Resumo O estudo examinou a eficácia da enzima papaína liofilizada obtida de três espécies de Vasconcellea (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) como coagulante natural na fabricação de queijo. Em particular, a enzima V. pubescens demonstrou os resultados mais promissores quando concentrações de 2 g/L, 4 g/L e 6 g/L foram usadas na produção de queijo fresco, enquanto outras espécies de enzimas apresentaram menor eficácia. O rendimento ideal do queijo fresco com o mínimo de enzima residual foi alcançado quando uma dose de 2 g/L da enzima papaína foi empregada a uma temperatura de coagulação de 30 °C, resultando em características físico-químicas e organolépticas comparáveis às produzidas com o coalho Hansen comercial. No entanto, um aumento na temperatura de coagulação (42 °C) e uma dose maior de enzima papaína (4 g/L) resultaram em uma redução no rendimento do queijo fresco e, consequentemente, a enzima residual aumentou. São necessários mais estudos para determinar a pureza da papaína liofilizada e a dosagem mais eficaz para aumentar a lucratividade para produtores e consumidores. Essas descobertas poderiam facilitar a aplicação ecológica dessa alternativa na produção de queijo fresco. V (V chachapoyensis heilbornii particular gL g L 3 C °C físicoquímicas físico químicas comercial entanto 42 ( consequentemente aumentou consumidores

Abstract The study examined the efficacy of freeze-dried papain enzyme obtained from three Vasconcellea species (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) as a natural coagulant in cheese making. Notably, the enzyme V. pubescens demonstrated the most promising results when concentrations of 2 g/L, 4 g/L, and 6 g/L were used to produce fresh cheese, while other enzyme species exhibited lower efficacy. The optimal yield of fresh cheese with minimal residual enzyme was achieved when a 2 g/L dose of papain enzyme was employed at a coagulation temperature of 30 °C, resulting in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those produced with commercial Hansen’s rennet. Nevertheless, an increase in the coagulation temperature (42 °C) and a higher dose of papain enzyme (4 g/L) resulted in a reduction in the yield of fresh cheese and; consequently, the residual enzyme increased. Further studies are required to determine the purity of freeze-dried papain and the most effective dosage to increase profitability for producers and consumers. Such findings could facilitate the ecological application of this alternative in producing of fresh cheese. freezedried freeze dried V (V chachapoyensis heilbornii making Notably gL g L 3 C °C Hansens Hansen s rennet Nevertheless 42 ( consequently increased consumers

Abstract In this research, the papain enzyme was obtained from the latex of three species of the Vasconcellea genus, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii and V. pubescens, species native to the Amazon region in Peru. The extracted latex was conditioned with sodium acetate buffer, EDTA and sodium bisulfite solution. The purification was carried out adapting the method of Andrade (2011), ammonium sulfate was used for precipitation; 96° ethanol in two stages for dilution; the pH was regulated at 6.0 and 8.0 with NaOH 0.1 N, it was centrifuged in three stages; frozen at -65 °C for 12 hours; and lyophilized from 24 to 36 hours with a vacuum of 0.1 to 0.6 mbar and a collector temperature of -84 to -85 ° C, finally it was packed in dark bottles. Using the milk coagulation method (Balls and Hoover) the enzymatic activity (AE) was determined, the three species obtained higher values of AE at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0; V. chachapoyensis presented a higher significant average of EA (240.97 Upe), followed by V. pubescens (195.80 Upe) and V. heilbornii (112.45 Upe), it was also significantly higher than commercial papain (208.14 Upe). V. pubescens had higher proteolytic activity than the other species.

Resumen En esta investigación se obtuvo la enzima papaína a partir de látex de tres especies del género Vasconcellea, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii y V. pubescens, especies nativas de la región Amazonas en Perú. El látex extraído se acondiciono con buffer acetato de sodio, EDTA y solución de bisulfito de sodio. La purificación se realizó adaptando el método de Andrade (2011), se utilizó sulfato de amonio para la precipitación; etanol de 96° en dos etapas para la dilución; se regulo el pH a 6.0 y 8.0 con NaOH 0.1 N, se centrifugo en tres etapas; se congelo a -65 °C por 12 horas; y liofilizo de 24 a 36 horas con vacío de 0.1 a 0.6 mbar y temperatura de colector de -84 a -85 ° C, finalmente se envaso en frascos oscuros. Utilizando el método de coagulación de leche (Balls and Hoover) se determinó la actividad enzimática (AE), las tres especies obtuvieron mayores valores de AE a pH 6.0 que a pH 8.0; la V. chachapoyensis presento mayor promedio significativo de AE (240.97 Upe), seguido de V. pubescens (195.80 Upe) y V. heilbornii (112.45 Upe), también fue significativamente superior a la papaína comercial (208.14 Upe). La V. pubescens tuvo mayor actividad proteolítica que las otras especies.

ABSTRACT We describe isolated teleostean teeth found in no association with the jaw bone. The specimens have been recovered in Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Vivian Formation in the Peruvian Sub-Andean Region. The deposition sequence from where the teeth come is interpreted as a shallowing-upward sequence of low salinity. The fish material is identified as Enchodus aff. E. gladiolus based on the presence of a small but well-developed post-apical barb, an anterior cutting edge, the crown is symmetrical in cross-section, have a sigmoidal profile, and bears strong ridges (=striations). The Peruvian material differs from the typical E. gladiolus teeth in having a faintly serrated anterior cutting edge which is absent in most specimens referred to E. gladiolus. We also highlight that taxonomic assignments made based on isolated teeth must be taken with care. Despite scarce, the material recovered denotes that the marine units of Peru can give valuable information about the Pacific fish fauna during the Late Cretaceous.

RESUMEN Se describen dientes aislados de peces teleósteos, los que no se encontraron asociados con huesos de las quijadas Los especímenes han sido recuperados en depósitos marinos del Cretácico tardío de la Formación Vivian en la Región Subandina del Perú. La secuencia sedimentaria de donde provienen los dientes se interpreta como una secuencia somerizante de baja salinidad. El material de peces es referido como Enchodus aff. E. gladiolus con base en la presencia de una barba posapical pequeña, pero bien desarrollada, además de un borde cortante anterior; la corona es simétrica en sección transversal, con un perfil sigmoidal y fuertes crestas (=estrías). El material peruano se diferencia de los dientes típicos de E. gladiolus en tener un borde cortante anterior ligeramente aserrado que está ausente en la mayoría de los especímenes referidos a E. gladiolus. Se destaca también que las asignaciones taxonómicas realizadas a partir de dientes aislados se deben tomar con cuidado. A pesar de ser escaso, el material recuperado denota que las unidades marinas del Perú pueden brindar información valiosa sobre la fauna de peces del Pacífico durante el Cretácico Superior.

Abstract Geological studies in the northern sector of the Chaco foreland Basin, Bolivia, yielded new fossils coming from late Oligocene-late Miocene of the Petaca Formation. Few fossil mammals were known from the Subandean Region of Bolivia. We report a partially complete mandible of a hegetotheriid Hegetotheriinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) from Abapó (Río Grande River). The specimen (YPFB-LIT-PAL-005) is very close in size and dental morphology to the late Oligocene (Deseadan South American Land Mammal Age, SALMA) — Santacrucian (early Miocene) Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich 1932) from Fray Bentos (Uruguay and Argentina), Salla (Bolivia), Divisadero Largo-Potrerillos and Quebrada Fiera (Argentina). However, mandibular characteristics, as the shape with a marked change in height along its length, increasing towards the back, a prominent masseteric crest, a deep mandibular groove, and a remarkable thickening of the ventral rim of the mandible, indicate differences between this specimen and Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi and the other Hegetotheriinae. The affinity of YPFB-LIT-PAL-005 with P. schiaffinoi suggests a late Oligocene to early Miocene for the upper bearing horizon of the Petaca Formation (in Abapó), an older age than previously assigned to the top of this unit (late Miocene), and confirms the taxon distribution between ∼ 36 ° to ∼ 17 ° south latitude.

Abstract On March 16, 2020, a policy of quarantine and social isolation initiated in Peru imposed by the declaration of National Public Health Emergency for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which is affecting everyone. The research aimed to collect information that anticipates the impacts on the quantity and the need to distribute food for food security. From a global point of view, fiscal, monetary, and macro-financial policies corresponding to approximately 7% of the National GDP. These efforts will be insufficient if they are not complemented by adequate planning to supply the needs of Peru with at least 484,402.1 kilos of food per month, concerning agricultural products contained in the index basket and that need to be distributed in all regions of the country, such as rice, potatoes and at least 14 other products. In conclusion, measures in four aspects are urgent: technological, scientific, humanitarian, and planning, in addition to those implemented, to mitigate the impacts on food security, now and post-pandemic, it is suggested that the issue should be treated from a transdisciplinary perspective.

The sedimentary infill of the Austral-Magallanes Basin since the onset of its foreland stage in the Lago Argentino region is dominated by deep-marine and coastal deposits. However, during the Late Cretaceous the basin accumulated a thick and poorly known continental sedimentary succession, which has received different lithostratigraphic names. The aim of this work is to characterize the here defined Uppermost Cretaceous Continental Deposits (UCCD) from a detailed facies and architectural analysis, as well as the resulting stacking pattern. Seven Facies Associations (FAs) were discriminated in order to define the sedimentary paleoenvironments: FA1, gravelly sheet bodies; FA2, tabular bodies of conglomerates with mud rip-up clasts; FA3, complex tabular sandy bodies; FA4, simple tabular sandy bodies; FA5, tabular bodies of structureless sandstones; FA6, heterolithic deposits; and FA7, fine-grained deposits. Three different fluvial styles were recognized: meandering systems dominated by avulsion and meander abandonment processes (fluvial style a), braided systems (fluvial style b), and meandering systems dominated by overbank flood processes (fluvial style c). The stacking pattern of the FAs allowed to divide the UCCD into two major depositional stages related to the accommodation space vs sediment supply (A/S) ratio. Stage I is characterized by the alternation of fluvial styles a and b, while the Stage II is represented by the alternation of fluvial styles c and b, and the Stage III is characterized entirely by fluvial style c deposits. Although the UCCD are considered as a whole within a framework of low A/S ratio, several high frequency variations were recognized. The Stage I records seven high frequency intervals of which four are characterized by high A/S ratio interrupted by three events of low A/S. While the stage II is represented by six high frequency periods of low A/S ratio and other five high frequency events of high A/S ratio. The Stage II is considered as deposited in a relative higher A/S context in comparison with the Stage I, based on the behavior of the moderate to high sinuosity meander fluvial systems. Finally, the Stage III is represented entirely by a high frequency low A/S ratio event.