Abstract Microbialites are the most abundant life evidence in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. They are produced by microbial interaction activity and sedimentary processes reflecting paleoenvironmental conditions. The Ediacaran-Cambrian carbonate and siliciclastic successions in the Southern Amazon Craton in Central Brazil, provide a key opportunity to understand how the metazoan life coexisted with the microbial communities. The spatial and temporal distribution of microbialites as well as morphological and paleoenvironmental changes have been assessed, reinterpreting previous works and including new data from the Araras-Alto Paraguai and Corumbá basins. The deposition was controlled by subsidence and sea-level changes that affected these basins, considered extensions of epicontinental seas during the Gondwana assembly. The stromatolites are restricted to coastal deposits and experienced thriving flourishment intervals after the Marinoan Glaciation (635 Ma). Post-glacial transgression was marked by microbial colonization in shallow platforms represented by stratiform and giant domical stromatolites in the Araras-Alto Paraguai Basin. The continuity of the transgression generated a moderately deep aragonite sea at about 622 Ma. A progressive sea-level fall caused the implantation of coastal environments under greenhouse conditions with tidal flat and sabkha settings colonized by centimetric-scale stromatolites. The sea retreat was accompanied by progressive uplift, causing a moderate inversion of the basin and erosion of the succession until ~560 Ma with the deposition of the last preserved tidal flat deposits with the occurrence of thrombolites. The subsiding Corumbá Basin was the site of microbially-induced deposition of carbonates in a shallow platform connected to an offshore setting with the proliferation of metazoan straddling the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. Microbial communities were restricted to lagoon deposits during the Lower Cambrian transgression in the Araras-Alto Paraguai Basin and the last phase refers to the sea retreat towards southeast, developing a fluvial system connected with the arid and evaporitic tidal flats colonized by microbialites that lasted until the upper Cambrian. Except for the post-glacial stromatolites, the columnar and domal microbialite indicate that the coastal settings dominated the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. The preservation of microbialites in the post-glacial intervals can be associated with the Mg-Ca-CO3 oversaturation in dolomitic platforms. The rapid calcification and ability to resist the dissolution and replacement have increased the stromatolites’ preservation potential reported here, where its well-preserved occurrence in tidal flats and sabkha occurs due to intense early diagenetic silicification. The change from carbonate accumulation to siliciclastic-rich environments contributed to the demise of microbially-induced strata. In general, the scarce coexistence between coastal stromatolite and metazoan-bearing marine deposits makes it challenging to establish a competitive relationship between these organisms, as previously postulated.

RESUMODepósitos pleistocenos expostos na Planície Costeira do Amapá (porção onshore da Bacia da Foz do Amazonas, nordeste da América do Sul) foram anteriormente interpretados como de idade miocena. Neste trabalho, esses depósitos foram chamados de "Formação Itaubal" e incluídos na evolução costeira quaternária da Amazônia. O estudo, mediante o uso de análise de fácies e estratigrafia em combinação com luminescência opticamente estimulada (regeneração de alíquotas simples e múltiplas), permitiu posicionar essa unidade no Pleistoceno Tardio, interpretada como depósitos fluviais e influenciados por maré. A Formação Itaubal, que sobrepõe discordantemente rochas intensamente intemperizadas do embasamento do Escudo das Guianas, foi subdivida em Unidade Inferior e Superior, de caráter progradante, separadas por desconformidade relacionada à queda do nível do mar. A Unidade Inferior apresenta idades entre 120.600 (± 12.000) e 70.850 (± 6.700) anos AP e consiste de depósitos de submaré, canal fluvial meandrante influenciado por maré e depósitos de planície de inundação, depositados durante condições de nível de mar alto. A Unidade Superior apresenta idades entre 69.150 (± 7.200) e 58.150 (± 6.800) anos AP e é caracterizada por depósitos de canal entrelaçado, que retrabalham a Unidade Inferior, depositada em condições relacionadas à queda do nível de base. Condições de nível de mar baixo permaneceram até 23.500 (± 3.000) anos AP. A região estudada foi provavelmente exposta durante o Último Máximo Glacial e, posteriormente, durante o Holoceno, recoberta por depósitos influenciados por maré oriundos do Rio Amazonas.

ABSTRACTThe Pleistocene deposits exposed in the Amapá Coastal Plain (onshore portion of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, northeastern South America) were previously interpreted as Miocene in age. In this work, they were named as "Itaubal Formation" and were included in the quaternary coastal history of Amazonia. The study, through facies and stratigraphic analyses in combination with optically stimulated luminescence (single and multiple aliquot regeneration), allowed interpreting this unit as Late Pleistocene tidal and fluvial deposits. The Itaubal Formation, which unconformably overlies strongly weathered basement rocks of the Guianas Shield, was subdivided into two progradational units, separated by an unconformity related to sea-level fall, here named as Lower and Upper Units. The Lower Unit yielded ages between 120,600 (± 12,000) and 70,850 (± 6,700) years BP and consists of subtidal flat, tide-influenced meandering stream and floodplain deposits, during highstand conditions. The Upper Unit spans between 69,150 (± 7,200) and 58,150 (± 6,800) years BP and is characterized by braided fluvial deposits incised in the Lower Unit, related to base-level fall; lowstand conditions remained until 23,500 (± 3,000) years BP. The studied region was likely exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum and then during Holocene, covered by tidal deposits influenced by the Amazon River.

A Formação Codó, exposta no leste e sul da Bacia de Grajaú, consiste em sistemas deposicionais dos tipos lacustre e sabkha-salt pan, respectivamente, cujos depósitos incluem evaporito, folhelho negro betuminoso, folhelho cinza-esverdeado e calcário organizados em ciclos de arrasamento ascendente. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises de difração de raios-X, microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura em rochas predominantemente argilosas desta unidade, objetivando a caracterização da assembléia de argilominerais e o registro de sua variabilidade vertical ao longo dos ciclos deposicionais, a fim de discutir sua origem e verificar sua aplicabilidade como indicadores paleoclimático e paleoambiental. Os resultados indicam uma assembléia de argilominerais dominada por esmectita, seguida por ilita, caulinita e interestratificados irregulares ilita/esmectita. A esmectita é, em sua maioria, detrítica e caracterizada por palhetas crenuladas e/ou esgarçadas dispostas em arranjo paralelo ou caótico, sendo dominantes na porção inferior dos ciclos deposicionais. Quando pura, a esmectita mostra cristalinidade boa, tendo sido classificada como dioctaédrica e pertencente à espécie montmorillonita. Para o topo dos ciclos de arrasamento ascendente, ocorre aumento relativo de caulinita e ilita, estas com hábitos que revelam, pelo menos em parte, contribuição autigênica. A constatação de origem detrítica para o maior volume de argilominerais presentes nos depósitos estudados tornou possível sua utilização com propósitos de interpretação paleoambiental e paleoclimática. De forma geral, o domínio de esmectitas detríticas revela deposição a partir de suspensões em praticamente toda a extensão do sistema deposicional, sendo condizente com ambientes calmos, típicos de sistemas lacustres e complexos de sabkha-salt pan, como proposto para as áreas de estudo através de dados faciológicos. O domínio de argilas revela bacia com topografia, no geral, plana, sendo a espécie montmorillonita típica de áreas continentais. Além disto, mesmo tendo sido constatada origem autigênica para a caulinita e ilita, a coincidência sistemática de suas maiores ocorrências com o topo dos ciclos de arrasamento ascendente, sugere formação condicionada a mudanças paleoambientais específicas. Assim, propõe-se um modelo onde esmectitas detríticas teriam sido introduzidas em grande volume para áreas deprimidas durante períodos de nível de base elevado. À medida que o influxo e, conseqüentemente, o nível de base diminuiu, reduzindo a lâmina d´água, houve alternância de sedimentação clástica e química sob condições alternadamente subaquosas e subaéreas. A formação de caulinita e ilita como produto de substituição da esmectita detrítica pode ter ocorrido por influência de freqüentes exposições subaéreas e pedogênese. Estudos futuros são ainda necessários para melhor entender a origem destes minerais autigênicos. Porém, a ocorrência de ambos minerais em mesmo horizonte estratigráfico associado com fácies lacustres marginais do topo dos ciclos de arrasamento ascendente da área de estudo sugere possível influência climática. Desta forma, a formação da ilita ocorreria sob condições de maior evaporação (períodos mais secos), enquanto que a caulinita teria se formado sob condições de maior lixiviação por águas freáticas com pH baixo (períodos mais úmidos). O domínio de esmectita detrítica do tipo montmorillonita é condizente com condições de lixiviação e intemperismo intermediários em solos temperados com boa drenagem e pH neutro ou solos pobremente drenados e alcalinos de zonas áridas. Estas características, aliadas à vasta ocorrência de evaporitos na região estudada, confirmam tendência de clima quente e semi-árido durante o Neoaptiano da Bacia de Grajaú.

This work combines facies, stratigraphy, X-ray diffraction, SEM and petrographic analyses in order to investigate argillaceous rocks of the Codó Formation exposed in the Codó and Grajaú areas, northeastern Brazil (Fig. 1). The main goal is to characterize the clay mineral assemblage and record its variability along the depositional cycles in the attempt to discuss its origin and test its applicability as paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental proxy indicators. The Codó Formation records the Upper Aptian deposition of the Grajaú Basin, a tectonically subsiding structure originated during the early stages of rifting that culminated with the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean along the Equatorial Brazilian Margin (Aranha et al., 1990). This basin has been interpreted as a unique structure consisting of an intracontinental semi-graben, which was formed by combination of pure shear stress and strike-slip deformation (Góes and Rossetti, 2001). The sedimentary successions of this basin include three depositional sequences, designated as S1, S2 and S3 (Rossetti, 2001; Fig. 2), with the first including the Codó Formation studied herein. The Codó Formation records a depositional system dominated by closed and hypersaline lakes and sabkhasalt pan complex (Paz, 2000; Paz & Rossetti, 2001; Paz & Rossetti, 2005a). In the Codó area, these deposits encompass a 25 m-thick prograding lacustrine succession arranged as shallowing-upward cycles that are attributed to central, transitional, and marginal lake facies associations. Central lake deposits include mostly evaporites and bituminous black shales. Transitional lake deposits consist of green to grey shales interbedded with limestones (lime-mudstone, laminated to massive peloidal wackestone to packstone and sparstone) formed in more oxygenated waters relative to the central lake deposits. Marginal lake deposits include massive and indurated pelite with brownish-red colours, fenestral calcarenite of calcite grains, ostracodal wackestone/ grainstone, pisoidal packstone, rhythmite of ostracodal wackestone/grainstone, shale and microbial mats. These deposits show an abundance of features (i.e., paleosols, karstic features, fenestrae, meteoric cements, vadose pisoids) that are typically developed under exposure to subaerial conditions and/or meteoric waters. In the Grajaú area, evaporites dominate over the other facies, being represented by laminated gypsum and gypsare-nite/gypsrudite. The muddy lithofacies used in this study included black shale with high organic matter content, green to grey shale with low organic matter content, lime-mud-stone, rhythmite of carbonate and shale, and massive pelite. The black shales and the green to grey shales show a clay mineral assemblage composed of smectite (Fig. 3a and b) and, subordinately, illite (Fig. 3b), kaolinite (Fig. 3c) and irregularly interstratified illitesmectite. The smectite is, in general, detrital in nature, being characterized by crenulated flakes with parallel or chaotic arrangements (Figs. 3a and b). The smectite, when pure, exhibits high crystallinity and has been classified as dioctaedral montmorillonite. Authigenic smectite is locally found and arranged as crystals averaging 2 μm that show a honey-comb morphology, which usually drape ostracode shells in rhythmites. Kaolinite occurs as pseudohexagonal and equidimensional crystals averaging 1 μm in diameter that replaces smectite, and as booklets averaging 8 μm that fill pores (Fig. 3c). Its occurrence is substantially increased in marginal lake deposits, more specifically in the massive pelite facies. Illite occurs as hair-like crystals (Fig. 3b, arrows) in transitional lake deposits as replacement of smectite. However, it is possible that part of this mineral is detrital; in this case, it is characterized by a morphology in flakes that can hardly be differentiated from detrital smectites. The lime-mudstone consists of calcite, sulphates, quartz grains and clay minerals similar to the ones found in the other sedimentary facies analysed in this study (Fig. 3d). The rhythmite of black shale/mudstone, typical of the marginal lake facies association, consists of parallel and laterally continuous laminae of microbial mats and/or green-grey shale that alternate with mudstone to ostracodal packstone/grainstone that locally display ostracod shells arranged parallel to bedding (Fig. 3e and f). The dominant clay mineral in this facies is also smectite, which occurs either as parallel flakes with ragged margins or as honeycomb crystals (Fig. 3g). The massive pelite (Fig. 3h, i), typical of marginal lake deposits, is composed by calcite, clay minerals and quartz grains (Fig. 3h). The clay minerals include smectite flakes with ragged margins, as well as hairy illite and booklets of kaolinites that are up to 12 μm of length (Fig. 3i). Analysis of the X-ray diffractograms revealed that mixed illite/smectite interlayers are also present in the deposits characterized above (Fig. 4). The distribution of smectite and illite/smectite throughout the studied profiles shows an upward decrease relative to the amount of kaolinite and illite (Figs. 5 and 6). This tendency was also observed in some individual shallowing-upward cycles. Thus, central and transitional lacustrine deposits, located at the base of the successions, exhibit relatively increased amounts of smectite relative to kaolinite and illite, while the transitional and marginal deposits at the top show an inverse behavior. The large volume of detrital clay minerals allowed their use for discussing depositional paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. The dominance of detrital smectites revealed deposition from suspensions throughout the depositional setting, supporting low energy flows, typical of lacustrine and sabkha-salt pan complex, as proposed for the study area with basis on facies analysis. The presence of clays as the only clastics reveals a basin located in a region with low topography, and the species montmorillonite (Tabelas 1, 2 and 3) attests to continental areas. Despite the authigenic origin, the occurrence of the highest volumes of kaolinite and illite systematically at the top of the shallowing-upward cycles suggests influence of the depositional setting. Hence, a model is proposed where detrital smectites were introduced in large volumes into depressed areas during periods of high base level. As the inflow, and consequently, the base level dropped, the water level decreased, promoting alternation of clastic and chemical deposition under fluctuating subaqueous and subaerial conditions. A semi quantitative study applying EDS revealed that smectites from the black shales contain higher Al relative to Mg, as well as significant values of K (Fig. 7). In addition, the green-grey shales and massive pelite display smectites with Si occupying a tetrahedric position (Tabelas 2 and 3). The octahedric position is occupied by Al, Mg, Fe3+ and, secondarily, Ti. The excess of K confirms the presence of an illitic composition, associated with interestratified illite/smectite. The formation of kaolinite and illite from detrital smectites would have occurred under influence of subaerial exposure and pedogenesis. Further studies are still needed in order to better understand the origin of these authigenic minerals. However, the occurrence of both minerals in a same stratigraphic horizon, associated with marginal lacustrine facies from the top of shallowing upward cycles led to invoke a possible climatic influence. Hence, the formation of illite would have occurred under increased evaporation (drier periods), while the kaolinite would have formed due to the influence of phreatic waters having low pH (relatively more humid periods). The dominance of detrital montmorillonite suggests its formation as a consequence of weathering in continental arid areas. These characteristics, added to the vast presence of evaporites in the study areas, led to indicate a prevailing hot, arid to semi-arid climate during the Late Aptian of the Grajaú Basin.