ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder complaints and associated factors in musicians, according to their instruments. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational, analytical study with 48 adults, divided into three groups: string instrumentalists, wind instrumentalists, and control group. The ProDTMmulti questionnaire was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, setting the significance level at 5%. Results: almost 40% of participants, spontaneously reported some temporomandibular disorder complaint. The control group had fewer complaints and harmful oral habits. Masticatory muscle fatigue was more frequent in the wind group than in the string one; noise in the temporomandibular joint was less frequent in controls than in the string group; and the unilateral masticatory pattern was more frequent in the wind group than in the others. The complaint of ear fullness was greater in the wind group. An association was found between temporomandibular disorder complaints and facial muscle pain, facial muscle pain during musical activity, facial muscle pain after musical activity, headache, and headache after musical practice. Conclusion: spontaneous complaints of temporomandibular disorders were observed in 56.7% of wind and string musicians.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a ocorrência de queixas de disfunção temporomandibular e fatores associados em musicistas, de acordo com os instrumentos praticados. Métodos: estudo transversal observacional analítico realizado com 48 adultos, divididos em três grupos: instrumentistas de corda, de sopro e grupo controle. Foi aplicado o questionário ProDTMmulti. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: quase 40% dos participantes relataram espontaneamente alguma queixa de disfunção temporomandibular. O grupo controle apresentou menos queixas e hábitos orais deletérios. A fadiga da musculatura mastigatória teve maior ocorrência no grupo de sopro do que no de cordas, já o ruído na articulação temporomandibular teve menor ocorrência no grupo controle comparado ao grupo cordas e o padrão mastigatório unilateral foi mais frequente no grupo sopro quando comparado aos demais. A queixa de plenitude auricular foi maior no grupo sopro. Verificou-se associação entre queixa de disfunção temporomandibular e dor muscular na face, dor muscular na face durante atividade musical, dor muscular na face após atividade musical, dor de cabeça e dor de cabeça após atividade musical. Conclusão: verificaram-se queixas espontâneas de disfunção temporomandibular em 56,7% dos musicistas de sopro e cordas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a method for analyzing breathing modes with infrared thermography. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study used 38 thermal images of inspiration and expiration with nasal breathing and simulated mouth breathing in four nasal breathers without respiratory complaints. Three different data selection forms (line, rectangle, and ellipse) were used to extract the minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures of the regions of interest (nose and mouth) using the FLIR Tools® software. Results Among the three selection forms, there was greater temperature variability obtained with the line, revealing limitations in this measurement. There were no differences between the rectangle and ellipse values, showing that both selection forms present similar temperature extraction results. The comparison results between nose and mouth temperatures during inspiration and expiration indicated a statistically significant difference between all measurements, except for mean inspiration temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. The breathing mode can be distinguished in both inspiration and expiration when using mean mouth temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. Conclusion Breathing modes should be assessed based on mean mouth temperatures during inspiration, using the ellipse.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar um método de análise do modo respiratório por meio da termografia infravermelha. Método Estudo transversal exploratório de 38 imagens térmicas que representavam o momento da inspiração e da expiração durante a respiração nasal e durante a simulação da respiração oral de quatro voluntárias respiradoras nasais sem queixas respiratórias. Para a extração da temperatura das regiões de interesse (nariz e boca) foram utilizadas três formas de seleção distintas de dados (linha, retângulo e elipse) e três medidas de temperatura (mínima, média e máxima) por meio do software FLIR Tools®. Resultados Dentre as três formas de seleção houve maior variabilidade nas medidas obtidas pela linha, revelando limitações nessa medida. Não houve diferenças entre as medidas do retângulo e elipse, mostrando que ambas as formas de seleção apresentam resultados semelhantes para a extração das temperaturas. Na comparação entre as temperaturas do nariz e da boca na inspiração e expiração, os resultados indicaram que houve diferença com relevância estatística em todas as medidas realizadas, exceto para as medidas de temperatura média da inspiração, usando o retângulo e a elipse. Percebe-se diferenciação do modo respiratório tanto na inspiração quanto na expiração quando utilizada a temperatura média da boca com o retângulo e a elipse. Conclusão Sugere-se para avaliação do modo respiratório a avaliação da boca, por meio da elipse, com análise da temperatura média durante a inspiração.

Abstract Objectives: To analyze breathing modes with infrared thermography. Methods: Cross-sectional observational exploratory study conducted in 20 female participants with a mean age of 26.0-years. The thermograms were made following the principles of the American Academy of Thermology and the Brazilian Thermology Society. The camera FLIR A315 (FLIR Inc., Santa Barbara, CA) was used for the tests. The recordings consisted of the participants breathing normally through the nose for 2 min and simulating oral/oronasal breathing for another 2min. The thermograms were analyzed with the FLIR Tools software. An ellipse was placed between the nostrils and the lip commissures to obtain the mean temperatures. The collection was made by two independent researchers, and the normalized non-dimensional temperature was calculated. Results: The temperature in nasal breathing is higher than in oral/oronasal breathing both for inhaling and exhaling when measured in the region of the mouth. The exhaling temperatures were higher than the inhaling ones in oral/oronasal breathing (through the nose and the mouth) and nasal breathing (only through the nose). The temperature difference between exhaling and inhaling (ΔT) was greater in oral/oronasal breathing when measured in the region of the mouth. Conclusion: The thermographic assessment of breathing modes may be made by comparing the mean temperatures of the mouth, using an ellipse. Level of evidence: Study without consistently applied reference standards.