Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

Abstract Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical fragrant screw pine, is commonly used in cooking and traditional medicine. Although studies have analysed its metabolite, transcriptome, and proteome profiles, molecular markers for genetic improvement remain scarce. This study aimed to develop EST-SSR markers from the P. amaryllifolius transcriptome and utilise them to analyse their genetic diversity. We obtained 157,467 unigenes with an average length of 1,084 base pairs. From these, 66,820 EST-SSRs were identified, with dinucleotides being the most common (45.5%). Following functional domain marker (FDM) analysis, 7,208 markers were used for in silico PCR, which revealed 8,843 polymorphic bands (86.9%), with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.41, gene diversity of 0.54, and a Shannon index of 0.91. The dendrogram and PCA plot clearly separated samples from Malaysia and India. These findings provide a new alternative for EST-SSR marker validation and a foundation for genetic improvement and conservation strategies for P. amaryllifolius. pine medicine metabolite profiles scarce ESTSSR EST SSR P 157467 157 467 157,46 1084 1 084 1,08 pairs these 66820 66 820 66,82 ESTSSRs SSRs identified 45.5%. 455 45.5% . 45 5 (45.5%) FDM (FDM analysis 7208 7 208 7,20 PCR 8843 8 843 8,84 86.9%, 869 86.9% , 86 9 (86.9%) PIC (PIC 041 0 41 0.41 054 54 0.54 091 91 0.91 India 15746 15 46 157,4 108 08 1,0 6682 6 82 66,8 45.5 4 (45.5% 720 20 7,2 884 84 8,8 86.9 (86.9% 04 0.4 05 0.5 09 0.9 1574 157, 10 1, 668 66, 45. (45.5 72 2 7, 88 8, 86. (86.9 0. (45. (86. (45 (86 (4 (8 (