PURPOSE:To evaluate the effect of short and long term alloxan-induced diabetes on bladder and urethral function of female rats, and also describing its correlated morphological alterations.METHODS:Thirty five female rats were divided into three groups: G1 (n=9), control group; G2 (n=17), six weeks alloxan-induced diabetic rats; G3 (n=9), 20 weeks alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Functional evaluation was performed by cystometry and simultaneous measurements of the urethral pressure during bladder filling and voiding. Morphological evaluation was also performed with measurement of bladder and urethral fibrosis and collagen content and thickness of lamina propria and smooth muscle layers.RESULTS: The peak bladder pressures and contraction amplitudes were decreased in 100% and 47% of the G3 and G2 groups respectively, when compared to control. Bladder overactivity was observed in 53% of the G2 group.CONCLUSION:Alloxan-induced diabetes urethropathty in female rat was associated to bladder morphological alterations as higher thicknesses of it lamina propria, detrusor and adventicea.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus and of sildenafil citrate on female urethral function.METHODS: Twenty nine female rats were divided into four groups: G1 - (n=9), normal rats; G2 - (n=6), normal rats treated with sildenafil citrate; G3 - (n=9) rats with alloxan-induced diabetes; G4 - (n=5) rats with alloxan-induced diabetes treated with sildenafil citrate. Under anesthesia, urodynamic evaluation was performed by cystometry and urethral pressure simultaneously.RESULTS: A significant increase in urethral pressure was observed during micturition.CONCLUSION: Sildenafil citrate can partially reduced urethral pressure in diabetic female rats.

OBJETIVO: Com a ampla utilização dos exames ultrassonográficos na avaliação pré-natal, é frequente o diagnóstico da hidronefrose fetal. A definição de obstrução do trato urinário no periodo pós-natal necessita da confirmação de redução da função renal além da hidronefrose. Neste estudo, acompanhamos uma série de pacientes consecutivos com hidronefrose intra-útero que persistiu no periodo pós-natal. MÉTODOS: 116 recém-nascidos com hidronefrose pré-natal diagnosticada pela ultrassonografia foram submetidos a protocolo específico de avaliação e companhados pelo periodo de 06 anos. RESULTADOS: Em 46 (38,8%) dos 116 pacientes foi confirmado o diagnóstico de estenose da junção ureteropiélica (JUP). Conforme os resultados do protocolo aplicado a correção cirúrgica da estenose da JUP foi realizada em 19 pacientes. Das 26 crianças encaminhadas inicialmente para observação clínica, apenas 6 (23%) necessitaram cirurgia durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Na análise geral, o procedimento cirúrgico para correção da estenose da JUP foi indicado em 25 pacientes. Nas outras 20 crianças não houve necessidade da realização da cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: a hidronefrose fetal requer cuidadosa avaliação pós-natal. A estenose da junção pielo-ureteral é a anomalia mais frequente como causa da hidronefrose, e sua correção cirúrgica tem indicações precisas. O protocolo aplicado foi útil em diferenciar pacientes que não necessitaram cirurgia para tratamento da estenose da JUP.

PURPOSE: Fetal hydronephrosis is a frequent finding due to advances in prenatal ultrasonography. The definition of fetal and neonatal urinary tract obstruction is a very difficult task requiring confirmation of reduced renal function and hydronephrosis. In this study we followed a series of consecutive patients with intrauterine hydronephrosis that persisted during post-natal life. METHODS: 116 newborns with antenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed by ultrasound and submitted to a specific post-natal evaluative protocol with a follow-up period of 6 years. RESULTS: In 45 (38.8%) of 116 patients, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction was confirmed and surgical correction of the UPJ obstruction was done in 19 patients. From 26 children who were initially submitted to non-surgical treatment, only 6 (23%) needed a surgical approach during follow up. Overall analysis showed that surgery was performed in 25 patients with UPJ obstruction, and the others 20 patients were kept under clinical observation, since normal renal function was confirmed by scintigraphy scans. CONCLUSION: Fetal hydronephrosis due to UPJ obstruction deserves careful postnatal evaluation. UPJ obstruction is the most frequent anomaly and its surgical treatment has very precise indications. The evaluative protocol was useful in identify patients that could be followed-up with a non-surgical approach.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver modelo experimental de obstrução urinária infravesical em ratas. MÉTODOS: Após laparotomia caudal mediana, as uretras de 14 ratas foram delicadamente separadas da vagina e frouxamente envoltas com fita de celofane medindo 0.4 x 1.0 cm. Os animais foram avaliados 4 (n=7) e 8 (n=7) semanas depois. Cinco animais adicionais (controle) foram submetidos apenas à separação da uretra e da vagina e monitoradas por 12 semanas. RESULTADOS: Após quatro semanas, três ratas apresentaram dilatação vesical associada a discreta ectasia ureteral em 2 animais, com o terceiro apresentando discreta hidronefrose em um rim. Após oito semanas, cinco ratas (71.4%) apresentaram distensão vesical com ureterohidronefrose bilateral. Não ocorreram alterações significativas (p>0.05) nos valores de uréia ou creatinina em qualquer grupo, comparado com valores pré-operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: Apresentamos aqui um método barato e simples para a indução lenta de obstrução uretral em ratas adultas, com desenvolvimento progressivo de hipertrofia vesical e ureterohidronefrose, podendo ser utilizado como modelo experimental para estudo de diferentes aspectos da nefropatia obstrutiva.

PURPOSE: To develop an experimental model of infravesical urinary obstruction in female rats. METHODS: After median caudal laparotomy, the urethra of 14 female rats was delicately separated from the vagina and loosely wrapped with cellophane tape measuring 0.4 x 1.0 cm. The animals were evaluated 4 (n=7) and 8 (n=7) weeks later. Five additional control animals were only subjected to separation of the urethra and vagina and monitored for 12 weeks. RESULTS: After four weeks, three rats presented vesical dilation associated with discrete ureteral ectasis in 2 animals, with the third presenting discrete hydronephrosis in one kidney. After eight weeks, five rats (71.4%) presented vesical distension with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis. No significant changes (p>0.05) in serum urea or creatinine occurred in any group compared to preoperative values. CONCLUSION: We present here an inexpensive and simple method for the slow induction of urethral obstruction in adult female rats, with the development of progressive vesical hypertrophy and ureterohydronephrosis, which may be used as an experimental model for the study of different aspects of obstructive nephropathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate histological features and biocompatibility of a latex biomembrane for bladder augmentation using a rabbit model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After a partial cystectomy, a patch of a non-vulcanized latex biomembrane (2x4 cm) was sewn to the bladder with 5/0 monofilament polydioxanone sulfate in a watertight manner. Groups of 5 animals were sacrificed at 15, 45 and 90 days after surgery and the bladder was removed. The 5-µm preparations obtained from grafted area and normal bladder were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with a primary antibody against alpha-actin to assess muscle regeneration. RESULTS: No death, urinary leakage or graft extrusion occurred in any group. All bladders showed a spherical shape. Macroscopically, after 90 days, the latex biomembrane was not identifiable and the patch was indistinguishable from normal bladder. A bladder stone was found in one animal (6.6%). On the 90th day, histology revealed continuity of transitional epithelium of host bladder tissue on the patch area. At this time, the muscle layers were well organized in a similar fashion to native bladder muscle layers. The inflammatory process was higher on grafted areas when compared to controls: 15 days - p < 0.0001, 45 days - p < 0.001, and 90 days - p < 0.01. The anti alpha-actin immunoexpression peaked at 45 days, when the graft was observed covered by muscle cells. CONCLUSION: The latex biomembrane is biocompatible and can be used in models for bladder augmentation in rabbits. It promotes epithelium and muscle regeneration without urinary leakage.

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo urodinâmico em ratas pode ser realizado através de sondagem vesical por via uretral ou por cistostomia. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar estes dois métodos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 10 ratas da raça Wistar, peso médio de 250 gramas, anestesiadas com uretana (1,25 mg/kg). Inicialmente foi realizado estudo por sonda uretral (0,64 mm de diâmetro externo) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV1) e tempo de contração (TC1), após isto a sonda foi tracionada a velocidade constante (0,05 cm/m) até sua exteriorização pelo meato uretral, avaliando-se a pressão uretral máxima (PU1) e o comprimento funcional uretral (CFU1). Fez-se, então, a cistostomia (sonda PE50) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV2). A seguir, realizou-se desnervação cirúrgica da bexiga e realizou-se novo registro cistométrico para se inferir a pressão uretral indireta (PU2). Logo após, foi passada sonda uretral para determinação da pressão uretral máxima (PU3) e do comprimento funcional uretral (CFU2). O sistema de registro das pressões foi constituído de uma bomba de infusão contínua regulada para 0,1 ml/minuto conectada em Y com o cateter de cistostomia (PE-50) ou cateter uretral (0,64mm) a um polígrafo Narco-Bioystem. A análise estatística foi realizada através do método não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Média PV1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Média PV2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD). "p" (PV1 X PV2) = 0,0039. Média TC1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Média TC2=20,0 (7 SD) p (TC1 X TC2) = 1,28. Média PU1 = 47,2 (6,5 SD); Média PU2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), média PU3 = 40,7(13,3 SD) p (PU1 X PU2) = 0,002; "p" (PU1 X PU3) = 0,084; p (PU2 X PU3) = 0,002. Média CFU1=14,2 (1,9 SD); Média CFU2= 14,1 (1,9 SD); p (CFU1 X CFU2) = 0,64. CONCLUSÃO: Os métodos de avaliação urodinâmica são diferentes. A presença do cateter na uretra pode ser um fator obstrutivo. A desnervação cirúrgica, até o nível do colo vesical, não compromete a função uretral.

PURPOSE: Urodynamic studies in small animals can be performed through urethral sounding or cystostomy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the two methods of urodynamic evaluation in female rats. METHODS: Ten female rats weighing on average 250g, under anesthesia with urethane (1,25 mg/kg) were submitted in three repeats to an urethal catheter of 0,64 mm in external diameter for cystometric measurements of vesicle pressure(VP1) and contraction time (CT1). The catheter was extracted at a constant velocity of 0.05 cm/minute until complete exteriorization and determinations of maximal urethral pressure (UP1) and functional urethral length (FUL1). This was followed by a cystostomy with catheter PE50 and a new determination of the vesical pressure (VP2). After bladder denervation, a new cystometric record indirectly infered the maximum urethral closure pressure (UP2). The peak urethal pressure (UP3) and the functional urethral length (FUL2) were determined in another urethral sounding. The pressure registration system consisted of a continuous infusion pump regulated to a flow of 0.1 ml/minute connected both to the cystostomy catheter (PE-50) or the urethal catheter (0.64mm) and the polygraph Narco-Biosystem. Statistical analysis employed the Wilcoxon non-parametric test RESULTS: Mean VP1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Mean VP2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD) "p" (VP1 X VP2) = 0,0039. Mean CT1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Mean CT2=20,0 s(7 SD) p (CT1 X CT2) = 1,28. Mean UP1 = 47,2 mmHg (6,5 SD); Mean UP2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), mean UP3 = 40,7 mmHg(13,3 SD) p (UP1 X UP2) = 0,002; "p" (UP1 X UP3) = 0,084; p (UP2 X UP3) = 0,002. Mean FUL1=14,2 mm (1,9 SD); Mean FUL2= 14,1mm (1,9 SD); p (FUL1 X FUL2) = 0,64. CONCLUSIONS: The methods employed to evaluate vesical and urethral pressures are different. The presence of the urethral catheter may be an obstructive factor. Surgical denervation up to the bladder neck level does not compromise urethral function.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão na hipertrofia renal compensatória (HRC) e na função mitocondrial. MÉTODOS: 45 ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo Controle (GC) - 21 ratos submetidos apenas à laparotomia e sacrificados no 1º dia (6 ratos) e 7º dia pós-operatório (15 ratos) para avaliar o peso seco de ambos os rins e seu crescimento durante uma semana (6 ratos) e quantificar a função mitocondrial (9 ratos); Grupo 1 (G1) - 12 ratos submetidos à nefrectomia direita e sacrificados após 7 dias para análise da função mitocondrial renal (6 ratos) e peso renal seco (6 ratos); Grupo 2 (G2) - isquemia renal quente durante 60 minutos no rim esquerdo seguida da nefrectomia direita foi realizada em 12 ratos, que foram sacrificados após 7 dias para avaliação da função mitocondrial (6 ratos) e peso seco (6 ratos). RESULTADOS: peso seco (mg) do rim esquerdo no 7º dia: GC= 219±18; G1=281±23 e G2=338±39 (GCxG1 p<0,01; GCxG2 p<0,001; G1xG2 p<0,01). O estado 4 da função mitocondrial e a Razão de Controle Respiratório (RCR) foram semelhantes em todos os grupos (p>0,05). O estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial (mMO2/min/mg) no GC, G1 e G2 foi, respectivamente: 99±23, 132±22 e 88±44 (p<0,02; a única diferença estatística foi observada entre os grupos G1xG2 - p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: após nefrectomia unilateral a HRC está associada ao aumento do estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial. A lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal aumenta a HRC estimulada pela nefrectomia unilateral, mas este aumento parece independer da respiração mitocondrial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of ischemia/reperfusion injury on renal compensatory growth (CGR) and mitochondrial function. METHODS: Forty five Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups: Control Group (GC) - 21 rats were submitted to a sham laparotomy and sacrificed at 1st (6 rats) and 7th (15 rats) postoperative days to evaluate the dry weight of both kidneys and their growth during 1 week (6 rats) and to quantify mitochondrial respiration (9 rats); Group 1 (G1) - 12 rats underwent right nephrectomy and were sacrificed 7 days later for analysis of renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). Group 2 (G2) - renal warm ischemia for 60 minutes followed by right nephrectomy was performed in 12 rats; they were sacrificed 7 days later to evaluate renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). RESULTS: Dry weight (mg) of left kidneys at 7th day: GC - 219±18, G1 - 281±23 and G2 - 338±39 (GCxG1 p<0.01; GCxG2 p<0.001; G1xG2 p<0.01). State 4 mitochondrial respiration rate and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were similar in all groups (p>0.05). State 3 respirations (mM/min/mg) in GC, G1 and G2 was respectively: 99±23, 132±22 and 82±44 (p<0.02; the only statistical difference noted was between groups G1xG2 - p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Following unilateral nephrectomy CRG is associated with an increase in state 3 of mitochondrial respiration. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury enhances the CRG provoked by unilateral nephrectomy but such enhancement seems independent on mitochondrial respiration.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar alterações estruturais e funcionais da bexiga de ratos machos, associadas ao diabetes induzido por aloxano e ao envelhecimento. MÉTODOS: três grupos de animais: A - 8 semanas de idade; B- 44 semanas de idade; C - 44 semanas de idade com diabetes induzido por aloxano, foram avaliados. Realizadas medidas de espessura da camada muscular, fibrose de matriz extracelular e quantidade de colágeno, através de análise de imagem digital dos tecidos. Realizados também testes cistométricos, antes da desnervação vesical cirúrgica (DVC), para avaliar capacidade vesical (CV), intensidade máxima de contração vesical (IMCV) e complacência vesical. Após a DVC, foram avaliadas capacidade vesical após a desnervação (CVAD), complacência vesical (CV) e pressão de perda uretral (PPU). RESULTADOS: não foi observada hipertrofia da camada muscular nas bexigas; houve diminuição da concentração de fibrose da matriz extracelular e diminuição da força contrátil, e aumento da capacidade vesical no grupo C. CONCLUSÕES: a atrofia da camadas muscular da bexiga esta relacionada ao diabetes induzido por aloxano. O envelhecimento, como fenômeno isolado, provoca alterações nos parâmetros funcionais, porém associado ao diabetes, gera alterações na IMCV, CV e CVAD. Existe correlação entre alterações estruturais e funcionais nos animais diabéticos após a desnervação.

PURPOSE: to evaluate structural and functional effects of Alloxan- induced diabetes and aging on bladder of rats. METHODS: evaluations were performed in three groups: A - 8 weeks of age, B - 44 weeks of age, C - 44 weeks of age with alloxan-induced diabetes. Muscle layer thickness, extracellular matrix fibrosis and collagen were quantified on digital images of bladder samples. Cystometric evaluations before surgical vesical denervation (SVD), included maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum bladder pressure (MBP), bladder contraction frequency (VCF), duration of bladder contraction (DC), threshold pressure (TP) and bladder compliance (BC). After SVD, maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), BC and maximum urethral closing pressure (MUCP) were also measured. RESULTS: Reduced extracellular matrix fibrosis concentration and contraction strength were found in the bladders of group C. Before SVD, bladder compliance was not different between groups. Alterations were observed in MCC after SVD. CONCLUSIONS: We did not notice smooth muscle hypertrophy in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats after 44 weeks. There was alteration in the total and relative amount of fibrosis and collagen. The cystometric studies support the idea that this morphological alterations are important to determine the different bladder functional patterns found in the aging and the Alloxan-induced diabetic animals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment outcomes in Wilms' tumor (WT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 53 children with median age of 2 years with WT, stages I-19, II-14, III-12, IV-6 and V-2. Treatment consisted of surgical excision plus adjuvant (40 children) or neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (unresectable tumor, n = 8, or caval tumor extension, n = 5). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed protocols of Brazilian Wilms' Tumor Study Group excepting 16 cases with stage I disease that received a short duration postoperative treatment with vincristine (VCR - 11 doses) and dactinomycin (AMD - 4 doses). Relapsed WT was treated with multiagent regimens including cisplatin/carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and etoposide. One patient with resistant relapsed WT was treated by high-dose conditioning chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. RESULTS: Overall and disease-free survival rates at 5 years were respectively 88.2 ± 5.0% and 76.7 ± 6.6%. Short duration therapy for stage I tumor showed a disease-free survival rate of 100% in a median time of 101 months (range 14 to 248 months). Overall and disease-free survival of 10 patients with recurrent WT at 5 years was 42.8%. The child treated with high-dose chemotherapy plus stem cell transplant is alive without evidence of disease 84 months from relapse. CONCLUSION: The postoperative chemotherapy in stage I disease can be reduced without compromising the cure rate. The treatment of unfavorable stage III and IV disease or relapsed tumor remains a challenge.

OBJECTIVE: Ions, particularly calcium ions, play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion cell injury. In this study, we investigated the action of verapamil on the mitochondrial function of kidneys submitted to ischemia without blood reperfusion in order to study isolated early and late ischemic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 44 rats were submitted to bilateral warm renal ischemia for 30 minutes. The kidneys were then immediately reperfused with saline or Euro-Collins (EC) solution, with and without previous administration of 0.35 mg/kg of verapamil. Mitochondrial function was assessed at the end of renal perfusion and after 24 hours of cold preservation. RESULTS: In kidneys perfused with saline, verapamil allowed a significant early preservation of state III mitochondrial respiration, a result that was no longer evident after 24 hours. In kidneys perfused with EC solution, verapamil did not change state III for either early or late evaluations. Comparison of the groups showed that the results obtained for kidneys perfused with EC were always superior to those obtained for the saline group, except for the initial analysis of kidneys treated with saline and verapamil, which showed results similar to those obtained with EC perfusion alone. CONCLUSION: Administration of verapamil before warm ischemia provides partial and short-lasting functional protection of the mitochondrial function in kidneys perfused with sodium rich saline. With Euro-Collins solution, verapamil did not show any additional beneficial effect. This fact permits us to conclude that protective action is effective only under conditions that facilitate increased sodium uptake and/or potassium loss.

INTRODUÇÃO: Devido a freqüência a infecção do trato urinário (ITU) responde por consumo elevado de antibióticos e tem impacto sócio-economico elevado. Como a escolha do antimicrobiano no início do tratamento ou para o tratamento completo é geralmente empírica, o conhecimento da prevalência bacteriana e sua sensibilidade, que podem variar no tempo, é mandatoria. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a freqüência das cepas bacterianas diagnosticadas em nossa instituição, bem como a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, e prover dados nacionais. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os resultados de cultura de urina de 402 pacientes com ITU adquirida na comunidade e tratados em nossa instituição. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 45,3±23,5 anos, 242 (60,2%) dos quais eram mulheres e 160 (39,8%) eram homens. A bactéria mais freqüente foi a E. coli (58%) seguida de Klebsiella sp. (8,4%) e Enterococcus sp. (7,9%). Das bactéria isoladas somente 37% apresentavam sensibilidade à ampicilna, 51% à cefalotina e 52% ao trimxazol. As maiores taxas de sensibilidade ocorreram para o imipenem (96%), ceftriaxone (90%), amicacina (90%), gentamicina (88%), levofloxacina (86%), ciprofloxacina (73%), nitrofurantoina (77%) e norfloxacina (75%). CONCLUSÃO: As bactérias Gram-negativas são a causa mais comum de ITU comunitária. Os antimicrobianos de escolha para tratamento oral são as fluoroquinolonas, nitrofurantoina, cefalosporinas de segunda e terceira geração. Para quadros graves que requerem antibiótico parenteral a escolha recai sobre os aminoglicosídeos, cefalosporinas de terceira geração e imipenem.

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed. UTI account for a large proportion of antibacterial drug consumption and have large socio-economic impacts. Since the majority of the treatments begins or is done completely empirically, the knowledge of the organisms, their epidemiological characteristics and their antibacterial susceptibility that may vary with time is mandatory. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility of the community acquired UTI diagnosed in our institution and to provide a national data. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the results of urine cultures of 402 patients that had community acquired urinary tract infection in the year of 2003. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in this study was 45.34 ± 23.56 (SD) years. There were 242 (60.2%) females and 160 (39.8%) males. The most commonly isolated organism was Escherichia coli (58%). Klebsiella sp. (8.4%) and Enterococcus sp.(7.9%) were reported as the next most common organisms. Of all bacteria isolated from community acquired UTI, only 37% were sensitive to ampicillin, 51% to cefalothin and 52% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The highest levels of susceptibility were to imipenem (96%), ceftriaxone (90%), amikacin (90%), gentamicin (88%), levofloxacin (86%), ciprofloxacin (73%), nitrofurantoin (77%) and norfloxacin (75%). CONCLUSION: Gram-negative agents are the most common cause of UTI. Fluoroquinolones remains the choice among the orally administered antibiotics, followed by nitrofurantoin, second and third generation cephalosporins. For severe disease that require parenteral antibiotics the choice should be aminoglycosides, third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones or imipenem, which were the most effective.

INTRODUÇÃO: A oxibutinina atua como agente anticolinérgico que tem ação anti-muscarínica e, principalmente, ação antiespasmódica na musculatura lisa vesical. Assim, ela causa aumento da capacidade vesical e diminui a frequência miccional e bloqueia o estímulo inicial da micção. OBJETIVO: Verificar se a oxibutinina atua sobre a hiperatividade vesical causada pela cistite hemorrágica, dependente do óxido nítrico. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados dois grupos de animais. O controle com 5 ratas e o experimental com 10 ratas, cujos pesos variaram entre 200g a 250g. A cistite hemorrágica foi provocada pela injeção intraperitoneal de ciclofosfamida 200mg/kg, na véspera do experimento. Após 24 horas, as ratas foram anestesiadas com uretana 1,25mg/kg. A seguir, foi feita cistostomia com cateter P-50. Esse cateter foi conectado em Y a uma bomba de infusão contínua com fluxo de água de 0,3ml/min e a um polígrafo para o registro da cistometria. O registro cistométrico foi feito com a velocidade do papel de 0,05cm/seg, com sensibilidade de 20 e calibração para um curso de 60mm para uma pressão de 100mmHg. Os parâmetros estudados foram: freqüência de contração (Fc), intensidade das contrações (Ic), tempo de enchimento vesical (Te), tempo de contração vesical (Tc) e capacidade vesical (Cv), que foi determinado pelo Te x Fluxo. Esses parâmetros foram determinados por suas médias durante o período de observação de 10 min. Após o registro, foi infundido por gavagem 71 mg/kg de cloridato de oxibutinina. Uma hora depois foi feita nova cistometria. A análise estatística foi feita pelo método de Kruskal-Wallis que comparou os valores do grupo controle com o experimental. O p foi considerado significante quando menor que 0,05. RESULTADOS: A comparação entre os dois grupos dos parâmetros estudados antes da infusão do cloridrato de oxibutinina mostrou: Fc - p=0,007; Ic - p=0,0002; Te - p=0,768; Tc - p=0,492; Cv - p=0,056 A comparação dos parâmetros estudados depois da droga mostrou: Fc - p= 0,055; Ic - p=0,0002; Te - p=0,957; Tc - p=0,181; Cv - p=0,206. CONCLUSÕES: O cloridrato de oxibutinina nesse modelo experimental atuou de forma a alterar somente a freqüência das miccções, controlando a hiperatividade e não promovendo alterações nos demais parâmetros estudados.

BACKGROUND: The oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent that binds to muscarinic receptors of bladder muscle promoting an antispasmodic effect. As a consequence there is an increase in bladder capacity, reduction in frequency and a blockade in the initial stimuli of miction. OBJECTIVE: To verify the action of oxybutynin on bladder overactivity due to hemorrhagic cystitis. METHODS: Hemorrhagic cystitis was provoked through an intraperitoneal injection of 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide in 10 female rats, weighting 200-250g, 24h before the experiment. The control group of 5 female rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5ml of saline. In the experiment the animals were anesthetized with 1.25mg/kg of urethane followed by a cystostomy with a P-50 catheter connected in Y to an infusion pump (rate of infusion - 0.3ml/min) and to a polygraph to register bladder pressure. The parameters studied were: frequency of bladder contraction (Fc), contraction intensity (Ci), time of bladder filling (Tf) and contraction (Tc), and vesical capacity (Vc) (Tf x flow). We determined the mean value for each parameter following of 10min of observation. After these determinations all rats received 71mg/kg of oxybutynin chloride through nasogastric tubing and 1h afterward the measures were repeated. The data were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test considering significant a p<0.05. RESULTS: A comparison both groups (control versus experimental) before the use of oxybutynin showed the following values of p: Fc - 0.007; Ci - 0.0002; Tf - 0.768; Tc - 0.492; Vc - 0.055. After the use of oxybutynin the corresponding values were: Fc - p=0.055; Ci - p=0.0002; Tf - 0.957; Tc - p=0.181; Vc - p=0.206. CONCLUSION: The oxybutynin chloride was able to control bladder overactivity expressed by a significant reduction in frequency, but no changes in other parameters.

A prevalência da incontinência urinária no idoso varia de 8 a 34% segundo o critério ou método de avaliação. A principais causas são: alterações teciduais da senilidade que comprometem o trato urinário inferior e o assoalho pélvico, do sistema nervoso central e periférico, alterações hormonais como a menopausa, poliúria noturna, alterações psicológicas, hiperplasia prostática benigna, doenças concomitantes e efeitos colaterais de medicamentos. A incontinência pode ser transitória ou permanente. Além da anamnese cuidadosa para caracterização das perdas urinárias, a busca de causas associadas ou concomitantes e o diário miccional, recorre-se com freqüência a exames especializados como a urodinâmica. O diagnóstico preciso é importante para o manejo adequado que pode requerer apenas medidas conservadoras baseadas em orientações e mudanças de hábitos, como o uso de medicamentos, ou então métodos invasivos que incluem procedimentos cirúrgicos específicos.

The prevalence of urinary incontinence in the elderly varies from 8 to 34% according to the criteria or method of investigation. The etiology or main associated factors are: aging tissular degeneration that compromise the lower urinary tract and pelvic floor, changes of peripheric and central nervous system, hormonal alterations such as menopause, nocturnal polyuria, benign prostate hyperplasia, concomitant diseases and side effects of medical drugs. The incontinence may be transitory or permanent. Besides a criterious medical history for a better characterization of the urinary loss, a search for associated or concomitant causes and the miccional diary, one oftenly may rely on specialized exams such as urodynamics. A specific diagnosis is of utmost value for correct management that may require only conservative measures based on changes of behaviour or counceiling, drugs prescription, or invasive methods including surgical procedures.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influencia do volume prostático no desempenho do PSA total (tPSA) e livre (fPSA) no diagnóstico do adenocarcinoma prostático. MÉTODOS: 188 patients foram submetidos à biópsias prostáticas guiadas por ultra-som trans-retal (10-12 fragmentos) por apresentarem toque retal alterado e/ou tPSA entre 2,5 e 10ng/ml. A idade média foi 65,7±8,7 anos. A prevalência do câncer foi de 19% (19/100) em pacientes com próstatas >40ml (GI) e 29,5% (26/88) naqueles com próstatas <40ml (GII). Analisamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade do tPSA em corte de 2,5ng/ml e 4ng/ml bem como a influência do fPSA nos dois grupos de pacientes. RESULTADOS: No grupo GI a sensibilidade e a especificidade do tPSA foram de 94,4% e 19,5% no corte de 4ng/ml e 100% e 6% no corte de 2,5ng/ml. Para o grupo GII os valores correspondentes foram 76,5% e 62,9%, e 100% e 19,3%. No GI a aplicação da fração f/tPSA, corte de 19%, manteve a sensibilidade do teste acima de 90% e elevou a especificidade para 46,2% no corte de 4ng/ml e 32,9% no corte de 2,5ng/ml. No GII a fração f/tPSA não foi capaz de elevar a especificidade do tPSA sem afetar significativamente a sensibilidade. Porém, neste grupo o uso do quociente f/tPSA de 16% elevou a especificidade do tPSA, corte de 2,5ng/ml, para 46,7% para sensibilidade acima de 90%. CONCLUSÃO:Recomenda-se estratificar os pacientes segundo o volume prostático para definir o corte do tPSA. O tPSA no corte de 2,5ng/ml, associado ao f/TPSA de 19% em próstatas >40ml e de 16% para próstatas <40ml representou melhor opção para indicação de biópsia que o tPSA no corte de 4ng/ml associado ou não à fração f/tPSA.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of prostate volume on the performance of total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) on the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 188 patients underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies (10-12 cores) due to prostate nodes detected by digital rectal examination and/or tPSA range of 2.5-10ng/ml. Mean age was 65.7±8.7 years. 19/100 (19%)(GI) patients with prostate volume >40ml had prostate cancer while the corresponding figure for patients with prostate <40ml was 26/88 (29.5%)(GII). We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of tPSA at cut-off points of 2.5 and 4ng/ml as well as the influence of the ratio f/tPSA in both groups of patients. RESULTS: In the group GI tPSA sensitivity and specificity were 94.4% and 19.5% at the cut-off level of 4ng/ml and 100% and 6% at 2.5ng/ml. The corresponding values for GII were 76.5% and 62.9%, and 100% and 19.3%. In group GI a cut-off of 19% for the ratio f/tPSA kept tPSA sensitivity over 90% while the specificity increased to 46.2% at cut-off level of 4ng/ml and to 32.9% at 2.5ng/ml. In the group GII the ratio f/tPSA was not able to increase the specificity of tPSA at a cut-off level of 4ng/ml without an expressive reduction of sensitivity. On the other side, for this group a cut-off of 16% for the f/tPSA ratio rose the specificity to 46.7% for a sensitivity over 90%. CONCLUSION: We recommend stratification of patients according to prostate volume to define tPSA cut-off point. The cut-off level of 2.5ng/ml for tPSA combined with f/tPSA ratio of 19% in prostates >40ml and 16% in prostates <40ml was a better option for prostate biopsy indication than tPSA at a cut-off of 4ng/ml associated or not with f/tPSA ratio.