Abstract Brazilian Red Propolis is a resinous material produced by Apis mellifera bees through the collection of the exudates of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum , rich in flavonoids, and Symphonia globulifera and Clusia species, which are rich in polyprenylated benzophenones. More than 200 compounds, including flavonoids and polyprenylated benzophenones have been found in Brazilian red propolis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antiviral activity of an ethanolic extract of red propolis from Alagoas, Brazil, against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1). In the HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis were detected flavanones, isoflavones, chalcones, pterocarpans and polyprenylated benzophenones. The measurement of antiviral activity of red propolis extract was performed by DNA quantification through quantitative real-time PCR assay and negative staining Electron Microscopy. The pretreatment, post-treatment, and virucide assays using ethanolic extract of red propolis with concentration of 8, 12, 24, 48, or 96 µ g/mL, indicated an inhibition of the viral binding and viral entry into cells as well as the replication of HSV-1. In the electron microscopy imaging was observed the disruption of the viral membrane in the HSV-1 treated with red propolis, when compared with HSV-1 that was treated with phosphate buffered saline alone, indicating that ethanolic extract from red propolis can act directly on the viral envelope, through lipid membrane degradation and/or directly blocking the enriched proteins on the viral surface. species 20 compounds Alagoas Brazil HSV1. HSV1 HSV 1 . (HSV-1) HPLCPDAESIMS/MS HPLCPDAESIMSMS HPLC PDA ESI MS/MS MS flavanones isoflavones chalcones realtime real time Microscopy pretreatment posttreatment, posttreatment post treatment, treatment post-treatment 8 12 24 48 9 gmL g mL g/mL 1. HSV- alone envelope andor surface 2 (HSV-1 HPLCPDAESIMS MSMS 4 (HSV- (HSV

RESUMO Introdução: ao longo dos anos, a busca pela melhora do autocuidado estendeu-se às farmácias com manipulação, onde o cosmético pode ser manipulado de acordo com as preferências de cada indivíduo. Dessa forma, é necessário prover a estabilidade para cada produto manipulado, garantindo que um cosmético seguro e eficaz será dispensado. O ácido hialurônico é um ativo que tem se tornado popular devido à sua capacidade de realizar a manutenção da elasticidade da pele e exercer função hidratante, além de atuar na redução de linhas de expressão. Objetivo: analisar a qualidade de dermocosméticos manipulados a base de ácido hialurônico de diferentes farmácias com manipulação no município de Campo Grande-MS, através de análises laboratoriais físico-químicas e de rotulagem. Material e métodos: quatro amostras de creme-gel à base de ácido hialurônico 5% foram adquiridas em farmácias magistrais, e realizadas as seguintes análises de controle de qualidade: análise organoléptica, determinação de pH, densidade, teste de centrífuga, espalhabilidade e análise de rotulagem. Resultados: em relação às análises, os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. A análise organoléptica, o teste de centrifugação e de espalhabilidade se encontraram dentro dos padrões estipulados; porém, destaca-se o ensaio de densidade, em que duas amostras obtiveram valores abaixo do estipulado; e para a análise de rótulos, nenhum produto continha lista de componentes da formulação. Conclusão: ao final das análises, pode ser apontado que os produtos apresentaram desempenho satisfatório em grande parte dos testes propostos e são uma opção segura, de boa qualidade e custo acessível ao público.

RESUMEN Introducción: a lo largo de los años, la búsqueda por mejorar el autocuidado se ha extendido a las farmacias, donde los cosméticos pueden ser manipulados según las preferencias de cada individuo. Por lo tanto, es necesario proporcionar estabilidad a cada producto manipulado, asegurando que se dispensará un cosmético seguro y eficaz. El ácido hialurónico es un activo que se ha popularizado por su capacidad para mantener la elasticidad de la piel e hidratarla, además de actuar para reducir las líneas de expresión. Objetivo: analizar la calidad de los dermocosméticos manipulados a base de ácido hialurónico de diferentes farmacias en Campo Grande-MS, mediante análisis de laboratorio físico-químico y marcaje. Material y métodos: se adquirieron en farmacias magistrales cuatro muestras de crema-gel a base de ácido hialurónico al 5%, y se realizaron los siguientes análisis de control de calidad: análisis organoléptico, determinación de pH, densidad, prueba de centrifugación, untabilidad y análisis de marcaje. Resultados: en cuanto a los análisis, los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios. Las pruebas de análisis organoléptico, centrifugado y untabilidad estuvieron dentro de los estándares estipulados, sin embargo, se destaca la prueba de densidad, en la que dos muestras obtuvieron valores por debajo del valor estipulado y para el análisis de etiquetas, ningún producto contenía una lista de componentes de la formulación. Conclusión: los productos se desempeñaron satisfactoriamente en la mayoría de las pruebas propuestas y son una opción segura, con buena calidad y su costo accesible al público.

SUMMARY Introduction: Over the years, the search for improving self-care has extended to compound pharmacy, where the cosmetic can be manipulated according to the preferences of each person. Thus, it is necessary to provide stability for each product handled, ensuring that a safe and effective cosmetic will be dispensed. Hyaluronic acid is an active that has become popular due to its ability to maintain skin elasticity and exert a moisturizing function, in addition to acting in the reduction of fine lines. Aim: To analyze the quality of cosmetics manipulated with the active ingredient of Hyaluronic Acid from different compound pharmacies in the city of Campo Grande-MS, through physical-chemical laboratory analysis and labeling. Material and methods: Four samples of 5% hyaluronic acid-based cream-gel were acquired from master pharmacies, and the following quality control analyzes were carried out: organoleptic analysis, pH determination, density, centrifuge test, spreadability and labeling analysis. Results: Regarding the analyses, the results obtained were satisfactory. The organoleptic analysis, the centrifugation test and the spreadability were within the stipulated standards; however, the density test stands out, in which two samples obtained results below the stipulated; and for label analysis, no product contained a list of formulation components. Conclusion: At the end of the analyses, it can be pointed out that the products presented satisfactory performance in most of the proposed tests and are a safe option, of good quality and accessible to the public.

Resumo Avaliar e correlacionar o estado funcional (EF) e a força muscular (FM) em adultos jovens, adultos e idosos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Coorte prospectiva com 48 pacientes avaliando EF por meio do Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) e FM pelo Medical Research Council Sum-Score (MRC-SS) e força de preensão palmar (FPP), no despertar e na alta da UTI. Dados analisados pelos testes Kruskall-Wallis, Qui-quadrado, Wilcoxon e Correlação de Sperman. Na comparação do despertar em relação à alta, o EF e o MRC-SS foram maiores na alta em todos os grupos, com menor ganho nos idosos. A FPP aumentou bilateralmente na alta, exceto no grupo de adultos, pois apresentavam valores maiores no despertar. Na comparação dos grupos, o FSS-ICU foi maior nos adultos no despertar e alta, e a FPP-D menor nos idosos. O EF apresentou forte associação com a FM em adultos jovens e adultos, pois ambos apresentam progressiva melhora durante a permanência na UTI. Os idosos apresentam menor ganho do estado funcional, além de apresentarem menor força muscular desde o despertar. Estas variáveis apresentam importante associação apenas nos adultos jovens e adultos, considerando a natureza multifatorial do processo de adoecimento e incapacidade nos idosos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze and assess the association between functional status (FS) and muscle strength (MS) in young adults, adults and older adults in an intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a prospective cohort study with 48 patients. FS was assessed using the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) and MS was measured using the Medical Research Council Sum-Score (MRC-SS) and by testing handgrip strength (HS). The assessments were performed on awakening and ICU discharge. The data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis, chi-squared, Wilcoxon and Spearman’s correlation tests. FS and MRC-SS scores were higher on ICU discharge in all groups. Gains were lowest in the older adult group. HS was greater in both hands on ICU discharge in all groups except the adults. FSS-ICU on both awakening and ICU discharge was highest in the adults; HS-R was lowest in the older adults. There was a strong association between FS and MS in the young adults and adults. FS and MS showed progressive improvement during ICU stay. Gains in FS and MS on awakening and ICU discharge were lowest among the older adults. Important associations were found between these variables in all groups except the older adults. This can be explained by the multifactorial nature of illness and incapacity in this group.

Resumo Avaliar e correlacionar o estado funcional (EF) e a força muscular (FM) em adultos jovens, adultos e idosos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Coorte prospectiva com 48 pacientes avaliando EF por meio do Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) e FM pelo Medical Research Council Sum-Score (MRC-SS) e força de preensão palmar (FPP), no despertar e na alta da UTI. Dados analisados pelos testes Kruskall-Wallis, Qui-quadrado, Wilcoxon e Correlação de Sperman. Na comparação do despertar em relação à alta, o EF e o MRC-SS foram maiores na alta em todos os grupos, com menor ganho nos idosos. A FPP aumentou bilateralmente na alta, exceto no grupo de adultos, pois apresentavam valores maiores no despertar. Na comparação dos grupos, o FSS-ICU foi maior nos adultos no despertar e alta, e a FPP-D menor nos idosos. O EF apresentou forte associação com a FM em adultos jovens e adultos, pois ambos apresentam progressiva melhora durante a permanência na UTI. Os idosos apresentam menor ganho do estado funcional, além de apresentarem menor força muscular desde o despertar. Estas variáveis apresentam importante associação apenas nos adultos jovens e adultos, considerando a natureza multifatorial do processo de adoecimento e incapacidade nos idosos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze and assess the association between functional status (FS) and muscle strength (MS) in young adults, adults and older adults in an intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a prospective cohort study with 48 patients. FS was assessed using the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) and MS was measured using the Medical Research Council Sum-Score (MRC-SS) and by testing handgrip strength (HS). The assessments were performed on awakening and ICU discharge. The data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis, chi-squared, Wilcoxon and Spearman’s correlation tests. FS and MRC-SS scores were higher on ICU discharge in all groups. Gains were lowest in the older adult group. HS was greater in both hands on ICU discharge in all groups except the adults. FSS-ICU on both awakening and ICU discharge was highest in the adults; HS-R was lowest in the older adults. There was a strong association between FS and MS in the young adults and adults. FS and MS showed progressive improvement during ICU stay. Gains in FS and MS on awakening and ICU discharge were lowest among the older adults. Important associations were found between these variables in all groups except the older adults. This can be explained by the multifactorial nature of illness and incapacity in this group.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança e o efeito de 12 meses de tratamento com fotocoagulação pelo pattern scanning laser para neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular em um ambiente com poucos recursos e acesso extremamente limitado a um tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos: Pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de neoplasia escamosa de superfície ocular foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo. Após anestesia tópica e instilação de azul de toluidina 1%, a lesão foi tratada com laser por um tempo de duração que variou de 20 a 100 ms e potência de 600 a 1800 mW. Os pacientes foram examinados semanalmente durante o primeiro mês e foram retratados semanalmente das lesões restantes, conforme necessário. Os pacientes tiveram um seguimento mínimo de 12 meses. Resultados: Trinta e oito pacientes (38 olhos) foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os pacientes apresentaram neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular clínica, confirmada por citologia de impressão. A idade dos pacientes variou entre 40 e 83 anos (média de 65.5 anos) e 28 deles eram do sexo masculino (74%). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I (imunocompetente) e grupo II (imunossuprimido). No grupo I, 23 pacientes (74%) apresentaram resposta completa com o controle da lesão após o tratamento com laser. No grupo II, dois dos sete pacientes (28%) apresentaram resposta ao tratamento durante o acompanhamento. A média de aplicações de laser foi de 2,5 (1 a 6 aplicações). Os procedimentos foram bem tolerados. Conclusões: Os resultados a curto prazo da abordagem de fotocoagulação a laser para o tratamento das lesões conjuntivais de neoplasia escamosa de superfície ocular foram favoráveis, com uma taxa de sucesso de 74% observada em pacientes imunocompetentes. Essa nova estratégia é uma alternativa menos intensiva em recursos que pode demonstrar sua utilidade em ambientes com escassez de salas cirúrgicas e em casos recorrentes. Estudos com acompanhamentos mais longos e amostras maiores são necessários para confirmar nossos achados e avaliar a eficácia do tratamento a laser associado à quimioterapia tópica.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the safety and 12-month effect of treatment with pattern scanning laser photocoagulation for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in a low-resource setting with extremely limited access to an operating room. Methods: Adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination. After topical anesthesia and instillation of toluidine blue 1%, the lesion was treated using pattern scanning photocoagulation for a duration time that varied from 20 to 100 ms and power from 600 to 1,800 mW. Patients were examined on a weekly basis for the first month and underwent weekly retreatment of the remaining lesions, as necessary. Patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results: Thirty-eight patients (38 eyes) were included. All patients had clinical ocular surface squamous neoplasia that was confirmed by impression cytology. The age of patients ranged from 40 to 83 years (average: 65.5 years) and 28 of them were males (74%). The patients were divided into two groups: group I (immunocompetent) and group II (immunosuppressed). In group I, 23 patients (74%) presented complete response with lesion control after laser treatment alone. In group II, two of seven patients (28%) showed treatment response during the follow-up. The average number of treatments was 2.5 (one to six laser treatments). Procedures were well tolerated. Conclusion: Short-term results of the laser photocoagulation approach for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia conjunctival lesions were favorable, with a 74% success rate observed in immunocompetent patients. This novel strategy is a less resource-intensive alternative that could demonstrate its usefulness in settings with shortages in operating rooms and in recurrent cases. Studies with longer follow-ups and larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm our findings and evaluate the effectiveness of laser treatment in association with topical chemotherapy.

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in adult population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an increasingly important role, especially in early diagnosis, so the imaging differentiation of frequent and infrequent variants of MS with other white matter diseases of brain and spinal cord is essential. Through a pictorial essay we show typical MR features of MS and more infrequent variants of demyelinating lesions and illustrate characteristic imaging findings of inflammatory and non-inflammatory vasculopathies, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and vascular diseases of spinal cord that may simulate MS, with emphasis on imaging differential diagnosis.

Resumen: La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es la enfermedad inflamatorio-desmielinizante del Sistema nervioso central más prevalente en adultos. La resonancia magnética (RM) juega un rol cada vez más importante en el estudio de esta patología, en especial en su diagnóstico precoz, por lo que la diferenciación imagenológica de variantes frecuentes e infrecuentes de EM con otras patologías de sustancia blanca que comprometen encéfalo y médula espinal es esencial. Mediante una revisión pictórica se ilustrarán características típicas en RM del compromiso por EM y de variantes menos habituales de lesión desmielinizante, y se ilustrarán hallazgos característicos de lesiones relacionadas a vasculopatías inflamatorias y no inflamatorias, encefalomielitis diseminada aguda (ADEM), neuromielitis óptica (NMO) y enfermedades vasculares de la médula espinal que pueden simular EM, con énfasis en el diagnóstico diferencial radiológico.

Stigmasterols, ceramides, including ceramide-1-phosphates and pyrimidines were identified in an ethanol extract of the marine sponge Myxilla sp. The compounds were identified by MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. A simple method based on an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to investigate the production of the aforementioned ceramides. This is the first report on ceramide-1-phosphates from a marine sponge.

O objetivo do trabalho consistiu em determinar a relação entre as transaminases séricas e os componentes da Síndrome Metabólica (SM) numa população de adultos de mais de 65 anos da serra equatoriana. A população esteve constituída por 387 adultos idosos da Bacia-Equador. O diagnóstico de SM foi feito com base nos critérios do ATPIII-2005. Para a quantificação das transaminases alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) utilizou-se o espectrofotômetro Genesis 20 com o reagente de Wiener lab. Foram comparados os grupos com e sem SM utilizando o teste t de Student. Utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson para medir a associação entre os componentes da SM e das transaminases. A prevalência de SM foi de 57,4% e para transaminases alteradas de 12,4% e 9,0% para AST e ALT, respectivamente. Embora tenha sido encontrada correlação entre AST, triglicérides e C-HDL, não foi encontrada associação direta entre a SM e as transaminases. Estes resultados indicam que é necessário fazer mais estudos sobre o papel das transaminases séricas na população idosa.

The objective of the present work was to determine the relationship between serum transaminases and the Metabolic Syndrome (MS) components in an elderly population from the Ecuadorian highlands. Said population was composed of 387 elderly people from Cuenca-Ecuador. The diagnosis of MS was made using the ATPIII-2005 criteria. For the quantification of transaminases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the Genesis 20 spectrophotometer was used with the reactive from the commercial house Wiener lab. The groups with and without MS were compared using Student’s t test. Pearson’s correlation was used to measure the association between SM components and transaminases. The prevalence of MS was 57.4%, for impaired transaminases 12.4% and 9.0% for AST and ALT respectively. Although a correlation was found between AST, triglycerides and C-HDL, no direct association between SM and transaminases was found. These results indicate that it is necessary to make more studies in the role of serum transaminases in the elderly population.

El objetivo del trabajo consistió en determinar la relación entre las transaminasas séricas y los componentes del Síndrome Metabólico (SM) en una población adulta mayor de 65 años de la sierra ecuatoriana. La misma estuvo formada por 387 adultos mayores de Cuenca-Ecuador. El diagnóstico de SM se realizó mediante los criterios del ATPIII-2005. Para la cuantificación de las transaminasas, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) se usó el espectrofotómetro Génesis 20 con el reactivo de Wiener lab. Se compararon los grupos con y sin SM mediante el test t de Student. La correlación de Pearson se usó para medir la asociación entre los componentes del SM y de las transaminasas. La prevalencia del SM fue de 57,4% y de transaminasas alteradas del 12,4% y 9,0% para AST y ALT, respectivamente. Aunque se halló una correlación entre las AST, triglicéridos y C-HDL, no se encontró asociación directa entre el SM y las transaminasas. Estos resultados indican que es necesario profundizar el rol de las transaminasas séricas en la población de adultos mayores.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial turístico da avifauna encontrada em três áreas verdes da cidade de Campo Grande. As áreas do estudo são abertas ao público, caracterizadas como um parque, uma praça e uma lagoa. O levantamento qualitativo da avifauna totalizou 55hs de observação por meio do método de observação direta por pontos. As espécies foram registradas e se calculou a frequência de ocorrência (FO) de cada espécie por área analisada. Foram registradas 107 espécies que somam 12% das encontradas no bioma Cerrado e a arara-canindé foi a espécie com frequência absoluta de ocorrência nas três áreas. Cada uma das áreas apresentou espécies exclusivas e o parque, o maior número de espécies registradas, destacando-se como um local apropriado para realizar o roteiro de observação de aves. Porém, o potencial turístico dessa avifauna deve ser fortalecido com outras ações como observar se há complementariedade entre oferta e demanda, planejar e construir elementos próprios para as atividades de observação, organizar e apresentar modalidades da prática de observação de aves de acordo com as limitações da oferta e com o grau de envolvimento e especialização dos ‘birdwatchers’. A população local deve ser mobilizada e motivada a conhecer as aves que fazem parte da paisagem; a iniciativa privada pode se utilizar de um produto turístico formatado e criar novos produtos ou necessidades, como artesanato ou guias impressos; e a participação do poder público é imprescindível na promoção do produto ‘roteiro urbano de observação de aves’, como na manutenção de reservas naturais urbanas.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the tourism potential of birds found in three public green areas (a park, a square and a pond), in the city of Campo Grande. The qualitative survey of avifauna totaled 55 observation hours, by the method of direct observation by points. The species were recorded and the frequency of occurrence (FO) of each species by analyzed area was calculated. We recorded 107 species, totaling 12% of the Cerrado biome and blue-and-gold macaws were the species with absolute frequency of occurrence in the three areas. Each of the areas presented exclusive species and the park, the largest number of recorded species, standing out as an appropriate place to hold the birdwatch. However, the tourism potential for observing these birds should be strengthened by other actions such as check for complementarity between supply and demand, planning and building elements themselves to the observation activities, organize and present the practical arrangements for the birds observation in accordance with the supply constraints and the level of involvement and expertise of birdwatchers. Local people should be mobilized and motivated to know about the birds that are part of the landscape; the private sector can use a formatted tourism product and create new products or needs, such as crafts or printed guides; and the participation of the government is essential in promoting the 'birdwatching urban script ' product, as in the maintenance of urban nature reserves.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial turístico de aves que se encuentran en tres áreas verdes de la ciudad de Campo Grande. Las áreas de estudio están abiertas al público y se caracterizan por un parque, una plaza y un estanque. La investigación cualitativa de avifauna totalizó 55hs observación, a través del método de observación directa por puntos. Se registraron las especies y se calculó la frecuencia de ocurrencia (FO) de cada especie por área analizada. Se registraron 107 especies por un total de 12% del bioma Cerrado. Un guacamayo azul y amarillo fue la especie con frecuencia absoluta de ocurrencia en las tres áreas. Cada una de las áreas presentan especies exclusiva y el parque, el mayor número de especies registradas, destacándose como un lugar apropiado para celebrar el tour de observación de aves. Sin embargo, el potencial turístico de estas aves debería reforzarse con otras acciones para ver si hay complementariedad entre la oferta y la demanda, planificación y construcción de elementos propios a las actividades de observación, organizar y presentar las modalidades prácticas para la observación de aves de acuerdo con las limitaciones de la oferta y el grado de participación y la experiencia de los observadores de aves. La gente local debe ser movilizada y motivada a conocer las aves que forman parte del paisaje; el sector privado puede utilizarse desde un producto turístico con formato y crear nuevos productos o necesidades, como la artesanía o guías impresas; y la participación del gobierno es esencial en la promoción de una ruta de observación de aves, como en el mantenimiento de las reservas naturales urbanas.

Lichen substances have more than one phenolic hydroxyl group attached to one or more benzene rings, thus qualifying them as polyphenols. The secondary metabolites isolated from the lichen H. tavaresii have been studied in a bid to find compounds protective against oxidative stress and free radical-induced damage. The compounds were identified based on their MS and 1H-NMR spectra as well as retention factors of TLC analysis. In addition to the previously described metabolites (atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic and physodalic acids) of H. tavaresii, a further three were identified in its thalli: 2´-O-methylphysodone, isophysodic and ursolic acids. The newly identified compounds of H. tavaresii thalli may be useful in the chemotaxonomic classification of this species. Antioxidant effectiveness of the acetone extract's fractions was measured. The compounds of the active fractions were purified and exhibited 180-800 fold less radical scavenging activity than the reference substance α-(+)-tocopherol in a DPPH• model expressed by IC50 values.

A study was conducted during two years at the Soils and Fertilizers Research Station Escambray (located in the Cienfuegos province, Cuba), in order to evaluate the effect of the application of different doses of Azospirillumlipoferum in Megathyrsusmaximus cv. guinea tobiatá. For such purpose a randomized block design was used, with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments were: doses of application of the biofertilizer (L ha-1): 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125; a control with NPK at planting (45 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in alternate cuttings); and an absolute control. The plots measured 16 m², with an evaluable area of 9 m². The A. lipoferum strain used was INICA-8, with an average concentration of 10(8)cfu g-1 of seed. Four cuttings per year were made, with a frequency of 90 days, at a height above the soil of 25 cm, and in each cutting the dry matter yield was evaluated. The application of A. lipoferum had a favorable influence on the pasture establishment; the accumulated yield was 27,91; 28.34; 30,17; 30,23 and 31,92 t DM ha-1 for 25, 50, 75, l00 and 125 L ha-1, respectively, with significant difference from the control. The highest DM yield was found in the fertilized control (54,45 t DM ha-1), which differed significantly from the other treatments. It is concluded that this biopreparation can be an alternative to mineral fertilization.

Durante dos años se realizó un estudio en la Estación Experimental de Suelos y Fertilizantes Escambray (ubicada en la provincia de Cienfuegos, Cuba), con el fin de evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de Azospirillum lipoferumen Megathyrsus maximus vc. guineatobiatá. Para ello se empleó un diseño de bloques al azar, con siete tratamientos y tres réplicas. Los tratamientos fueron: dosis de aplicación del biofertilizante (L ha-1): 25, 50, 75, 100 y 125; un testigo con NPK en la siembra (45 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno en cortes alternos); y un control absoluto. Las parcelas medían 16 m², con un área evaluable de 9 m². La cepa de A. lipoferum utilizada fue INICA-8, con una concentración promedio de 10(8)ufc g-1de semilla. Se realizaron cuatro cortes por año, con una frecuencia de 90 días, a una altura sobre el suelo de 25 cm, y en cada corte se evaluó el rendimiento de materia seca. La aplicación de A. lipoferum tuvo una influencia favorable en el establecimiento del pasto; el rendimiento acumulado fue de 27,91; 28.34; 30,17; 30,23 y 31,92 t de MS ha-1 para 25, 50, 75, l00 y 125 L ha-1, respectivamente, con diferencia significativa del control. El mayor rendimiento de MS se encontró en el testigo fertilizado (54,45 t de MS ha-1), que difirió significativamente del resto de los tratamientos. Se concluye que este biopreparado puede ser una alternativa a la fertilización mineral.

El trabajo fue desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal del Instituto de Investigaciones en Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT) con el objetivo de incrementar el coeficiente de multiplicación en el cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB) en el Sistema de Inmersión Temporal (SIT). Se estudiaron diferentes tiempos de inmersión (10, 20 (control) y 30 minutos) y frecuencias de inmersión (3, 6 (control) y 8 horas) en frascos Nalgene de 10 L de capacidad, se estudió además el volumen de medio de cultivo por explante (20, 40 (control) y 60 ml de medio de cultivo/explante), así como el tiempo de subcultivo (15, 18, 21 (control) y 25 días) y la densidad de explantes por frasco (20, 40 (control), 60 y 80 explantes/frasco de cultivo). Se utilizó el medio de cultivo de multiplicación MS suplementado 2,0 mg.L-1 de 6-BAP; 3,5 mg.L-1de AIA; 30,0 g.L-1 de sacarosa; 10,0 mg.L-1 de ácido ascórbico. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron establecer una metodología para la micropropagación en el Sistema de Inmersión Temporal del cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB) la cual consistió en utilizar un tiempo de inmersión de 10 minutos con una frecuencia cada 3 horas, es decir, 8 inmersiones al día, además para cada frasco de 10 L se inocularon 60 explantes y la renovación con 3600 ml de medio de cultivo y un tiempo de cultivo de 18 días permitió alcanzar la mayor productividad del material en fase de multiplicación. Estos resultados, utilizando el Sistema de Inmersión Temporal permitieron establecer una metodología eficiente para la micropropagación del cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB).

This work was developed at the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory from the Research Institute of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops (INIVIT) in order to increase the multiplication coefficient in plantain cultivar "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB) in Temporary Immersion Systems (TIS). Different immersion times (10, 20 (control) and 30 minutes) and immersion frequencies (3, 6 (control) and 8 hours) in 10 L Nalgene flasks, and culture medium volume per explants (20, 40 (control) and 60 ml culture medium / explants) were studied, as well as, subculture time (15, 18, 21(control) and 25 days) and explants density per flask (20, 40 (control), 60 and 80 explants / culture flask). The multiplication culture medium MS supplemented with 2.0 mg.L-1 6-BAP, 3.5 mg.L-1 IAA, 30.0 gL-1 sucrose, 10.0 mg.L-1 ascorbic acid was used. Results obtained allowed to establish a methodology for micro-propagation of plantain cultivar "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB) in temporary immersion system, which consisted of using a 10 minute immersion time with 3 hour frequency (8 immersions per day). Besides, 60 explants were inoculated in each 10 L flask, and the renewal with 3600 ml culture medium and 18 day culture time allowed to obtain the highest productivity in the multiplication stage. These results, using the temporary immersion system allowed to establish a method for micro-propagation of plantain cultivar "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB).

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) está asociado a diversos procesos infecciosos y su creciente resistencia representa un grave problema de salud publica. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: detectar fenotípica y genotípicamente la resistencia a meticilina y eritromicina en 60 cepas SARM y confirmar la resistencia a meticilina. Ésta última fue confirmada por concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM), prueba de descarte, resistencia a cefoxitina (FOX), detección de PBP2a, producción de β-lactamasa y detección del gen mecA (PCR). Para la resistencia a eritromicina se utilizó el método de difusión en disco, CIM, resistencia inducible a clindamicina (D-test) y detección de los genes ermA, ermB, ermC y msrA (PCR). Los métodos de CIM, descarte, FOX y PBP2a, mostraron en cada prueba una sensibilidad y valor predictivo de 100% y 98,3% respectivamente. Una cepa fue mecA negativo, negativa para PBP2a y β-lactamasa positiva y se consideró “borderline”. Treinta y cinco (58,3%) SARM fueron resistentes a eritromicina y mostraron los fenotipos MS B (6/17,1%), cMLS B (25/71,4%) y iMLS B (4/11,4%), siendo estas últimas D-test positivo. El gen ermA fue el más frecuente. La resistencia a eritromicina encontrada constituye un problema serio, por ser una de las alternativas para su tratamiento.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) are associated to diverse infectious processes and their growing resistance represents a serious public health problem. The objectives of this study were to detect methicillin and erythromycin resistance of 60 MRSA strains phenotypically and genotypically, and confirm methicillin resistance. This last one was confirmed by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method, screening test, cefoxitin resistance (FOX), PBP2a detection, β-lactamase production, and mecA gene detection (PCR). For erythromycin resistance, the disk diffusion method, MIC, inducible clindamycin resistance (D-test), and ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA gene detection (PCR) were used The MIC, discard test, FOX, and PBP2a methods showed in each test a sensitivity and predictive value of 100% and 98% respectively. One strain was mecA negative, PBP2a negative, and β-lactamase positive and it was considered “borderline”. Thirty five (58.3%) were erythromycin resistant and showed MS B (6/17.1%), eML.S B (25/71.4%) and iML.S B (4/11.4%); these last ones were D-test positive. ermA gene was the most frequent. The erythromycin resistance found contitutes a serious problem since it is one of the treatment alternatives.

Con el propósito de desarrollar un protocolo para la multiplicación del clon de banano 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) en sistema de inmersión temporal, se definieron como objetivos del trabajo determinar el efecto del tiempo (5, 10 y 15 minutos) y la frecuencia de inmersión (3, 6 y 8 horas por día), así como la influencia de diferentes combinaciones de reguladores del crecimiento (2,0; 3,0 y 4,0 mg.L-1 de 6-BAP y 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 y 4,0 mg.L-1 de 6 AIA), el efecto del volumen de medio de cultivo por planta (20, 30, 40 y 50 ml/explante) y la densidad de explantes por frasco de cultivo (30, 50, 70 y 90 explantes/frasco) para incrementar el coeficiente de multiplicación. Con el empleo de un tiempo de 10 minutos y una frecuencia de inmersión cada tres horas, se alcanzaron los mejores resultados en cuanto al número de explantes obtenidos. Con este tiempo y frecuencia de inmersión los explantes presentaron el mayor diámetro del pseudotallo. Para cada frasco de 10,0 L se inocularon 70 explantes y la renovación con 2800 ml de medio de cultivo (40 ml/explante) con un tiempo de cultivo de 21 días permitió alcanzar la mayor productividad del material en fase de multiplicación. Además al utilizar las sales MS suplementadas con 3,0 mg.L-1 de 6-BAP; 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIA; 10,0 mg.L-1 de ácido ascórbico, se logró disminuir el crecimiento innecesario de los tallos y hojas de los brotes en la fase de multiplicación y por lo tanto un mayor número de explantes.

In order to develop a protocol for multiplication of Banana clone 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) in temporary immersion systems, the following working objectives were defined: to determine the effect of immersion time (5, 10 and 15 minutes) and frequency (3, 6 and 8 hours per day), as well as, the influence of different combinations of growth regulators (2,0; 3,0 and 4,0 mg.L-1 de 6-BAP and 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 and 4,0 mg.L-1 de 6 AIA), the volume effect of culture medium plants (20, 30, 40 and 50 ml/explant) and explants density per culture flask (30, 50, 70 y 90 explants/flask) to increase the multiplication coefficient. With 10 minutes immersion time and an immersion frequency every three hours, the best results were achieved in relation to the number of explants obtained. With this immersion time and frequency, explants showed the highest pseudostem diameter. Seventy explants were inoculated in each 10,0 L culture flask. The highest productivity at the multiplication phase was achieved with a culture medium renewal of 2800 ml (40 ml/explants), and a 21 day culture time. In addition to using MS salts supplemented with 3.5 mg.L-1 of 6-BAP, 1.30 mg.L-1 of IAA, 10.0 mg.L-1 ascorbic acid, the unnecessary growth of stems and leaves of shoots in the multiplication phase was reduced and; therefore, a greater number per explant.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influência da fibra oriunda de diferentes fontes (feno de alfafa, farelo de linhaça e farelo proteinoso de milho) sobre o desempenho, coeficientes de digestibilidade e características da carne de coelhos em crescimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo uma ração referência e duas rações testes: FA - ração controle, com feno de alfafa; FL - substituição total do feno de alfafa por farelo de linhaça e FP - substituição total do feno de alfafa por farelo proteinoso de milho. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Duncan (P<0,05). A maior quantidade de hemicelulose e a baixa capacidade de hidratação das dietas FA e FP proporcionaram maior peso vivo dos animais aos 89 dias (2123 e 1934 g, respectivamente) contra 1797 g da dieta FL e melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e MO (média de 80,80 para MS e 81,76% para MO, respectivamente) em relação à dieta FL (73,86 e 75,84%, respectivamente). A dieta FP apresentou maior coeficiente de digestibilidade para a FDN (56,59%) contra a média de 33,11% para as demais dietas. A força de cisalhamento foi menor para a carne dos animais alimentados com FA e FP (1,90 e 1,63 kgf) em comparação com a FL (2,33 kgf) (P<0,05), o que indica carne mais macia. O farelo proteinoso de milho proporcionou peso vivo dos animais aos 89 dias semelhante ao do feno de alfafa. O farelo de linhaça, pela grande quantidade de fibra solúvel e alta capacidade higroscópica, prejudicou o desempenho dos animais e a maciez da carne.

The objective of this paper was to study the influence of fiber fractions from different sources (alfalfa hay, linseed bran and corn gluten meal) on performance, digestibility coefficients and meat characteristics of growing rabbits. The animals were distributed into a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replications, with one reference and two test diets: AH- control diet, with alfalfa hay; LB- total substitution of alfalfa hay by linseed bran and GM- total substitution of alfalfa hay by corn gluten meal. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the averages were compared by Duncan test (P<.05). The largest amount of hemicellulose and the low hydration capacity of the diets AF and GM proportioned greater animals live weight at 89 days of age (2123 and 1934 g, respectively) versus 1797 g of the animals fed with the diet LB and better digestibility coeficients of DM and OM (average of 80.80 for DM and 81.76% for OM, respectively) in relation to diet LB (73.86 and 75.84%, respectively). The diet GM showed a higher digestibility coefficient of NDF (56.59%) against the average of 33.11% for the other diets. The shear force was lower for meat from animals fed with AH and GM (1.90 and 1.63 kgf) compared to LB (2.33 kgf) (P<.05), which indicates meat tenderness. The corn gluten meal proportioned live weight to the animals at 89 days of age similar to the alfalfa hay. The linseed bran, due to large amount of soluble fiber and high hydration capacity, impaired animal performance and meat tenderness.