Abstract This systematic review aims to assess the extent to which biomedical engineering has been applied in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), given the scarcity of information on this topic. We conducted a thorough analysis of research articles, conference abstracts, and case reports published between 2000 and 2023, specifically from ScienceDirect, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Springer, and Dimensions. 19 articles were extensively discussed, complemented by an additional 40 information sources providing supplementary information. Each paper underwent a meticulous review process by the four authors, where each separately examined the title and abstract of the papers and subsequently provided a thorough examination of the full text; when conflicts arose, a clear consensus was reached through discussion. The analysis of the articles revealed a notable improvement in upper and lower limb function of GBS patients that was facilitated by both custom-made and commercial devices. Likewise, a small handful of other devices have been used (e.g., to improve urinary retention issues). There is a clear opportunity for new research, innovation and applications.

Resumen Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo evaluar hasta qué punto se ha aplicado la ingeniería biomédica en la rehabilitación de pacientes que padecen el Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), dada la escasez de información sobre este tema. Realizamos un análisis exhaustivo de artículos de investigación, resúmenes de conferencias e informes de casos publicados entre 2000 y 2023, específicamente de ScienceDirect, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Springer y Dimensions. Se discutieron ampliamente 19 artículos, complementados con 40 fuentes de información adicionales. Cada artículo pasó por un meticuloso proceso de revisión por parte de los cuatro autores, donde cada uno examinó por separado el título y el resumen de los artículos y posteriormente proporcionó un examen exhaustivo del texto completo; cuando surgieron conflictos, se alcanzó un consenso mediante la discusión. El análisis de los artículos reveló una mejora notable en la función de las extremidades superiores e inferiores de los pacientes con SGB que fue facilitada por dispositivos tanto hechos a medida como comerciales. Asimismo, se han creado un pequeño puñado de otros dispositivos, (por ejemplo, para mejorar los problemas de retención urinaria). Existe una clara oportunidad para nueva investigación, innovación y aplicaciones.

A inclusão de nanopartículas no desenvolvimento da tecnologia se expande continuamente. Nanopartículas metálicas já são usadas em cosméticos, na área médica e em sensoriamento, dentre outras. Quando um feixe de luz interage com nanopartículas metálicas a Ressonância de Plasmons de Superfície Localizada (em inglês, LSPR) pode ocorrer. A LSPR é assunto de disciplinas avançadas em cursos de Física e alguns estudantes podem apresentar dificuldades em compreendê-la. Com o intuito de ajudar esses estudantes, é proposto um simulador simples, construído em Python para estudar a influência das características das nanopartículas metálicas e do meio que as circunda na LSPR através da Teoria de Mie. continuamente cosméticos sensoriamento outras inglês ocorrer compreendêla. compreendêla compreendê la. la compreendê-la simples Mie

The inclusion of nanoparticles in technological development increases every year. For example, metallic nanoparticles are applied in cosmetics, medicine, and sensing areas among others. When light interacts with metallic nanoparticles, the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) can occur. LSPR is the subject of advanced courses in Physics and some of the students could have several difficulties in its comprehension. To benefit the students, it is proposed a very simple simulator built in Python to study the influence of the features of metallic spherical nanoparticles and of the host medium in the LSPR effect through the Mie Theory. year example cosmetics medicine others (LSPR occur comprehension Theory

Resumo Hippocampus reidi representa a espécie mais abundante do gênero na costa brasileira. Apesar de carismáticos, encontram-se globalmente ameaçados devido à degradação de habitat e intensa exploração comercial, especialmente no Brasil, líder na exportação e consumo da espécie. Através de dados mitocondriais (citocromo b e região controle) e nucleares (1st íntron S7), este estudo investigou a variação e estrutura genética de H. reidi em toda a costa brasileira, do estado do Pará até Santa Catarina. Os dados mitocondriais indicam a existência de duas linhagens de H. reidi na costa brasileira: (1) Norte/Nordeste e (2) Sudeste/Sul, padrão parcialmente recuperado pelos dados nucleares. Este cenário pode ser explicado por diferenças na temperatura e padrões de circulação das correntes do Brasil e Norte do Brasil, que definem estes grupos como subprovíncias biogeográficas. As linhagens ocorrem em simpatria no estado da Bahia, o que pode ser explicado pela ocorrência de contato secundário durante o último glacial máximo. Apesar de apresentar duas linhagens, para fins de manejo e conservação, são indicadas três unidades: (1) Norte/Nordeste, (2) Bahia, e (3) Sudeste/Sul. A unidade do Norte/Nordeste mostrou-se a mais vulnerável devido aos baixos índices de diversidade genética apresentados e representa uma prioridade para futuras ações de conservação. brasileira carismáticos encontramse encontram se comercial citocromo controle 1st st S7, S7 S , S7) H Catarina 1 (1 NorteNordeste Nordeste 2 (2 SudesteSul Sudeste Sul Sudeste/Sul biogeográficas Bahia máximo conservação unidades 3 (3 mostrouse mostrou (

Abstract Hippocampus reidi represents the most abundant species of the genus Hippocampus along the Brazilian coast. Despite being charismatic, the species is globally threatened due to habitat degradation and commercial exploration, especially in Brazil, which is the leader in exportation and consumption of the species. Through mitochondrial (cytochrome b and control region) and nuclear (1st intron S7) data, the current study investigates the variation and genetic structure of H. reidi along the Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina states. The mitochondrial data indicate the presence of two lineages: (1) North/Northeast and (2) South/Southeast, which was partially recovered by nuclear data. This scenario could be related to temperature differences and circulation patterns of the Brazil and North-Brazil currents, which define these groups into biogeographic sub-provinces. The lineages occur in sympatry in Bahia state, which can be explained by the occurrence of secondary contact during the last glacial maximum. Despite presenting two lineages, for management and conservation, three units are indicated: (1) North/Northeast, (2) Bahia, and (3) South/Southeast. The North/Northeast unit proved to be more vulnerable, presenting the lowest genetic diversity indices, representing a priority for future conservation actions. coast charismatic exploration cytochrome region 1st st S7 S H states 1 (1 NorthNortheast North Northeast 2 (2 SouthSoutheast South Southeast South/Southeast NorthBrazil currents subprovinces. subprovinces sub provinces. provinces sub-provinces state maximum indicated 3 (3 vulnerable indices actions (

Abstract Background Acute myocardial infarction is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerotic plaque formation is the main pathophysiological mechanism, which results in chronic inflammation that induces erythrocyte maturation and may cause an increase in the red cell distribution width (RDW) index. Objective Evaluate the role of the anisocytosis index in patients with acute myocardial infarction in both types of infarctions as a predictor of severity. Methods Patients were included in the study according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, following the hospital routine based on their clinical and laboratory history. Statistical analyzes were performed according to each variable. All conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5%. Results During the follow-up period, in the 349 patients analyzed, the mortality rate was associated with the variables RDW (CV) and RDW (SD), in those patients who died, an increase was noted, as demonstrated in the multivariate model, for the effects of an acute ST elevation myocardial infarction and the RDW, adjusted for confounding factors (p-value = 0.03 and 0.04). In contrast, the total number of erythrocytes (p-value = 0.00) and hemoglobin (p-value = 0.03) showed a decrease during severe patients’ hospitalization. Conclusion The anisocytosis index was a predictive factor of mortality and can be used as an indicator of worse prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. worldwide mechanism (RDW severity inclusionexclusion inclusion exclusion criteria history variable 5 5% followup follow up period 34 analyzed CV (CV SD, SD , (SD) died noted model pvalue p value 003 0 03 0.0 0.04. 004 0.04 . 04 0.04) contrast 0.00 000 00 hospitalization 3 (SD 0.

Resumo Fundamento O infarto agudo do miocárdio é uma das principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo e a formação de placa aterosclerótica é o principal mecanismo fisiopatológico, que resulta em inflamação crônica e induz a maturação eritrocitária, podendo causar aumento no índice de amplitude de distribuição dos glóbulos vermelhos (RDW). Objetivo Avaliar o papel do índice de anisocitose em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio em ambos os tipos de infarto como preditor de gravidade. Métodos Os pacientes foram incluídos no estudo de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, seguindo a rotina hospitalar baseada na história clínica e laboratorial. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas de acordo com cada variável. Chegou-se a todas as conclusões considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Durante o período de acompanhamento, nos 349 pacientes analisados, a taxa de mortalidade esteve associada às variáveis RDW (CV) e RDW (SD). Nos pacientes que foram a óbito, notou-se aumento, conforme demonstrado no modelo multivariado, nos efeitos de um infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e RDW, ajustado para fatores de confusão (valor-p = 0,03 e 0,04). Em contrapartida, o número total de eritrócitos (valor-p = 0,00) e hemoglobina (valor-p = 0,03) apresentou diminuição durante a internação de pacientes graves. Conclusão O índice de anisocitose foi fator preditivo de mortalidade e pode ser utilizado como indicador de pior prognóstico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. fisiopatológico eritrocitária RDW. . (RDW) gravidade exclusão laboratorial variável Chegouse Chegou se 5 5% acompanhamento 34 analisados CV (CV SD. SD (SD) óbito notouse notou multivariado valorp valor p 003 0 03 0,0 0,04. 004 0,04 04 0,04) contrapartida 0,00 000 00 graves (RDW 3 (SD 0,

Resumen Existe consenso en la literatura acerca de la importancia del andamiaje del adulto en el desarrollo de la cognición y, particularmente, de las habilidades lingüísticas de los niños (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Vygotsky, 1978). En este sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo examinar la incidencia de la intervención del adulto, según su metodología de enseñanza, en el desempeño narrativo de niños de primer grado. Para ello, se evaluó el rendimiento en una tarea de recuento de relatos de dos grupos de niños que concurrían a primer grado en escuelas del distrito de Quito que sostenían una metodología diferente: mientras que una de ellas se atenía exclusivamente a los lineamientos del diseño curricular planteado por el Ministerio de Educación, en la otra se incorporaban, además, estrategias de los libros Letras y sonidos I (Jara de Torres, 2001) y Aprendo y escribo (Jara de Torres, 2003) –adaptados de la propuesta integral de la editorial Abeka– y principalmente se recurría a la lectura dialógica y a la enseñanza explícita de habilidades de producción de relatos. Se analizaron las narrativas producidas por los niños a principio y a fin de año y se comparó el desempeño de ambos grupos atendiendo tanto a la cantidad de información recuperada como al tipo de información y los recursos lingüísticos puestos en juego. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables mencionadas, lo cual brinda evidencia acerca de la incidencia positiva de la lectura dialógica y la enseñanza de habilidades de producción de relatos en el desarrollo narrativo.

Abstract There is a consensus in the literature about the importance of adult scaffolding in the development of children's cognition and language skills (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Vygotsky, 1978). This document analyzes first grade children's narrative development in order to verify the incidence of adult intervention and teaching methodology. For this purpose, the performance of two groups of children enrolled in first grade of school in the district of Quito was analyzed. Two different teaching methodologies were observed: while one of them exclusively adheres to the guidelines of the curriculum design proposed by the Ministry of Education, the other one incorporates strategies from the books Letters and Sounds I (Jara de Torres, 2001) and Learn and Write I (Jara de Torres, 2003) –adapted from the proposal by editorial Abeka. The narratives performed by the children at the beginning and at the end of the school year were analyzed and each performance of both groups was compared based on the amount of information retrieved and the type of information and linguistic resources used. The stories were presented to the children in audiovisual format (steady images and recorded voice). For task administration, the children were instructed to listen and look at the story very carefully because they had to recount it to a friend or family member. The children's remarks were recorded on audio for later analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in order to analyze and compare the linguistic and cognitive performance in the production of stories of the two groups of children in the different evaluation. Significant differences were observed in the variables analyzed, which provides evidence about the positive incidence of dialogic reading and the teaching of story production skills in narrative development. Differences in the performance of schools, especially in first graders, cannot be attributed to maturational factors since both groups are conformed by children of the same chronological age. Neither by the socioeconomic factors, since, in fact, group A was composed of children who attend a rural school and most of them happened to have low resources. Therefore, the significant improvement in the performance of the children of group A at the end of the school year could be attributed to the intervention of their teacher's work. It is thought that this advance in retell story skills is due to an improvement in the understanding of the basic story, however there are studies that observe that the level reached in this process does not directly affect the quality of children's narrative performance (Bustos Ibarra et al., 2014). In consequence, the improvement in the children's narrative performance of group A can be linked not only to the work carried out by the teachers with texts but also to the situations of story production involved. Many investigations have observed that adult scaffolding during story reading has a positive effect on children's linguistic and discursive development (Sénechal, Le Fevre, Hudson & Lawson, 1996; Trabasso & Nickels, 1992; Wasik & Bond, 2001; West et al., 2021). In fact, as Wells (1988) points out in a pioneering study, while reading stories contributes to children's linguistic development, the parallel text generated by teachers through their interventions to explain vocabulary, make inferences explicit, relate events and post-reading reconstruction has shown a greater effect than just reading any kind of story aloud. Thereupon, the results obtained in this work show the relevance not only of the teacher's texts daily reading but, mainly, of the intervention strategies and methodologies that they use to promote comprehension and textual production in the classroom.

ABSTRACT This work was carried out in Antioquia, Colombia, in a collection of the Furcraea and Agave genera, important in the country for manufacturing strings, sacks, geotextiles, and handicrafts Currently, to enhance its use, applications have been developed in textiles, biodegradable materials and thermo-acoustic insulation, among others. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically and agronomically 94 accessions. The variables were weighted according to the degree of discrimination; a dissimilarity dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA based on Gower's distance, and the cophenetic correlation coefficient was determined. Six groups were identified; on the one hand, the accessions of the Agave genus formed groups A and B, with and without spines, respectively, showing the highest elongation values. On the other hand, the Furcraea accessions formed groups C to F, with the highest average values of fiber per plant, allowing a first approach to identify promising clones for their use per se or utilized in plant breeding programs. This study represents an approach to knowing the morphological and agronomic variability of the collection and highlights the importance of maintaining the germplasm bank for ex situ conservation.

Abstract This article investigates the functions that urban gardens have in Mexico City two years after the start-up of the Food Sustainability System (SSA) integrated, among others, by the Law of Urban Gardens (LHU). To identify the different functions, multifunctionality was taken as a guiding concept, through this it is sought to identify the environmental, economic and socio-cultural functions of urban gardens. A qualitative study was carried out; the information was collected through open and semi-structured interviews, as well as with a review of official documents and legal instruments. Although the LHU makes visible the importance of urban gardens in terms of the aforementioned functions, there is a clear tendency for public officials to privilege the environmental ones, while for users the socio-cultural are the most relevant.

Resumen En el presente artículo se indaga sobre las funciones que los huertos urbanos tienen en la Ciudad de México a dos años de la puesta en marcha del Sistema de Sustentabilidad Alimentaria (SSA) integrado, entre otros, por la Ley de Huertos Urbanos (LHU). Para identificar las distintas funciones se tomó como concepto guía la multifuncionalidad, a través de éste se busca identificar las funciones ambientales, económicas y socioculturales de los huertos urbanos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo, la información se recabó a través de entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, así como con la revisión de documentos oficiales e instrumentos jurídicos. Si bien la Ley visibiliza la importancia que guardan los huertos urbanos en cuanto a las mencionadas funciones, existe una clara tendencia de algunos funcionarios públicos a privilegiar las ambientales, mientras que para los usuarios son las socioculturales las más relevantes.

Resumo Objetivo Mapear os tipos de neurotoxicidades apresentadas por pacientes submetidos ao Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas. Métodos Trata-se de uma Scoping Review, orientada a partir do método proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute, e seguiu as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A busca pelos estudos foi realizada entre os meses de julho e agosto de 2020 e ocorreu nas bases de dados e em portais de teses e dissertações nacionais e internacionais. Resultados A amostra final foi composta por 71 artigos científicos, todos na língua Inglesa. Houve destaque para o ano de 2018 com 14 (19%) publicações. Observou-se prevalência de estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos da América com 29 (40,8%). No tocante a população, todos (100%) os artigos são sobre pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas que apresentaram neurotoxicidades. Acerca dos quimioterápicos utilizados no regime de condicionamento pré-transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas sete (9,8%) utilizaram a combinação de Fludarabina e Ciclofosfamida, seguida da Ciclosporina e Tacrolimus em seis (8,4%), ciclosporina em quatro (5,6%), Fludarabina em três (4,2%). Quanto às neurotoxicidades apresentadas em pacientes submetidos ao transplante, evidenciou-se a síndrome de encefalopatia reversível posterior em 19 (26,7%) estudos. Cabe ressaltar que outros estudos identificaram essa síndrome, porém relataram sintomas diferentes. Conclusão As neurotoxicidades apresentadas por pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas, são encefalopatia reversível posterior, leucoencefalopatia reversível posterior, encefalopatia de Wernicke, encefalopatia hipertensiva, encefalopatia metabólica, encefalopatia límbica, complicações hemorrágicas e convulsões.

Abstract Objective To map the types of neurotoxicity presented by patients undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Methods This is a scoping review, guided by the method proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. The search for studies was carried out between the months of July and August 2020 and took place in databases and in national and international theses and dissertations portals. Results The final sample consisted of 71 scientific articles, all in English. There was a highlight for the year 2018 with 14 (19%) publications. There was a prevalence of studies carried out in the United States of America with 29 (40.8%). Regarding the population, all (100%) articles are about patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation who presented neurotoxicity. Regarding the chemotherapeutic agents used in the pre-transplantation regimen of hematopoietic stem cells, seven (9.8%) used the combination of Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide, followed by Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in six (8.4%), Cyclosporine in four (5.6%), Fludarabine in three (4.2%). As for the neurotoxicity presented in patients undergoing transplantation, the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome was evidenced in 19 (26.7%) studies. It should be noted that other studies have identified this syndrome, but have reported different symptoms. Conclusion The neurotoxicity presented by patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are posterior reversible encephalopathy, posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, hypertensive encephalopathy, metabolic encephalopathy, limbic encephalopathy, hemorrhagic complications and seizures.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear los tipos de neurotoxicidades en pacientes sometidos al trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas. Métodos Se trata de una Scoping Review, orientada a partir del método propuesto por el Joanna Briggs Institute, que siguió las recomendaciones del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó entre los meses de julio y agosto de 2020 y ocurrió en las bases de datos y en portales de tesis de doctorado y maestría nacionales e internacionales. Resultados La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 71 artículos científicos, todos en lengua inglesa. Se destacó el año 2018 con 14 publicaciones (19 %). Se observó una prevalencia de estudios realizados en Estados Unidos de América con 29 (40,8 %). En lo que se refiere a la población, todos los artículos (100 %) tratan sobre pacientes sometidos al trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas que presentaron neurotoxicidades. Sobre los quimioterápicos utilizados en el régimen de acondicionamiento previo al trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas, siete (9,8 %) utilizaron la combinación de Fludarabina y Ciclofosfamida, seguida de la Ciclosporina y Tacrolimus en seis (8,4 %), ciclosporina en cuatro (5,6 %), Fludarabina en tres (4,2 %). Con relación a las neurotoxicidades en pacientes sometidos al trasplante, se evidenció el síndrome de encefalopatía reversible posterior en 19 estudios (26,7 %). Cabe destacar que otros estudios identificaron ese síndrome, pero refirieron síntomas distintos. Conclusión Las neurotoxicidades presentadas por pacientes sometidos al trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas son encefalopatía reversible posterior, leuco encefalopatía reversible posterior, encefalopatía de Wernicke, encefalopatía hipertensiva, encefalopatía metabólica, encefalopatía límbica, complicaciones hemorrágicas y convulsiones.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as estratégias, os desafios e os enfrentamentos dos profissionais de enfermagem que trabalhavam nas emergências obstétricas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Método Estudo exploratório descritivo, qualitativo, realizado com nove profissionais de enfermagem de uma emergência obstétrica de alto risco, em Fortaleza-CE. Os dados foram coletados através da técnica grupo focal, em novembro de 2021, posteriormente foram organizados em temáticas e analisados de acordo com a literatura. Resultados A partir das experiências dos participantes emergiram três temas, a saber: 1) Estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas na pandemia por COVID-19; 2) Vivências experienciadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem durante suas atividades assistenciais na pandemia; 3) Desafios e reflexos experienciados pelos profissionais de enfermagem durante as atividades assistenciais. Os profissionais relataram condições inseguras e conflituosas em que os fluxos assistenciais sofreram mudanças inesperadas e dificuldades para agilizar um cuidado com segurança e empatia às usuárias do serviço. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática Percebeu-se ainda a fragilidade emocional e psicológica dos profissionais decorrente das extensas jornadas de trabalho, das constantes modificações dos fluxos e protocolos assistenciais, sobrecarga de trabalho, equipes insuficientes ocasionadas pelo afastamento de profissionais contaminados pelo vírus e por licença médica por desenvolver depressão ou outro distúrbio psicológico.

Abstract Objective To analyze the strategies, challenges, and coping mechanisms of nursing professionals who worked in obstetric emergencies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This was a qualitative descriptive exploratory study with nine nursing professionals who worked at a high-risk obstetric emergency service in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Data were collected using a focus group carried out in November 2021. The data were organized into themes and analyzed according to the current literature. Results Based on the experiences of the participants, three themes emerged: 1) coping mechanisms adopted in the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) challenges experienced by nursing professionals in their care activities in the pandemic; and 3) challenges and repercussions experienced by nursing professionals in care activities. The professionals reported unsafe and conflicting conditions in which care flows suffered unexpected changes and which created challenges to provide users with safe and empathetic care. Final considerations and implications for practice The professionals presented emotional and psychological fragility because of long work periods, constant changes in care flows and protocols, work overload, understaffing due to professionals infected with COVID-19 or medical leaves of absence due to depression or other psychological disorders.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar estrategias, desafíos y enfrentamientos de profesionales de enfermería que actuaron en emergencias obstétricas en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cualitativo, realizado con nueve profesionales de enfermería de una emergencia obstétrica de alto riesgo en Fortaleza-CE. Datos recolectados a través de la técnica de grupos focales, en noviembre/2021, posteriormente organizados en temas y analizados según la literatura. Resultados De las experiencias, emergieron tres temas: 1) Estrategias de enfrentamiento adoptadas en la pandemia de COVID-19; 2) Experiencias vividas por profesionales de enfermería durante sus actividades de cuidado en la pandemia; 3) Desafíos y reflejos experimentados por profesionales de enfermería durante las actividades de cuidado. Los profesionales relataron condiciones inseguras y conflictivas en las que los flujos de atención sufrieron cambios inesperados y dificultades para agilizar la atención con seguridad y empatía para los usuarios del servicio. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica También se percibió la fragilidad emocional y psicológica de los profesionales, resultante de la extensa jornada laboral, constantes cambios en los flujos y protocolos de atención, sobrecarga de trabajo, equipos insuficientes por la baja de contaminados por el virus y de licencia médica por enfermedad, como depresión u otro trastorno psicológico.

Resumen En 1909, Carlos Justiniano Chagas describió por primera vez las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad de Chagas. El parásito hemoflagelado Trypanosoma cruzi (agente) se caracteriza por la presencia de un flagelo, y en su citoplasma presenta organelos como el citostoma, los glicosomas, los reservosomas y un núcleo. El ciclo de vida de T. cruzi se inicia cuando el vector defeca sobre la piel del hospedero sus heces contienen tripomastigotes metacíclicos, que infectan las células del vertebrado. Los vectores de esta enfermedad pertenecen a la Subfamilia Triatominae, insectos hematófagos, nocturnos y con la capacidad de localizar a sus hospederos mediante la detección del calor. T. cruzi tiene efectos en la biología del insecto triatomino, en su comportamiento, en el funcionamiento del intestino, su sistema inmunológico y la microbiota asociada. En el hospedero mamífero, el parásito activa la respuesta inmune innata, y las citocinas tienen un papel clave para controlar la infección o bien evolucionar a la cronicidad. T. cruzi presenta una amplia diversidad genética, y bajo condiciones de laboratorio se han demostrado sus diferentes grados de virulencia y tropismo hacia los órganos blanco; sin embargo, no existe una asociación clara entre las cepas y el comportamiento clínico de la enfermedad. Esta revisión aborda la historia del descubrimiento de la enfermedad de Chagas y discute aspectos recientes sobre la biología de T. cruzi para comprender la dinámica de su transmisión.

Abstract In 1909, Carlos Justiniano Chagas first described the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease. The hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (agent) is characterized by the presence of a flagellum and of a cytostome, glycosomes, reservosomes, and a nucleus in its cytoplasm. The life cycle of T. cruzi begins when a vector defecates on the skin of a host; the feces contain metacyclic trypomastigotes, which infect vertebrate cells. The vectors of this disease are members of the subfamily Triatominae, nocturnal, hematophagous insects capable of locating hosts by heat detection. T. cruzi infection has effects on the biology of the triatomine insect, its behavior, gut function, immune system, and associated microbiota. In the mammalian host, the parasite activates innate immune responses, and host cytokines are key to either control the infection or progress to chronicity. T. cruzi exhibits a wide genetic diversity, and while it has been proved under laboratory conditions to show varying degrees if virulence and organ tropism, no clear association has been found between specific strains and the clinical picture of the disease. This review addresses the history of the discovery of Chagas disease and discusses recent aspects of T. cruzi biology that provide insight into the dynamics of transmission.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the historical trajectory of the Ariari region towards coca cultivation. It studies the historical process between 1950 and 1990, through which an open frontier became an agro-industrial epicenter surrounded by illicit coca crops. The text shows how transnational dynamics like the Green Revolution met with a frontier economy and culture to generate an accelerated process of agricultural modernization. Mestizo and colonist coca was an unexpected result of this social transformation.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la trayectoria histórica de la región del Ariari hacia los cultivos de coca. Estudia el proceso histórico comprendido entre 1950 y 1990, a lo largo del cual una frontera abierta se convirtió en un epicentro agroindustrial rodeado por cultivos ilícitos de coca. El texto muestra cómo una dinámica transnacional como la Revolución Verde confluyó con una economía y una cultura agrícola de frontera, para producir un proceso acelerado de modernización agrícola desigual y violenta. La coca mestiza y colona fue un resultado inesperado de esta transformación social.

RESUMO Introdução: O conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 que os pacientes em situação de emergência odontológica possuem é de vital importância, pois podem infectar e infectar o pessoal de saúde. Objetivo: Descrever o nível de conhecimento sobre o COVID-19 em pacientes atendidos no Pronto-Socorro da Clínica Provincial de Estomatologia “Mártires del Moncada” de Santiago de Cuba. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado entre março e junho de 2020, com um universo de 180 pacientes selecionados por amostragem probabilística aleatória simples, de ambos os sexos e maiores de 18 anos. Foram avaliados idade, sexo, emergências odontológica e nível de conhecimento. Foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado, com grau de significância α=0,05, para verificar a associação entre nível de conhecimento, idade e sexo. Resultados: Odontalgias e abscessos dentoalveolares agudos foram as condições estomatológicas predominantes, o nível de conhecimento predominante sobre a COVID-19 nos pacientes atendidos nas emergências odontológicas foi bom. Conclusões: Apesar de os pacientes acometidos por emergências odontológicas possuírem bons conhecimentos sobre a COVID-19, o desconhecimento ou não cumprimento de algumas das medidas de prevenção e controle desta infecção, pode contribuir para a transmissão desta doença aos profissionais de saúde que auxilia-os, ignorando seu potencial de contágio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowledge concerning COVID-19 among patients with dental emergencies, it is of high importance since they can become infected and infect health care personnel. Objective: To describe the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19 in patients who were attended at the Clínica Estomatológica Provincial “Mártires del Moncada” in Santiago de Cuba. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2020. A total of 180 patients, in both sex and older than 18 and who gave their consent to be part of this research, were selected by a probability simple random sampling. Those with obvious acute respiratory syndrome were excluded. Age, sex, dental emergencies and knowledge level were assessed. The Chi-square test was used (alpha level of 0.05) to determine the association between knowledge Level, age, and sex. Results: Odontalgia and acute dentoalveolar abscesses were the predominant dental conditions, and the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19 in patients with dental emergencies attended at the clinic was good. Conclusions: Despite the good knowledge concerning COVID-19 showed by the patients affected with dental conditions, the lack of knowledge or non-compliance of measurements for the prevention and control of this infection may be the start point to spread the COVID-19 to the health personnel in service.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los conocimientos sobre COVID-19 que posean los pacientes aquejados por urgencias estomatológicas son de vital importancia, ya que pueden infectarse y contagiar al personal de salud. Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en pacientes atendidos en la consulta de Urgencias de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial “Mártires del Moncada” de Santiago de Cuba. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre marzo y junio de 2020, con un universo de 180 pacientes seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, de ambos sexos y mayores de 18 años, que dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación. Se excluyeron aquellos con síndrome respiratorio agudo evidente. Se evaluaron la edad, sexo, urgencias estomatológicas y nivel de conocimientos. Se empleó la prueba Chi-cuadrado, con un grado de significación α=0,05, para determinar la asociación entre nivel de conocimientos, la edad y el sexo. Resultados: Las odontalgias y los abscesos dentoalveolares agudos fueron las afecciones estomatológicas predominantes, el nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 predominante en los pacientes atendidos por urgencias estomatológicas fue bueno. Conclusiones: A pesar de que los pacientes afectados por urgencias estomatológicas poseen conocimientos buenos sobre la COVID-19, el desconocimiento o incumplimiento de algunas de las medidas de prevención y control de esta infección, puede contribuir a la transmisión de esta enfermedad hacia el personal de salud que los asiste, al ignoran su potencial de contagio.

RESUMEN En Colombia, la ingeniería es un campo poco atractivo para las mujeres. Para 2018, 63,7% de los egresados de los programas de pregrado en ingeniería eran hombres y solamente el 36,3 % eran mujeres. Esta brecha no ha cambiado significativamente entre el 2001 y el 2018. Este articulo analiza la brecha entre mujeres y hombres graduados de programas de ingeniería tanto a nivel de pregrado como posgrado en Colombia. El análisis se basa en datos disponibles en el Observatorio Laboral para la Educación (OLE) y el Sistema Nacional de Información de Educación Superior (SNIES) entre 2001 y 2018, y se presenta de acuerdo con el nivel de formación (pregrado, maestría y doctorado), región, campo especifico de ingeniería y salario. Los datos muestran una clara diferencia entre el número de mujeres y hombres graduados de programas de ingeniería en todos los niveles. Esta brecha desaparece en programas relacionados con las ingenierías ambiental, biomédica y química, donde más del 50% de los graduados son mujeres; pero, en programas como ingeniería eléctrica, electrónica y mecánica, esta brecha es más crítica, con menos del 20 % de representación de mujeres. Para proponer políticas públicas o programas nacionales que ayuden a mejorar esta situación, este artículo también presenta una revisión de iniciativas internacionales que han logrado mejorar la representación de mujeres en programas de ingeniería.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, engineering is an unattractive field for women. As of 2018, 63,7% of undergraduate engineering graduates were men, and only 36,3% were women. This gap has not changed significantly between 2001 and 2018. This paper analyzes the gap between women and men who obtain undergraduate or graduate engineering degrees in Colombia. The analysis is based on data from the Labor Observatory for Education (OLE) and the National Information System for Higher Education (SNIES) between 2001 to 2018, and it is presented according to degree levels (undergraduate, master and Ph.D.), regions, specific fields of engineering, and salary. The data show a clear difference between the number of women and men graduating from engineering programs at all levels. This gap disappears in programs related to environmental, biomedical, and chemical engineering, where more than 50% of the graduates are women; but, in programs such as electrical, electronic, and mechanical engineering, the gap is more critical, with less than 20% of women's representation. To propose public policies or national programs to improve this situation, this paper also presents a review of international initiatives that have succeeded in improving the representation of women in engineering programs.

Abstract Colonoscopy is the method of choice for diagnosis, and treatment of most colon diseases, being possibly the most effective tool in the prevention and timely detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), influencing its incidence and mortality. Efficacy and diagnostic and therapeutic quality depend on the ability of the endoscopist, percentage of colonic mucosa examined, the examination time, complications, among others. In such a way that even though there are indicators applicable to all colonoscopy, there are other specific ones for each indication. The Mexican Association of Gastroenterology (AMG) and the Mexican Association of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Professional College AC (AMEG) held a face-to-face meeting in June 2019, which was attended by gastroenterologists and endoscopists to review and evaluate the current evidence on the quality of CRC screening colonoscopy and develop recommendations that favor the performance of a high-quality colonoscopy.

Resumen La colonoscopia es el método de elección para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la mayoría de las enfermedades de colon. Es la herramienta más eficaz en la prevención y detección oportuna de cáncer colorrectal (CCR), influyendo en su incidencia y mortalidad. Su eficacia y calidad depende de la habilidad del endoscopista, el porcentaje de área de mucosa examinada, el tiempo de examen y las complicaciones, entre otros. De tal forma que aunque existen indicadores aplicables a toda colonoscopia, existen otros específicos para cada indicación. La Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG) y la Asociación Mexicana de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal y Colegio de Profesionistas A. C. (AMEG) realizaron una reunión presencial en el mes de junio de 2019 a la que asistieron gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas de diversas instituciones del país para revisar y evaluar la evidencia actual sobre calidad en colonoscopia de escrutinio de CCR y desarrollar recomendaciones que favorezcan una colonoscopia de alta calidad.