduced risk of disease progression. All three regimens were generally well tolerated.

O controle de tratamento da leishmaniose mucosa (LM) pode ser realizado pelo exame clínico e o acompanhamento dos títulos sorológicos da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Estudamos a correlação entre a presença de antígeno no tecido através da reação de imuno-histoquímica, os títulos da reação de imunofluorescência indireta e os achados anatomopatológicos, em quinze pacientes com LM, antes e após as lesões estarem cicatrizadas pela avaliação otorrinolaringológica, e avaliamos qual destes parâmetros pode ter utilidade no seguimento. Após a terapêutica houve negativação do antígeno tecidual em quatro doentes (grupo A), sendo a redução ou negativação dos títulos da RIFI estatisticamente significante (p<0.05), o que não ocorreu nos doentes, em que houve permanência do antígeno posteriormente ao tratamento (grupo B), sugerindo que o acompanhamento sorológico deva ser realizado conjuntamente com a pesquisa do antígeno tecidual, associação que não conhecemos ter sido utilizada anteriormente em outro estudo. A negativação do antígeno tecidual e o comportamento dos títulos da RIFI nos doentes do grupo A, provavelmente indicam menor possibilidade de recidiva. Ao exame anatomo-patológico, o processo inflamatório persistiu após a terapêutica, mesmo no grupo A, sugerindo que a permanência da atividade inflamatória em lesões clinicamente cicatrizadas, possivelmente correlaciona-se com a presença do antígeno ou a algum fator desconhecido.

Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) can be controlled by clinical examination and by serologic titers by the indirect immunofluorescence serologic reaction (IISR). We studied the correlation between the presence of antigen in tissue determined by immunohistochemistry, the IISR titers and the anatomopathologic findings in fifteen patients with ML before and after healing of the lesions as determined by otorhinolaryngologic evaluation, and evaluated these parameters to determine which of them could be useful during follow-up. Tissue antigens became negative in four patients (group A) after treatment, with a statistically significant reduction or negativity of IISR titers (p<0.05). This did not occur in patients in whom the antigen persisted after treatment (group B), suggesting that serologic follow-up should be performed together with the search for tissue antigen, a combination which, to our knowledge, has not been used in previous studies. The negativity of tissue antigens and the behavior of IIRS titers in group A patients probably indicate a lower possibility of recurrence. Upon anatomopathologic examination the inflammatory process was found to persist after treatment even in group A, suggesting that the permanence of inflammatory activity even in clinically healed lesions is possibly correlated with the presence of the antigen or of some unknown factor.

A nocardiose do sistema nervoso central tem alcançado importante destaque no diagnóstico diferencial de patologias tumorais nos últimos anos pelo aumento da incidência de pacientes imunodeficiêntes(pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia, transplante de órgãos ou com a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida - SIDA). Os autores descrevem o caso de um paciente com SIDA que desenvolveu nocardiose cerebelar na sua forma tumoral. O paciente foi submetido a craniectomia de fossa posterior para diagnóstico e tratamento. Os achados de neuroimagem e patológicos bem como a conduta cirúrgica são discutidos com base em revisão da literatura.

The authors describe a case of cerebellar abscess by Nocardiain a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was submitted to a posterior fossa craniectomy for diagnosis and treatment. Pathological and neuroimage findings are discussed as well as the surgical approach taking into account literature data on the subject.

De janeiro de 1988 a janeiro de 1989 todos os pacientes submetidos a transplante de coração ou de medula óssea no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram estudados quanto à incidência e morbidade das infecções pós-transplante causadas por vírus do grupo herpes. Cinco recipientes de medula óssea e 5 transplantados cardíacos foram observados por um período médio de 4.2 meses após o transplante. Todos os pacientes tinham sorologia positiva para citomegalovírus (CMV) antes do transplante e 80% desenvolveram uma ou mais recorrências durante o período de observação. Dos 12 episódios de infecão por CMV detectados neste estudo, 83% foram acompanhados por alterações clínicas ou laboratoriais. Apenas um caso apresentou doença grave. A incidência de infecções causadas por vírus Herpes simplex (HSV), foi de 50%. Apesar da maioria das reativações do HSV fossem representadas por lesões orais ou genitais, houve também um caso de hepatite por HSV. Um dos 6 episódios de infecção, por HSV que foram tratados com aciclovir não respondeu ao tratamento. Posteriormente, o paciente se beneficiou com o uso de ganciclovir. Todos os indivíduos apresentavam antes do transplante anticorpos anti-vírus da varicela zoster. Porém, não houve nenhum caso de reativação. Este estudo realça a importância do controle diagnóstico ativo das infecções por herpes-vírus em pacientes transplantados. Tanto as infecções causadas por CMV como por HSV mostraram alta incidência e grande morbidade indicando a necessidade de quimioprofilaxia.

From January 1988 to January 1989 all the heart transplant and bone marrow recipients at the Instituto do Coração of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School were studied for the incidence and morbidity associated with herpesviruses infections after transplantation. Five bone marrow and 5 heart transplant recipients were followed for a mean of 4.2 months post-transplantation. All the patients were seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) before admission and 80% experienced one or more recurrences during the observation period. Of the 12 episodes of CMV infection, that were identified in this study, 83% were accompanied by clinical or laboratory abnormalities. However, there was only one case of severe disease. The overall incidence of infection for herpes simplex (HSV) was 50%. Although most of HSV reactivations were oral or genital, one case of HSV hepatitis occurred. One of the 6 episodes of HSV infections that were treated with acyclovir showed an unsatisfactory response and was successfully managed with ganciclovir. All the individuals had anti-varicella zoster virus antibodies, but none of them developed infection. The study emphasizes the importance of active diagnostic surveillance of herpesvirus infections in transplant patients. Both CMV and HSV reactivations showed high incidence and important morbidity and thus, deserve prophylactic therapy.