ABSTRACT Infectious sacroiliitis is a rare condition that is sometimes diagnosed late due to the poor specificity of the symptoms. In addition, imaging techniques such as scintigraphy, tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance are required to assess the extent and severity of the lesions. If early diagnosis and treatment are made, the clinical evolution is satisfactory and leaves no sequelae. Clinical case: the case of an 83-year-old female patient is presented, with a history of ischemic cerebrovascular disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection, who presented with moderately intense colic-like abdominal pain, afebrile, and reported that at the time After getting up from his chair he felt weakness in his left side. On admission, hypertensive, febrile with T°: 38°C SatO2: 98% with FiO2: 0.4. On physical examination, there was edema in MMII with pitting (+), distended abdomen, pain in the right flank and left hemiparesis. To the laboratory: hemoglobin 14.8 g/dl, platelets 38,000 μl, leukocytes 18,000 μl.

RESUMEN La sacroileítis infecciosa (SII) es una afección poco común que, en ocasiones, se diagnostica tarde por la escasa especificidad de los síntomas. Además, se requiere de técnicas de imagen como la gammagrafía, tomografía y la resonancia magnética nuclear para valorar la extensión y gravedad de las lesiones. Si se hace un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, la evolución clínica es satisfactoria y no deja secuelas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 83 años, con antecedentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémico, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus 2 e infección del tracto urinario que presentó dolor abdominal tipo cólico de moderada intensidad, afebril; manifestó que al momento de levantarse de su silla sintió debilidad en el hemicuerpo izquierdo. Al ingreso, hipertensa, febril con T° 38°C SatO2: 98 % con FiO2: 0.4. Al examen físico con edema en MMII con fóvea (+), abdomen distendido, doloroso en flanco derecho y hemiparesia izquierda. Al laboratorio: hemoglobina 14,8 g/dl, plaquetas 38.000 μl. leucocitos 18.000 μl. Posteriormente, confirmando el diagnóstico clínico sustentado en radio imágenes, se procedió al abordaje quirúrgico. La SII es una enfermedad rara con complicaciones graves, cuyo diagnóstico precoz e inicio de tratamiento rápido son fundamentales, basándose principalmente en el cuadro clínico, estudios de imágenes y la duración adecuada de la terapia antibiótica.

RESUMO Os ritmos nacionais são formados por versões urbanizadas específicas de cada nação, que criam um conjunto de géneros musicais que servem de base para a prática da atividade física especializada, ao mesmo tempo que enriquecem o património cultural. O resgate das tradições culturais requer ações específicas que incluam professores de Educação Física. Por esta razão, o objetivo da investigação é validar teoricamente, através da consulta a especialistas, uma proposta metodológica para o ensino da dança folclórica com o ritmo Pasacalle. A investigação é de tipo descritivo-explicativo com uma orientação prospectiva. Foi concebida e validada uma proposta metodológica através de um inquérito a 15 especialistas nacionais. A proposta de uma metodologia para o ensino da dança folclórica do ritmo Pasacalle é aceitável segundo os especialistas consultados (w=0,513), apresentando uma pontuação média nos indicadores "pertinência" (4,20: muito adequado), "originalidade" (3: adequado), "acessível" (4,27: muito adequado) e "objectivo" (3,93: entre adequado e muito adequado). A proposta inclui características de uma estratégia metodológica que contém uma base teórica e metodológica, com uma fase de diagnóstico e uma fase de planeamento, mais três fases que incluem a determinação de etapas metodológicas, a concepção de uma disciplina opcional e avaliação metodológica, bem como um grupo de conteúdos e objectivos a implementar na aula de educação física, mais recursos didáticos e competências com critérios de desempenho.

ABSTRACT The national rhythms are formed by urbanized versions of each nation, which create a set of musical genres that serve as the basis for the practice of specialized physical activity, while enriching the cultural heritage. The rescue of cultural traditions goes through specific actions that include Physical Education teachers. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to theoretically validate, through consultation with specialists, a methodological proposal for teaching folk dance with the Pasacalle rhythm. The research is of a descriptive-explanatory type with a prospective orientation. A methodological proposal was designed and validated through a survey by 15 national specialists. The proposal of a methodology for the teaching of the folkloric dance of the Pasacalle rhythm is acceptable according to the specialists consulted (w=0.513), presenting an average score in the indicators "relevance" (4.20: very adequate), "originality" (3: adequate), "affordable" (4.27: very adequate) and "objective" (3.93: between adequate and very adequate). The proposal includes characteristics of a methodological strategy that contains a theoretical and methodological foundation, with a diagnostic phase and a planning phase, plus three stages that include the determination of the methodological steps, the design of an optional subject and the evaluation. methodology, as well as a group of contents and objectives to be implemented in the physical education class, plus teaching resources and skills with performance criteria.

RESUMEN Los ritmos nacionales se forman por versiones urbanizadas propias de cada nación, que crean un conjunto de géneros musicales que sirven de base para la práctica de actividad física especializada, a la vez que enriquecen el acervo cultural. El rescate de las tradiciones culturales pasa por acciones específicas que incluyen al profesorado de Educación Física. Por ello, el propósito de la investigación es validar teóricamente mediante consulta de especialistas una propuesta metodológica para la enseñanza de la danza folclórica con el ritmo Pasacalle. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva-explicativa de orientación prospectiva. Se diseñó una propuesta metodológica que es validada a través de encuesta por 15 especialistas nacionales. La propuesta de una metodología para la enseñanza de la danza folclórica del ritmo Pasacalle es aceptable según establecen los especialistas consultados (w=0.513), presentando un puntaje medio en los indicadores "pertinencia" (4.20: muy adecuado), "originalidad" (3: adecuado), "asequible" (4.27: muy adecuado) y "objetivo" (3.93: entre adecuado a muy adecuado). En la propuesta, se incluyen características de una estrategia metodológica que contiene una fundamentación teórica y metodológica, con una fase de diagnóstico y otra de planeación, más tres etapas que incluyen la determinación de los pasos metodológicos, el diseño de una asignatura optativa y la evaluación metodológica, así como un grupo de contenidos y objetivos a implementar en la clase de educación física, más los recursos didácticos y destrezas con criterio de desempeño.

Resumen Contexto: Los túneles de viento son dispositivos esenciales en el estudio de las propiedades del flujo a través de objetos y prototipos a escala. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio numérico para caracterizar un túnel de viento existente proponiendo modificaciones que buscan mejorar la calidad del flujo en la cámara de ensayos. Método: Se efectúan mediciones experimentales del campo de velocidad y distribución presión de entrada de un túnel de viento. Estos valores empíricos se usan como parámetros para definir condiciones de frontera en simulaciones. A bajas velocidades se implementa el Método de Elementos Finitos para determinar la función de corriente bajo un método de Galerkin. Se usan interpolaciones polinómicas para modificar el diseño de la sección de contracción y se realizan simulaciones numéricas para comparar resultados numéricos de flujo para el túnel de viento existente y el modificado. Resultados: Se presentan mediciones experimentales del flujo en la entrada del túnel de viento. Se determinan numéricamente el campo de velocidad y distribución de variables termodinámicas en el interior del túnel. Estos cálculos son útiles ya que experimentalmente es difícil realizar mediciones dentro del canal. Adicionalmente, se presentan cálculos numéricos de estas variables sobre el túnel bajo modificaciones en su geometría. Conclusiones: Una comparación entre estas simulaciones mostró que el flujo laminar a bajas velocidades se puede modelar como fluido incompresible e irrotacional bajo una aproximación bidimensional a lo largo de su sección longitudinal. Se observa que modificaciones en la geometría del túnel pueden mejorar el flujo en la sección de ensayos del túnel de viento en el régimen laminar.

Abstract Context: Wind tunnels are essential devices in the study of flow properties through objects and scaled prototypes. This work presents a numerical study to characterize an existing wind tunnel, proposing modifications with the aim to improve the quality of the flow in the test chamber. Method: Experimental measurements of the inlet velocity and pressure distribution of a wind tunnel are performed. These empirical values are used as parameters to define boundary conditions in simulations. The Finite Element Method (FEM) at low speeds is implemented to determine the stream function by using a standard Galerkin method. Polynomial interpolations are employed to modify the contraction section design, and numerical simulations are performed in order to compare the numerical results of the flow for the existing and the modified wind tunnels. Results: Experimental measurements of the flow at the wind tunnel entrance are presented. The velocity field and distribution of thermodynamic variables inside the tunnel are numerically determined. This computations are useful since it is experimentally difficult to make measurements inside the channel. Additionally, numerical calculations of these variables are presented under modifications in the tunnel geometry. Conclusions: A comparison between these simulations show that laminar flow at low velocities can be modeled as incompressible and irrotational fluid under a bidimensional approximation along its longitudinal section. It is observed that modifications in the geometry of the tunnel can improve the flow in the test section of the wind tunnel in the laminar regime.

Abstract In short-term mine planning, mining scheduling is generally defined by designing dig-lines, allocated on benches. The mined ore will be sent to stockpiles, homogenization piles, or a concentration plant. The process to design dig-lines is usually done manually, whereby multiple simultaneous mining fronts are time-consuming and labour-intensive. The manual design of dig-lines tends to produce high variability of the grades throughout certain periods. Due to the limited time to manually multiple test dig-line design alternatives in short term planning, it is impossible to ensure production under stationary mean grades and variance. This article proposes an alternative to design short-term dig-lines, through an optimization process that joins and sequences the blocks in the block model over weeks or months, ensuring low variability of grades among periods. The methodology proposed generates multiple random paths starting at seed-points representing the locations and numbers of shovels previously selected by the mine planner. It tests multiple polygons representing a set of first dig-lines, comparing them with others, and keeping the dig-lines of low variability closer to a specific ore grade probability distribution, discarding the rest of the iterations. The process is repeated for the next dig-line. The block grades' probability distribution of all iterations is compared to a reference-grade histogram, and the iterations with the grade histogram more adherent are selected. Union-find and genetic algorithms were used to optimize the dig-lines aiming at the possible stationary grade distribution. The mean and variance of the reference model are 2.13% and 0.64%2, respectively. The mean for the automated draw dig-lines is closer to these values than the ones manually drawn. The method ensures more constant quality and quantity of ore production along a period planned, matching a target grade probability distribution. The methodology is illustrated using SiO2 values at a major iron ore mine.

Abstract Background: Carbapenem resistance mediated by carbapenemases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important mechanism; however, loss of porin OprD remains as the most frequent. Aim: To determine the proportion of P. aeruginosa isolates, resistant to imipenem and/or meropenem, producing carbapenemases, the type of enzyme produced and the genetic relationship between the isolates. Methods: One hundred and thirteen resistant to at least one carbapenem isolates, obtained in 12 hospitals and 9 cities in Chile were studied. Additionally, susceptibility to ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin and colistin was determined. Carba NP was performed and in the positive isolates carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR. The isolates were typified by restriction with SpeI and PFGE. Results: Not all isolates produce carbapenemases, and only in 61/113 of them (54%) the blaKPC (32) or blaVIM (29) was amplified. In none of the isolates was found the coharboring of both genes. The pulsotypes indicated no clonal dissemination of the isolates, evidencing an important genetic diversity. Conclusions: P. aeruginosa isolates producing carbapenemases, obtained in Chilean hospitals carry blaKPC and blaVIM genes and, mostly, are polyclonal. These results emphasize the importance of carrying out epidemiological studies with a greater number of isolates to allow a better understanding of the epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa in Chile.

Resumen Introducción: La resistencia a carbapenémicos mediada por carbapenemasas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un mecanismo importante; sin embargo, la pérdida de la porina OprD continúa siendo el mecanismo más frecuente. Objetivo: Determinar la proporción de aislados de P. aeruginosa, resistentes a imipenem y/o meropenem, productores de carbapenemasas, el tipo de enzima producida y la relación genética entre los aislados. Material y Métodos: Se incluyó 113 aislados resistentes al menos a un carbapenémico, provenientes de 12 hospitales de 9 ciudades de Chile. Adicionalmente se determinó la susceptibilidad a ceftazidima, amikacina, gentamicina, piperacilina/tazobactam, ciprofloxacina y colistina. Se realizó Carba NP y en los aislados positivos (n: 61) se detectó genes de carbapenemasas por RPC. Los aislados fueron tipificados por restricción con SpeI y PFGE. Resultados: No todos los aislados presentan carbapenemasas, y sólo en 61/113 de ellos (54%) se amplificó blaKPC (32) o blaVIM (29). En ninguno de los aislados se encontró co-portación de ambos genes. Los pulsotipos indican que no hay diseminación clonal de los aislados, evidenciando una importante diversidad genética. Conclusiones: Los aislados de P. aeruginosa productores de carbapenemasas, obtenidos en hospitales de Chile, portan genes blaKPC y blaVIM y, en su mayoría, son policlonales. Estos resultados ponen énfasis en la importancia de realizar estudios epidemiológicos con mayor número de aislados que permitan conocer mejor la epidemiología de P. aeruginosa productoras de carbapenemasas en Chile.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Healthcare workers exposed to SARS-CoV-2 are vulnerable to psychological distress. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 5 tertiary hospitals in the Central, San Pedro and Caaguazú Departments of Paraguay during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to June 2020. The pilot study included 125 healthcare workers as participants, 25 for each hospital. Demographic data and occupational exposure data were collected with an ad-hoc questionnaire. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated employing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress was determined using the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Check List-C. Results: Of the 125 participants, 68 (54.8%) were doctors, 37 (29.8) nurses, 7 (5.6%) biochemists, 3 (2.4%) obstetricians, and 9 (7.3%) other healthcare workers. Most participants were females (86 (68.8%)), with an average age of 33.8 years (SD ± 7.4), single (71 (56.8%)), with a postgraduate educational level (83 (66.4%)), and reporting a junior level of work experience (52 (41.6%)). A total of 71 (57.3%) were classified as high-risk healthcare workers after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. 61 (48.8%) of participants presented symptoms of depression, and 68 (54.4%) presented symptoms of anxiety. A small group reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress (9 (7.2%)). Conclusion: Healthcare workers in Paraguay reported a significant prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings lend support to the idea that healthcare workers are vulnerable to psychological distress and that they may require specific mental health interventions.

RESUMEN Introducción: los trabajadores de la salud expuestos al SARS-CoV-2 son vulnerables a la angustia psicológica. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 5 hospitales de tercer nivel de los Departamentos Central, San Pedro y Caaguazú de Paraguay durante la pandemia de COVID-19, de abril a junio de 2020. El estudio piloto incluyó a 125 trabajadores de la salud, 25 de cada hospital. Los datos demográficos y sobre la exposición ocupacional se recopilaron con un cuestionario ad-hoc. Los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad se evaluaron empleando la escala Patient Health Questionnaire-9 y la escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7. La prevalencia de estrés postraumático fue determinada usando la escala Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Check List-C. Resultados: de los 125 participantes, 68 (54,8%) eran médicos, 37 (29,8) enfermeros, 7 (5,6%) bioquímicos, 3 (2,4%) obstetras y 9 (7,3%) otros trabajadores de la salud. La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (86 (68,8%)), con una edad media de 33,8 años (DE ± 7,4), solteros (71 (56,8%)), con un nivel de estudios de posgrado (83 (66,4%)), y reportaban un nivel junior de experiencia laboral (52 (41,6%)). Un total de 71 (57,3%) fueron clasificados como trabajadores de la salud de alto riesgo después de la exposición al SARS-CoV-2. 61 (48,8%) de los participantes presentaron síntomas de depresión y 68 (54,4%) presentaron síntomas de ansiedad. Conclusión: los trabajadores de la salud en Paraguay reportaron una prevalencia significativa de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Estos hallazgos apoyan la idea de que los trabajadores de la salud son vulnerables a la angustia psicológica y que pueden requerir intervenciones específicas de salud mental.

Introduction: with the aging of the population an increasing number of patients attend consultation for acute abdominal symptoms that require timely and comprehensive care. Objective: to describe the causes and evolution of the acute surgical abdomen in the elderly. Methods: a descriptive observational study was carried out at the “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Hospital in the Province of Villa Clara from January 2017 to December 2018. The population consisted of 780 patients who entered the Surgery Services for acute abdomen. Sex, age, cause of acute surgical abdomen and post-surgical complications were study variables. Methods of descriptive statistics were used. The information was extracted from the medical records. Results: 54.2% were men and there was a predominance of the age group between 60 and 70 years. Complicated abdominal wall hernias were the disease with the highest incidence (34.7%), 81.4% of the adults who had undergone surgery had no post-surgical complications and mortality was 1.4%. Conclusions: the main causes of acute surgical abdomen in the elderly patient in this series were complicated abdominal wall herniation, acute appendicitis, intestinal occlusion and acute cholecystitis. There were low complications and mortality rates. The control of the acute surgical abdomen depends on the careful evaluation of the acute condition and the elective correction of known abdominal diseases.

RESUMEN Introducción: con el envejecimiento de la población un número cada vez mayor de pacientes asisten a consulta por síntomas abdominales agudos que requieren una atención oportuna e integral. Objetivo: describir las causas y la evolución del abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el adulto mayor. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de la Provincia de Villa Clara de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. La población estuvo constituida por 780 pacientes que ingresaron a los Servicios de Cirugía por abdomen agudo. Constituyeron variables de estudio el sexo, la edad, la causa de abdomen agudo quirúrgico y las complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Se emplearon métodos de la estadística descriptiva. La información fue extraída de las historias clínicas. Resultados: el 54,2% fueron hombres y se observó predominio del grupo de edad comprendido entre 60 y 70 años. Las hernias de la pared abdominal complicadas fueron la enfermedad de mayor incidencia (34,7%), el 81,4% de los adultos mayores intervenidos no presentaron complicaciones postquirúrgicas y la mortalidad fue de 1,4%. Conclusiones: las principales causas de abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el paciente adulto mayor en esta serie fueron la hernia de la pared abdominal complicada, la apendicitis aguda, la oclusión intestinal y la colecistitis aguda. Se presentaron bajas tasa de complicaciones y mortalidad. El control del abdomen agudo quirúrgico depende de la evaluación cuidadosa del cuadro agudo y de la corrección electiva de las enfermedades abdominales conocidas.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación entre las variables Conflicto trabajo-familia, Satisfacción Laboral y Calidad de Vida Laboral en una muestra de 124 funcionarios de Salud Pública del Maule, determinando diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Se les administró el Cuestionario de Conciliación Trabajo y Familia CTF/CFT, el Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral S10/12 y el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida Profesional CPV-35. Se observa que la variable Conflicto trabajo-familia tiene una relación estadísticamente significativa con Satisfacción Laboral (r=-0,23; p<0,05), no así con Calidad de Vida Laboral (r=0,13; p>0,05). A su vez, se presenta una relación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables Satisfacción Laboral y Calidad de Vida Laboral (r=0,55; p<0,01). Por último, no se reportan diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en ninguna de las dimensiones de las variables. Se concluye que estas asociaciones son relevantes en el ámbito de la salud, sin embargo, respecto a la Calidad de Vida Laboral, se sugiere indagar en los indicadores que la conforman a fin de obtener un mejor panorama de ésta en el contexto de salud pública en Chile.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar a relação entre as variáveis Conflito Trabalho-Família, Satisfação no Trabalho e Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho em uma amostra de 124 agentes de saúde pública de Maule, determinando diferenças entre homens e mulheres. Eles receberam o Questionário de Reconciliação de Trabalho e Família CTF / CFT, o Questionário de Satisfação no Trabalho S10 / 12 e o Questionário Profissional de Qualidade de Vida CPV-35. Observase que a variável Conflito trabalho-família tem relação estatisticamente significante com a satisfação no trabalho (r = -0,23, p <0,05), mas não com a qualidade de vida no trabalho (r = 0,13, p> 0, 05). Por sua vez, foi apresentada uma relação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis Satisfação no Trabalho e Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (r = 0,55, p <0,01). Finalmente, não há diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres em qualquer das dimensões das variáveis. Conclui-se que essas associações são relevantes no campo da saúde, no entanto, no que diz respeito à Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho, sugere-se investigar os indicadores que a compõem para obter um melhor panorama da mesma no contexto da saúde pública em Chile.

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify the relationship between the variables Work-Family Conflict, Labor Satisfaction and Quality of Work Life in a sample of 124 public health officials from Maule, determining differences between men and women. They were administered the Work and Family Reconciliation Questionnaire CTF / CFT, the Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire S10 / 12 and the Quality of Life Professional Questionnaire CPV-35. It is observed that the variable Work-family conflict has a statistically significant relationship with Labor Satisfaction (r = -0.23, p <0.05), but not with Labor Quality of Life (r = 0.13, p> 0, 05). In turn, a statistically significant relationship was presented between the variables Labor Satisfaction and Quality of Work Life (r = 0.55, p <0.01). Finally, there are no significant differences between men and women in any of the dimensions of the variables. It is concluded that these associations are relevant in the field of health, however, with respect to the Quality of Work Life, it is suggested to investigate the indicators that comprise it in order to obtain a better panorama of it in the context of public health in Chile.

Gaceta Médica de México, official journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico, began its circulation on September 15, 1864, and continues to be positioned as the oldest medical periodical publication. However, its publication was temporarily interrupted. The present study analyzes the interruption suffered by Gaceta in 1916, its resumption in 1919, and the causes that originated that discontinuity. The consequences of the so-called Mexican revolution and the enthusiasm and commitment of the academy and its editors to continue working for the progress of national medicine are discussed.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como principal cometido reflexionar acerca de las bases epistemológicas que envuelven la creatividad dentro del entorno de las organizaciones y el rol creativo que debe asumir el gerente como parte de un accionar que se dirige hacia el campo de la competitividad, asumiendo que la creatividad se perfila como una habilidad que encamina dicho proceso. La investigación se sustentó bajo los estudios de tipo documental con la descripción de los elementos inherentes a la misma; la recopilación de información se llevó a cabo a través de la revisión bibliográfica en diversas fuentes. Así mismo se indagó en base a un análisis de contenido en algunas posturas teóricas vinculadas a la comprensión conductual de las personas dentro de las organizaciones y el tratamiento que se le da a cada una de ellas a la creatividad; además fue posible analizar un modelo de creatividad organizacional para luego conectar todos estos aspectos con la competitividad.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to reflect on the epistemological bases that surround creativity within the environment of organizations and the creative role that the manager must assume as part of an action that is directed towards the field of competitiveness, assuming that the creativity is outlined as a skill that directs this process. The research was based on documentary studies with the description of the elements inherentto it; The collection of information was carried out through the literature review in various sources. Likewise, it was investigated based on an analysis of content in some theoretical positions linked to the behavioral understanding of people within organizations and the treatment given to each of them to creativity; It was also possible to analyze a model of organizational creativity to later connect all these aspects with competitiveness.

Resumen Las grandes revoluciones han mostrado, con el transcurrir de los años, que es preciso ir a la par con lo que sucede en el día a día. Sin duda alguna la tecnología comporta una de las transformaciones más impactantes el mundo actual, calando de forma significativa en cada estrato de la vida social. La educación, como centro mismo de la evolución humana, ha sido invadida de manera significativa por las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), creando entornos digitales donde el estudiante puede potenciar sus capacidades y educarse sin la presencia física. De manera sincrónica o asincrónica, lo realmente veraz es que solo necesita estar conectado a la red para recibir formación, a través de un aula virtual, con la asistencia de un tutor on-line. El presente estudio de campo se orientó al análisis de la experiencia de 12 tutores universitarios de aulas virtuales de la carrera de ingeniería comercial de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón, en cuanto a la formación de sus estudiantes (y la suya propia), desde estos entornos de autoformación. Para ello se recopilaron una serie de datos cónsonos con las variables formación y autoformación, por intermedio de una encuesta bajo la modalidad de cuestionario. Igualmente, los resultados obtenidos fueron tratados por medio de la estadística descriptiva y presentados en tablas de frecuencias y gráficos de barra, destacándose la experiencia significativa de los tutores en cuanto a la formación que imparten en las aulas virtuales y, también, subrayando la apropiación real de nuevos conocimientos a partir de su praxis como tutores

Abstract Great revolutions have demonstrated, over the course of the years, that it is necessary to keep up with the everchanging reality. Undoubtedly, technology conveys one of the most shocking transformations in today's world, substantially cutting across every stratum of social life. Education, as the very center of human evolution, has been significantly invaded by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), creating digital environments where students can enhance their abilities and educate themselves in digital environments, without being physically present. As a matter of fact, the only thing they actually need is to be connected to the network in order to receive training, through a virtual classroom, with the assistance of an oniine tutor. This field study was aimed to the analysis of the experience of 12 virtual-classroom university tutors of the Department of Commercial Engineering of the University Mayor de San Simón, regarding their students learning process (as well as their own) within these self-training environments. Hence, a series of data were compiled Concerning training and self-training variables by means of a survey, in the form of a questionnaire. Likewise, the results obtained were handied by means of descriptive statistics and presented in frequeney tables and bar graphs. The significant experience of the tutors in terms of training in virtual classrooms was highlighted, underlining the actual appropriation of new knowledge through their praxis as tutors.

ABSTRACT Global dissemination of mcr-like genes represents a serious threat to public health since it jeopardizes the effectiveness of colistin, an antibiotic used as a last-resort treatment against highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In 2017, a mcr-1-positive isolate of Escherichia coli was found in Chile for the first time. Herein we report the genetic features of this strain (UCO-457) by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and conjugation experiments. The UCO-457 strain belonged to ST4204 and carried a 285 kb IncI2-type plasmid containing the mcr-1 gene. Moreover, this plasmid was transferred by conjugation to an E. coli J53 strain at high frequency. The isolate harbored the cma, iroN, and iss virulence genes and did carry resistance genes to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones. Other antibiotic resistance determinants such as β-lactamases-encoding genes were not detected, making the isolate highly susceptible to these antibiotics. Our results revealed that such susceptible isolates could be acting as platforms to disseminate plasmid-mediated colistin resistance. Based on this evidence, we consider that mcr-like prevalence deserves urgent attention and should be examined not only in highly resistant bacteria but also in susceptible isolates.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of smoking on gingival inflammation in a representative sample of 1,650 adults from Santiago (Chile), Porto Alegre (Brazil), and Tucumán (Argentina). A questionnaire was administered to participants to gather demographic and behavioral characteristics, including smoking habits. The participants were clinically examined to obtain gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), visible plaque index (VPI), and calculus presence values. Gingival inflammation was defined as a mean GI > 0.5. Heavy smokers presented significantly lower levels of gingival inflammation, as reflected by both GI and GBI, than both light and moderate smokers, despite their having increased amounts of plaque and calculus. Being 50 years old or older [odds ratio (OR), 1.93], a VPI ≥ 30% (OR, 28.1), and self-reported diabetes (OR, 2.79) were positively associated with detection of gingival inflammation. In conclusion, the occurrence of clinically detectable gingival inflammation was lower in heavy smokers than light and moderate smokers. Older age, diabetes, and visible plaque emerged as risk indicators of gingivitis. Plaque and gingival indices are significantly associated regardless of the smoking status.

Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the self-reported oral hygiene habits, dental visit frequency, and gingival bleeding perception in adult populations from three South American cities, and also to assess the association of these variables with sociodemographic data and with the clinical presence of plaque and gingival inflammation. Five-hundred and fifty adult subjects from each city (Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tucumán, Argentina; Santiago, Chile) received full mouth examinations to determine visible plaque and gingival index. A structured questionnaire on demographics, habits, attitudes and knowledge of oral health was also administered. The data were analyzed according to dental visit frequency, toothbrushing frequency, interproximal tooth cleaning frequency, subjects’ perception of gum bleeding, and proportion of subject sites with VP and bleeding sites. Analysis of the association among the variables was performed using either a chi-square test or Fischer's exact test. Toothbrushing twice a day or more was reported by 84.2% of the subjects, but only 17.7% reported daily interdental cleaning, and 60.2% reported visiting a dental clinic only in an emergency. Only 2.97% had no bleeding sites, whereas 33.7% had 50% or more bleeding sites. Regular interdental self-cleaning and a dental visit every 3-6 months was associated with less plaque and less gingival bleeding. More than 12 years of education was associated with healthier habits, less bleeding and plaque scores. In conclusion, the oral health behavior of South American adult subjects from these cities is below the international recommendations, especially in relation to interdental cleaning and regular dental visits.

Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to several antimicrobials have been gradually emerged since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Consequently, the first isolation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus occurred in 1960, which was described a few years later in Chile. Currently, S. aureus resistant to antistaphylococcal penicillins is endemic in Chilean hospitals and worldwide, being responsible for a high burden of morbidity and mortality. This resistance is mediated by the expression of a new transpeptidase, named PBP2a or PBP2’, which possesses lower affinity for the β-lactam antibiotics, allowing the synthesis of peptidoglycan even in presence of these antimicrobial agents. This new enzyme is encoded by the mecA gene, itself embedded in a chromosomal cassette displaying a genomic island structure, of which there are several types and subtypes. Methicillin resistance is mainly regulated by an induction mechanism activated in the presence of β-lactams, through a membrane receptor and a repressor of the gene expression. Although mec-independent methicillin resistance mechanisms have been described, they are clearly infrequent.

Resumen Desde el inicio de la era antimicrobiana se han ido seleccionando gradualmente cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a antimicrobianos de amplio uso clínico. Es así como en 1960 se describen en Inglaterra las primeras cepas resistentes a meticilina, y algunos años después son informadas en hospitales de Chile. Actualmente, S. aureus resistente a penicilinas antiestafilocóccicas es endémico en los hospitales de nuestro país y del mundo, siendo responsable de una alta morbimortalidad. La resistencia es mediada habitualmente por la síntesis de una nueva transpeptidasa, denominada PBP2a o PBP2’ que posee menos afinidad por el β-lactámico, y es la que mantiene la síntesis de peptidoglicano en presencia del antimicrobiano. Esta nueva enzima se encuentra codificada en el gen mecA, a su vez inserto en un cassette cromosomal con estructura de isla genómica, de los cuales existen varios tipos y subtipos. La resistencia a meticilina se encuentra regulada, principalmente, por un mecanismo de inducción de la expresión del gen en presencia del β-lactámico, a través de un receptor de membrana y un represor de la expresión. Si bien se han descrito mecanismos generadores de resistencia a meticilina mec independientes, son categóricamente menos frecuentes.