Abstract We announce the mitochondrial genomes of seven species of the genus Sporophila (S. bouvreuil, S. iberaensis, S. melanogaster, S. minuta, S. nigrorufa, S. pileata, and S. ruficollis) which were validated by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with related species. The mitochondrial genomes of seven passerines of the genus Sporophila were assembled (three complete and four nearly complete genomes) and were validated by reconstructing phylogenetic relations within Thraupidae. The complete mitogenomes ranged from 16,781 bp in S. ruficollis to 16,791 bp in S. minuta. We identified a conserved genome composition within all mitogenomes with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs. We observed a bias in the nucleotide composition and six mutational hotspots in Sporophila mitogenomes. Our mitogenome-based phylogenetic tree has S. minuta, S. maximiliani and S. nigricollis as sister species of the remaining species in the genus. We present new mitogenome sequences for seven Sporophila species, providing new genomic resources that may be useful for research on the evolution, comparative genetics, and conservation of this threatened group. S (S bouvreuil iberaensis melanogaster minuta nigrorufa pileata three Thraupidae 16781 16 781 16,78 16791 791 16,79 1 proteincoding protein coding genes 2 rRNAs mitogenomebased based evolution genetics group 1678 78 16,7 1679 79 167 7 16,

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) prognosis remains poor. Vasospasm mechanism might be associated with inflammation. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been studied as inflammation markers and prognostic predictors. Objective We aimed to investigate NLR and PLR in admission as predictors of angiographic vasospasm and functional outcome at 6 months. Methods This cohort study included consecutive aneurysmal SAH patients admitted to a tertiary center. Complete blood count was recorded at admission before treatment. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, NLR, and PLR were collected as independent variables. Vasospasm occurrence-modified Rankin scale (mRS), Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), and Hunt-Hess score at admission and at 6 months were recorded as dependent variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounding and to assess the independent prognostic value of NLR and PLR at admission. Results A total of 74.1% of the patients were female, with mean age of 55.6 ± 12.4 years. At admission, the median Hunt-Hess score was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1), and the median mFisher was 3 (IQR 1). Microsurgical clipping was the treatment for 66.2% of the patients. Angiographic vasospasm incidence was 16.5%. At 6 months, the median GOS was 4 (IQR 0.75), and the median mRS was 3 (IQR 1.5). Twenty-one patients (15.1%) died. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and PLR levels did not differ between favorable and unfavorable (mRS > 2 or GOS < 4) functional outcomes. No variables were significantly associated with angiographic vasospasm. Conclusion Admission NLR and PLR presented no value for prediction of functional outcome or angiographic vasospasm risk. Further research is needed in this field. (SAH poor Neutrophiltolymphocyte Neutrophil (NLR platelettolymphocyte (PLR center occurrencemodified occurrence modified mRS, , (mRS) GOS, (GOS) HuntHess Hunt Hess 741 74 1 74.1 female 556 55 55. 124 12 12. years interquartile IQR [IQR 1, 1) 1. . 662 66 66.2 165 16 5 16.5% 0.75, 075 0.75 0 75 0.75) 1.5. 15 1.5 1.5) Twentyone Twenty one 15.1% 151 (15.1% died outcomes risk field (GOS 7 74. 66. 16.5 07 0.7 15.1 (15.1 16. 0. 15. (15. (15 (1 (

Resumo Antecedentes O prognóstico da hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) permanece ruim. Vasoespasmo pode estar associado à inflamação. Razões neutrófilo-linfócito (NLR) e plaqueta-linfócito (PLR) têm sido estudadas como marcadores de inflamação e prognóstico. Objetivo Investigar NLR e PLR na admissão como preditores de vasoespasmo angiográfico e desfecho aos 6 meses. Métodos Este estudo de coorte incluiu pacientes consecutivos com HSA aneurismática de um centro terciário. Contagem de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos e plaquetas, proporção de neutrófilos para linfócitos e de plaquetas para linfócitos foram coletados como variáveis independentes. Ocorrência de vasoespasmo, escala de Rankin modificada, escala de desfecho de Glasgow e o escore de Hunt-Hess na admissão e 6 meses após a mesma foram registradas como variáveis dependentes. Modelos de regressão logística multivariável foram usados para ajustar potenciais fatores de confusão e avaliar valor prognóstico independente de NLR e PLR. Resultados Um total de 74,1% pacientes eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 55,6 ± 12,4 anos. Na admissão, a pontuação média de Hunt-Hess foi de 2 (IQR 1) e a mediana de mFisher foi de 3 (IQR 1). Clipagem microcirúrgica foi o tratamento escolhido para 66,2% dos pacientes. A incidência de vasoespasmo angiográfico foi de 16,5%. Aos 6 meses, a escala de desfecho de Glasgow mediana era 4 (IQR 0,75) e a escala de Rankin modificada mediana era 3 (IQR 1,5). Vinte e um pacientes (15,1%) morreram. Os níveis de NLR e PLR não diferiram entre resultados funcionais favoráveis e desfavoráveis (mRS > 2 ou GOS < 4). Nenhuma variável foi significativamente associada ao vasoespasmo angiográfico. Conclusão Razão neutrófilo-linfócito e a PLR não apresentaram valor preditivo de desfecho funcional ou risco de vasoespasmo angiográfico. Mais pesquisas são necessárias neste campo. (HSA ruim neutrófilolinfócito neutrófilo linfócito (NLR plaquetalinfócito plaqueta (PLR terciário leucócitos independentes HuntHess Hunt Hess dependentes 741 74 1 74,1 feminino 556 55 55, 124 12 12, anos IQR 1. . 662 66 66,2 165 16 5 16,5% 0,75 075 0 75 1,5. 15 1,5 1,5) 15,1% 151 (15,1% morreram mRS 4. 4) campo 7 74, 66, 16,5 0,7 07 1, 15,1 (15,1 16, 0, 15, (15, (15 (1 (

Resumen La vía aérea pequeña, presente desde los orígenes de la humanidad y descrita hace apenas un siglo, se ha descubierto recientemente como el sitio anatómico donde inicia la inflamación provocada por algunas enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas: asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), per se. Se ha identificado disfunción de la vía aérea pequeña en el 91% de los pacientes asmáticos y en una gran proporción de quienes padecen EPOC. En los pacientes sin enfermedad, la vía aérea pequeña representa el 98.8% (4500 mL) del volumen pulmonar total, y solo aporta del 10 al 25% de la resistencia pulmonar total; sin embargo, en sujetos con obstrucción puede suponer el 90% de la resistencia total. A pesar de esto, sus características morfológicas y funcionales permiten que la disfunción pase inadvertida por métodos diagnósticos convencionales, por ejemplo la espirometría. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar el panorama general de los métodos disponibles para evaluar la vía aérea pequeña y los posibles tratamientos asociados con esta zona silente.

Abstract The small airway, present since the origins of humanity and described barely a century ago, has recently been discovered as the anatomical site where inflammation begins in some obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), per se. Small airway dysfuction was identified in up to 91% of asthmatic patients and in a large proportion of COPD patients. In subjects without pathology, small airway represent 98.8% (approximately 4500 ml) of the total lung volume, contributing only between 10-25% of the total lung resistance; however, in subjects with obstruction, it can represent up to 90% of the total resistance. Despite this, its morphological and functional characteristics allow its dysfunction to remain undetected by conventional diagnostic methods, such as spirometry. Hence the importance of this review, which offers an overview of the tools available to assess small airway dysfunction and the possible therapies that act in this silent zone.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Temporary arterial occlusion (TAO) is a widespread practice in the surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms. This study aimed to investigate TAO’s role during ruptured aneurysm clipping as an independent prognostic factor on short- and long-term outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort included 180 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms and an indication of microsurgical treatment. Patients who died in the first 12 hours after admission were excluded. Results: TAO was associated with intraoperative rupture (IOR) (odds ratio – OR = 10.54; 95% confidence interval – 95%CI 4.72–23.55; p < 0.001) and surgical complications (OR = 2.14; 95%CI 1.11–4.07; p = 0.01). The group with TAO and IOR had no significant difference in clinical (p = 0.06) and surgical (p = 0.94) complications compared to the group that had TAO, but no IOR. Among the 111 patients followed six months after treatment, IOR, number of occlusions, and total time of occlusion were not associated with Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) in the follow-up (respectively, p = 0.18, p = 0.30, and p = 0.73). Among patients who underwent TAO, IOR was also not associated with GOS in the follow-up (p = 0.29). Conclusions: TAO was associated with IOR and surgical complications, being the latter independent of IOR occurrence. In long-term analysis, neither TAO nor IOR were associated with poor clinical outcomes. Purpose (TAO TAOs s short longterm long term outcomes Methods 18 1 excluded Results (IOR odds 10.54 1054 10 54 95 95CI CI 4.72–23.55 4722355 4 72 23 55 0.001 0001 0 001 2.14 214 2 14 1.11–4.07 111407 11 07 0.01. 0.01 . 01 0.01) 0.06 006 06 0.94 094 94 occlusions (GOS followup follow up respectively, respectively (respectively 018 0.18 030 30 0.30 0.73. 073 0.73 73 0.73) 0.29. 029 0.29 29 0.29) Conclusions occurrence analysis 10.5 105 5 9 4.72–23.5 472235 7 0.00 000 00 2.1 21 1.11–4.0 11140 0.0 0.9 09 0.1 03 3 0.3 0.7 02 0.2 10. 4.72–23. 47223 2. 1.11–4. 1114 0. 4.72–23 4722 1.11–4 4.72–2 472 1.11– 4.72– 47 1.11 4.72 1.1 4.7 1. 4.

Abstract The role that science has played in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic is in frank discussion in Brazil and in the world. Considering the need to deepen the debate on the conceptions of science in the present context, as well as its consequences, this essay aims to discuss, from epistemological references, the problem of the demarcation between science and non-science, scientific research programs and denialism in the pandemic. In the first part of the text, the discussion of the demarcation between science and non-science is presented, with emphasis on the proposition of philosopher Imre Lakatos on scientific research programs and their relationship with research on Covid-19. In the second part, an argument is made about denialism in the Covid-19 pandemic and its relationship with necropolitics and neo-fascism. Finally, the need to incorporate interdisciplinarity, the active participation of subjects and the guarantee of human rights in scientific research programs on Covid-19, as well as in other public health topics, is discussed.Resumo: O papel que a ciência tem cumprido em relação à pandemia da Covid-19 está em franca discussão no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a necessidade de aprofundar o debate sobre as concepções de ciência no presente contexto, assim como suas consequências, o objetivo deste ensaio é discutir, a partir de referenciais da epistemologia, o problema da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, os programas de pesquisa científica e o negacionismo na pandemia. Na primeira parte do texto, apresenta-se a discussão da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, com destaque para a proposição do filósofo Imre Lakatos sobre os programas de pesquisa científica e sua relação com as pesquisas sobre a Covid-19. Na segunda parte, argumenta-se sobre o negacionismo na pandemia da Covid-19 e sua relação com a necropolítica e o neofascismo. Por fim, discute-se a necessidade de incorporação da interdisciplinaridade, participação ativa dos sujeitos e garantia dos direitos humanos em programas de pesquisa científica sobre a Covid-19, assim como em outros temas de saúde pública. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 world context consequences discuss references nonscience, nonscience non science, text presented Covid19. 19. neofascism. neofascism neo fascism. fascism neo-fascism Finally interdisciplinarity Covid19, 19, topics discussed.Resumo discussedResumo discussed Resumo mundo contexto consequências discutir epistemologia texto apresentase apresenta se argumentase argumenta neofascismo fim discutese discute interdisciplinaridade pública Covid1 1 Covid-

Resume O papel que a ciência tem cumprido em relação à pandemia da Covid-19 está em franca discussão no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a necessidade de aprofundar o debate sobre as concepções de ciência no presente contexto, assim como suas consequências, o objetivo deste ensaio é discutir, a partir de referenciais da epistemologia, o problema da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, os programas de pesquisa científica e o negacionismo na pandemia. Na primeira parte do texto, apresenta-se a discussão da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, com destaque para a proposição do filósofo Imre Lakatos sobre os programas de pesquisa científica e sua relação com as pesquisas sobre a Covid-19. Na segunda parte, argumenta-se sobre o negacionismo na pandemia da Covid-19 e sua relação com a necropolítica e o neofascismo. Por fim, discute-se a necessidade de incorporação da interdisciplinaridade, participação ativa dos sujeitos e garantia dos direitos humanos em programas de pesquisa científica sobre a Covid-19, assim como em outros temas de saúde pública. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 mundo contexto consequências discutir epistemologia texto apresentase apresenta se Covid19. 19. argumentase argumenta neofascismo fim discutese discute interdisciplinaridade Covid19, 19, pública Covid1 1 Covid-

Resume O papel que a ciência tem cumprido em relação à pandemia da Covid-19 está em franca discussão no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a necessidade de aprofundar o debate sobre as concepções de ciência no presente contexto, assim como suas consequências, o objetivo deste ensaio é discutir, a partir de referenciais da epistemologia, o problema da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, os programas de pesquisa científica e o negacionismo na pandemia. Na primeira parte do texto, apresenta-se a discussão da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, com destaque para a proposição do filósofo Imre Lakatos sobre os programas de pesquisa científica e sua relação com as pesquisas sobre a Covid-19. Na segunda parte, argumenta-se sobre o negacionismo na pandemia da Covid-19 e sua relação com a necropolítica e o neofascismo. Por fim, discute-se a necessidade de incorporação da interdisciplinaridade, participação ativa dos sujeitos e garantia dos direitos humanos em programas de pesquisa científica sobre a Covid-19, assim como em outros temas de saúde pública.

Abstract The role that science has played in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic is in frank discussion in Brazil and in the world. Considering the need to deepen the debate on the conceptions of science in the present context, as well as its consequences, this essay aims to discuss, from epistemological references, the problem of the demarcation between science and non-science, scientific research programs and denialism in the pandemic. In the first part of the text, the discussion of the demarcation between science and non-science is presented, with emphasis on the proposition of philosopher Imre Lakatos on scientific research programs and their relationship with research on Covid-19. In the second part, an argument is made about denialism in the Covid-19 pandemic and its relationship with necropolitics and neo-fascism. Finally, the need to incorporate interdisciplinarity, the active participation of subjects and the guarantee of human rights in scientific research programs on Covid-19, as well as in other public health topics, is discussed.Resumo: O papel que a ciência tem cumprido em relação à pandemia da Covid-19 está em franca discussão no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a necessidade de aprofundar o debate sobre as concepções de ciência no presente contexto, assim como suas consequências, o objetivo deste ensaio é discutir, a partir de referenciais da epistemologia, o problema da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, os programas de pesquisa científica e o negacionismo na pandemia. Na primeira parte do texto, apresenta-se a discussão da demarcação entre ciência e não ciência, com destaque para a proposição do filósofo Imre Lakatos sobre os programas de pesquisa científica e sua relação com as pesquisas sobre a Covid-19. Na segunda parte, argumenta-se sobre o negacionismo na pandemia da Covid-19 e sua relação com a necropolítica e o neofascismo. Por fim, discute-se a necessidade de incorporação da interdisciplinaridade, participação ativa dos sujeitos e garantia dos direitos humanos em programas de pesquisa científica sobre a Covid-19, assim como em outros temas de saúde pública.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The national industry has developed a vaccine candidate against pneumococcus. Given its possible introduction into the health system, the incremental cost that it would entail must be assessed. Objective: To estimate the increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate. Methods: Study of cost description from the social perspective for the year 2021. Eight polyclinics in Havana were studied and 38 relatives of infants were interviewed. Institutional cost, out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs were estimated through microcost. The incremental cost was estimated for a three-dose schedule (2p+1), concomitant with other vaccines. Results: The total cost for the National Immunization Program in these polyclinics was between 337,000.00 CUP and 513,000.00 CUP, with a cost per dose between 33.11 CUP and 47.30 CUP. 31.6% of families reported transportation expenses from 5.00 CUP to 40.00 CUP. The introduction of the vaccine would represent an increase between 8.43% and 18.99% of the base cost of the National Immunization Program in polyclinics. The cost per dose would be between 34.17 CUP and 47.82 CUP, for an increase of between 0.28 CUP and 1.33 CUP. Conclusions: Most of the cost of the National Immunization Program is borne by the State. The application of the Cuban pneumococcal vaccine would only slightly increase the cost per dose.

RESUMEN Introducción: La industria nacional ha desarrollado un candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Ante su posible introducción en el sistema de salud debe valorarse el costo incremental que acarrearía. Objetivo: Estimar el incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos desde la perspectiva social para el año 2021. Se estudiaron ocho policlínicos de La Habana y se entrevistaron 38 familiares de lactantes. Se estimó el costo institucional, el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto mediante microcosteo. Se estimó el costo incremental para un esquema de tres dosis (2p+1), concomitantes con otras vacunas. Resultados: El costo total para el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en estos policlínicos estuvo entre los 337 000,00 CUP y los 513 000,00 CUP, con un costo por dosis entre 33,11 CUP y 47,30 CUP. El 31,6 % de las familias reportó gastos en transportación de entre 5,00 CUP y 40,00 CUP. La introducción de la vacuna representaría un incremento entre 8,43 % y 18,99 % del costo base del Programa Nacional de Inmunización en los policlínicos. El costo por dosis sería de entre 34,17 CUP y 47,82 CUP, para un incremento de entre 0,28 CUP y 1,33 CUP. Conclusiones: La mayor parte del costo del Programa Nacional de Inmunización lo asume el Estado. La aplicación de la vacuna cubana contra neumococo solo aumentaría muy levemente el costo por dosis.

Understanding of the organomineral interactions in soil can elucidate the humic substances (HS) formation and the humification process. This study aimed to structurally characterize the humic acids (HA) formed in tropical soils with different pedogenesis degrees. The HA fraction was extracted from soil samples in the superficial horizons of an Inceptisol and a Mollisol in Rio de Janeiro state. The HA was characterized using spectroscopic techniques following by chemometric analyses: principal component analysis, descriptive analysis, and multivariate curve resolution. The results show that HA extracted from superficial horizon of Inceptisol and Mollisol are structurally different. The Inceptisol HA has a lower E4/E6 ratio than the Mollisol HA. The chemical groups show that most -CH groups belong to -CH2 and -CH3 and hydroxyls (-OH) for the Inceptisol HA, whereas the Mollisol HA predominantly contains aromatic C=C groups. The Inceptisol HA is mainly composed of CAlkyl-H,R and -C=O structures, whereas the Mollisol HA contains a higher quantity of CAlkyl-O,N, CAlkyl-O and CAromatic-H,R groups. The Inceptisol HA has a higher aliphatic content and hydrophobicity than the Mollisol HA. In Inceptisol, organic carbon stabilization can be facilitated by hydrophobic interactions, whereas in Mollisol, different interaction sites can stabilize proteinaceous compounds.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the risk factors for poor outcomes after surgical and endovascular treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods: Patients with ≥ 18-years of age and aSAH were included, while patients who died within 12 h of admission or lost follow-up were excluded. All participants underwent standardized clinical and radiological assessment on admission and were reassessed at discharge and at 6-months follow-up using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Results: Death at discharge was associated with female gender, anterior communication artery (ACoA) aneurysm location and presence of atherosclerotic plaque in the surgical group, and with age in the endovascular group. Both groups had clinical condition on follow-up associated with mFisher score on admission and hypertension. GOS on follow-up was also associated with presence of atherosclerotic plaque and multiple aneurysms in surgical group, and with age in endovascular group. Conclusions: Subjects treated surgically are prone to unfavorable outcomes if atherosclerotic plaques and multiple aneurysms are present. In patients with endovascular treatment, age was the main predictor of clinical outcome.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the role of serum creatinine levels as a biomarker of intracranial aneurysm outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of outcomes of patients with intracranial aneurysm. One hundred forty-seven patients with serum creatinine at admission and 6 months follow up were included. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess outcome. Results: Creatinine level was not directly related to aneurysm outcome nor aneurysm rupture (p > 0.05). However, patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lower than 72.50 mL·min–1 had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.049 (p = 0.006) for worse outcome. Similarly, aneurysm rupture had an OR of 2.957 (p = 0.014) for worse outcomes. Stepwise selection model selected 4 variables for outcomes prediction: serum creatinine, sex, hypertension and treatment. Hypertensive patients had, on average, an increase in 0.588 in mRS (p = 0.022), while treatment with microsurgery had a decrease in 0.555 (p = 0.038). Conclusions: Patients with higher GFR had better outcomes after 6 months. Patients with higher GFR had better outcomes after 6 months. Creatinine presented an indirect role in GFR values and should be included in models for outcome prediction.

Abstract Monilethrix is a rare defect of the hair shaft, with most cases showing an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and variable clinical expression. It is characterized by hypotrichosis secondary to hair fragility. The diagnosis is made through trichoscopy, detecting typical findings such as periodic narrowing at regular intervals, giving the hair the appearance of beads in a rosary. This article reports the case of six members of a family diagnosed with monilethrix with alopecia of varying degrees.

Resumo: O conhecimento compartilhado entre os sujeitos de um mesmo grupo social quanto a um dado objeto indica muito sobre seus valores, suas atitudes e seu comportamento. Assim, este artigo objetivou identificar e analisar as representações sociais que estudantes de bacharelado em Educação Física possuem sobre o meio ambiente e a relação homem, esporte e natureza. Participaram do estudo 34 acadêmicos, de ambos os sexos, que responderam ao teste de associação livre de palavras. Os resultados indicaram que as representações sociais sobre o meio ambiente estão associadas a elementos naturalísticos, já sobre a relação homem, esporte e natureza, à área de atuação dos alunos e a práticas esportivas regionais. Consideram-se necessárias intervenções pedagógicas que tematizem o meio ambiente, bem como a relação homem, esporte e natureza.

Abstract: This study aims to identify and analyze the social representations from baccalaureate students in Physical Education about the environment and the relationship between man, sport and nature. Thirty-four academics, from both sexes, participated in the free association test. The results indicated that social representations about the environment are associated with naturalistic elements, while the relation man, sport and nature are associated to the student’s area of performance and regional sports practices. Pedagogical interventions that focus on the environment are perceived as necessary, as well as the relation man, sport and nature.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar las representaciones sociales que los estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Física poseen sobre el medio ambiente y la relación hombre, deporte y naturaleza. Participaron 34 académicos, de ambos sexos, que respondieron a la prueba de asociación libre de palabras. Los resultados indicaron que las representaciones sociales sobre medio ambiente están asociadas a elementos naturalistas, ya sobre la relación hombre, deporte y naturaleza están asociadas al área de actuación de los estudiantes y prácticas deportivas regionales. Se consideran necesarias intervenciones pedagógicas que tematicen medio ambiente, así como la relación hombre, deporte y naturaleza.

RESUMO: Uma das relevantes importâncias econômicas do umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) ao semiárido nordestino pode ser atribuída ao beneficiamento do fruto na forma do tradicional doce em massa. Entretanto, existem limitações na produção e padronização deste derivado quanto sua cor, sabor e textura, o que prejudica sua qualidade, identidade e alcance de outros mercados. Este trabalho foi conduzido buscando analisar o potencial de genótipos de umbu (Acesso 37, Acesso 44, BRS 48, BRS 52, BRS 55 e BRS 68), registrados pela Embrapa, para o desenvolvimento de doce em massa. Avaliou-se a qualidade dos produtos obtidos, diante de uma amostra comercial, quanto a composição físico-química (pH, acidez total, atividade de água, sólidos solúveis, umidade, firmeza, cor (L*, a*, b*), açúcares redutores e não-redutores, vitamina C e sinérese) e aceitação por consumidores quanto a impressão global. O método CATA foi aplicado para descrever o perfil sensorial das amostras. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa (p≤0.05) na composição físico-química das amostras, sendo as amostras Acesso 37 e BRS 68 as mais apropriados ao processamento de doce em massa, com a maior firmeza e menor sinérese. Os consumidores indicaram os genótipos 37, 44, BRS 52 e BRS 55 com maiores médias de aceitação na impressão global; associaram as amostras em distintas caracterizações, indicando o Acesso 37 e BRS 68 como mais gostosos e firmes, e a amostra comercial como a mais ácida, adstringente e terrível.

ABSTRACT: One of the relevant economic importances of the “umbuzeiro” (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) to the northeastern semiarid region of Brazil is the fruit processing to obtaining preserves. However, there are limitations in the production and standardization of this product, such as color, taste and texture, which are problems in the quality, identity, making it harder to achieve new markets. This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the potential of “umbu” genotypes (Access 37, Access 44, BRS 48, BRS 52, BRS 55 and BRS 68) registered by Embrapa in the development of preserves. It was evaluated the product pH, total acidity, water activity, soluble solids, moisture, firmness, color (L*, a*, b*), reducing and non-reducing sugars, vitamin C, syneresis and consumer acceptance regarding the overall impression. The CATA method was applied to describe the sensorial profile of the samples. According to the results, it was observed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the physico-chemical composition of the samples, being samples produced from the access 37 and BRS 68 more appropriated for processing of preserves (in bars), with greater firmness and less syneresis. Consumers indicated products from the genotypes 37, 44, BRS 52 and BRS 55 as the ones with highest acceptance regarding the overall impression; the consumers associated the samples in different characterizations, associating the access 37 and BRS 68 with the characteristics of firm and delicious; the commercial sample was characterized as acid, adstringent and terrible.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of Raphanus sativus to the application of the herbicide tepraloxydim by analyzing photosynthetic and biometric characteristics of the plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and treatments were instituted when the plants had five expanded leaves. The herbicide tepraloxydim was applied at doses of 0, 75, 100, and 125 g of active ingredient per hectare (g a.i. ha-1). The herbicide dose of 125 g a.i. ha-1 led to a small decrease in the photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, effective quantum yield of PSII, rate of electron transport, and the concentration of chloroplastidic pigments in the leaves of R. sativus. On the other hand, there was a small increase in CO2 concentration in the substomatal chamber. The number of branches, leaves, flowers, plant height and dry mass of the stem and flowers were reduced more prominently in response to herbicide doses than the photosynthetic characteristics. Therefore, treatment with tepraloxydim inhibits the growth and formation of the leaves, branches and flowers of R. sativus at the stage of development analyzed. However, doses of 75, and 100 g a.i. ha-1 neither compromise the photosynthetic apparatus nor the stability of cell membranes.

ABSTRACT Soils with a long-term history of animal manure application exhibit higher residual effects of nitrogen (N) in soil and can affect the efficiency with which N will be used. This study aimed to evaluate how the immediate and residual effect of 16 applications of animal manure reflects on yields of black oat and corn rotation system, as well as N use efficiency. The study was carried out in no-tillage from 2004 to 2016 in Brazil. The treatments were pig slurry (PS), dairy slurry (DS), pig deep-litter (PL), mineral fertilizer (MF), and control (C). Prior to the sowing of black oat, in which 16 animal manure applications had already been made, an area of the soil was delimited where the treatments were not applied. This area was referred to as unfertilized (U) soil. Applications were carried out in the remaining area and were referred to as fertilized (F) soil. The highest dry matter yield and N accumulation in black oat and corn were found in F soils treated with DS and PL, respectively. In corn, the highest grain yield and N accumulation in grains were found with DS and PS. In U soil, the 16 applications (of DS especially) resulted in yields and N accumulation greater than the control and MF, but lower than those in F. The highest N use efficiency was found with DS. The history of animal manure applications was not enough to rule out additional applications in the following years.