ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the awake-prone position on relevant clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen between different waves in Argentina. Methods: This multicenter, prospective cohort study included adult patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen. The main exposure position was the awake-prone position (≥ 6 hours/day) compared to the non-prone position. The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation, and the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The inverse probability weighting–propensity score was used to adjust the conditional probability of treatment assignment. We then adjusted for contextual variables that varied over time and compared the effectiveness between the first and second waves. Results: A total of 728 patients were included: 360 during the first wave and 368 during the second wave, of whom 195 (54%) and 227 (62%) remained awake-prone for a median (p25 - 75) of 12 (10 - 16) and 14 (8 - 17) hours/day, respectively (Awake-Prone Position Group). The ORs (95%CIs) for endotracheal intubation in the Awake-Prone Position Group were 0.25 (0.13 - 0.46) and 0.19 (0.09 - 0.31) for the first and second waves, respectively (p = 0.41 for comparison between waves). The ORs for in-hospital mortality in the awake-prone position were 0.35 (0.17 - 0.65) and 0.22 (0.12 - 0.43), respectively (p = 0.44 for comparison between waves). Conclusion: The awake-prone position was associated with a reduction in the risk of endotracheal intubation and in-hospital mortality. These effects were independent of the context in which the intervention was applied, and no differences were observed between the different waves. Objective awakeprone awake prone COVID19related COVIDrelated COVID 19 related highflow high flow Argentina Methods multicenter ≥ ( hours/day hoursday hours day nonprone non inhospital hospital weightingpropensity weighting propensity assignment Results 72 36 54% 54 (54% 22 62% 62 (62% p25 p (p2 75 1 10 (1 16 8 17 AwakeProne Awake Prone Group. . Group) 95%CIs 95CIs CIs 95 (95%CIs 025 0 25 0.2 0.13 013 13 (0.1 0.46 046 46 019 0.1 0.09 009 09 (0.0 0.31 031 31 041 41 0.4 waves) 035 35 0.3 0.17 017 0.65 065 65 022 0.12 012 0.43, 043 0.43 , 43 0.43) 044 44 Conclusion applied 7 3 5 (54 2 (62 p2 9 02 0. 01 (0. 04 4 0.0 00 03 0.6 06 (5 (6 (0

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia da posição prona consciente nos desfechos clínicos relevantes em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda relacionada à COVID-19 que necessitaram de oxigênio nasal de alto fluxo em diferentes ondas da doença na Argentina. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo e multicêntrico, que incluiu pacientes adultos com insuficiência respiratória aguda relacionada à COVID-19 que necessitaram de oxigênio nasal de alto fluxo. A principal posição de exposição foi a prona consciente (≥ 6 horas/dia) em comparação com a prona não consciente. O desfecho primário foi a intubação endotraqueal, e o secundário foi a mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizou-se o escore de propensão de ponderação pela probabilidade inversa para ajustar a probabilidade condicional de atribuição de tratamento. Em seguida, ajustamos as variáveis contextuais, que variaram ao longo do tempo e comparamos a eficácia entre a primeira e a segunda onda. Resultados: Ao todo, 728 pacientes foram incluídos: 360 durante a primeira onda e 368 durante a segunda onda, dos quais 195 (54%) e 227 (62%) permaneceram em prona consciente numa mediana (intervalo interquatil 25 - 75%) de 12 (10 - 16) e 14 (8 - 17) horas/dia, respectivamente (Grupo Prona Consciente). As razões de chance (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de intubação endotraqueal no grupo prona em vigília foram de 0,25 (0,13 - 0,46) e 0,19 (0,09 - 0,31) na primeira e segunda ondas, respectivamente (p = 0,41 comparativamente entre as ondas). As razões de chance de mortalidade intra-hospitalar na posição prona consciente foram de 0,35 (0,17 - 0,65) e 0,22 (0,12 - 0,43), respectivamente (p = 0,44 comparativamente entre as ondas). Conclusão: A posição prona consciente foi associada à redução no risco de intubação endotraqueal e mortalidade hospitalar. Esses efeitos foram independentes do contexto em que a intervenção foi aplicada e não foram observadas diferenças entre as diferentes ondas. Objetivo COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Argentina Métodos Tratase Trata se multicêntrico ≥ ( horas/dia horasdia horas dia hospitalar Utilizouse Utilizou tratamento seguida contextuais Resultados todo 72 incluídos 36 54% 54 (54% 22 62% 62 (62% intervalo 2 75% 75 1 10 (1 16 8 17 Grupo Consciente. Consciente . Consciente) 95% 95 025 0 0,2 0,13 013 13 (0,1 0,46 046 46 019 0,1 0,09 009 09 (0,0 0,31 031 31 p 041 41 0,4 ondas) intrahospitalar intra 035 35 0,3 0,17 017 0,65 065 65 022 0,12 012 0,43, 043 0,43 , 43 0,43) 044 44 Conclusão COVID1 COVID- 7 3 5 (54 (62 9 02 0, 01 (0, 04 4 0,0 00 03 0,6 06 (5 (6 (0

Abstract: The language used by teachers has been found to be closely associated with the oral language of the children in their care. The types of questions that teachers ask and the way they follow-up children's responses constitute initiation-response-follow-up (IRF) sequences, which are an important aspect of teacher-student verbal exchanges. In preschool, these sequences have been studied mostly in book reading interactions. The present study compares IRF sequences in 2 situations: book reading and play. The sample comprised 10 preschools, purposively selected in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. Specifically, the participants were 10 teachers and 300 children. Employing a micro analytical approach, 13 audio recordings of book reading and 16 of corner play were analyzed. To evaluate the differences between the types of questions, responses, and follow-up in the 2 situations, the (2 test was used. In addition, a sequential analysis was performed of the relationship between the type and complexity of the question, of the response, and of the follow-up. Results show that both situations predominantly feature low complexity or literal questions and low-level follow-ups, such as confirmation, evaluation, falsification, and response. Relevantly, the type and complexity of the question asked by the teacher strongly determine the complexity of the children's response. The didactic implications of this study are discussed, specifically regarding teaching practices and teacher education.

Resumen: El lenguaje que utilizan las maestras tiene importantes asociaciones con el lenguaje de los niños/as a su cuidado. Un aspecto importante es el tipo de preguntas que realizan las maestras y la forma en que dan seguimiento a las respuestas de los niños/as, lo que se conoce como secuencias pregunta-respuesta-seguimiento (PRS). En el nivel inicial, estas secuencias han sido estudiadas mayormente en situaciones de lectura de libros. En la investigación que aquí se presenta se comparan secuencias PRS en cuento y juego. Participaron 10 jardines de infantes de la provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina, seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional. Específicamente, participaron 10 maestras y 300 niños/as. Desde un enfoque microanalítico, se analizaron 13 grabaciones de audio en situaciones de lectura de cuentos y 16 durante juegos de rincón. Para evaluar las diferencias en el tipo de preguntas, respuestas y seguimiento en ambas situaciones se utilizó la prueba (2. Además, se realizó un análisis secuencial de la relación entre el tipo y complejidad de la pregunta, de la respuesta y del seguimiento. Los resultados muestran que en ambas situaciones predomina el uso de preguntas de baja complejidad o literales y de seguimientos de bajo nivel, tales como confirmación, evaluación, falsificación y respuesta. Se destaca que el tipo y la complejidad de la pregunta que realiza la maestra determina fuertemente la complejidad de la respuesta de los niños/as. Se discuten las implicancias didácticas del presente estudio, específicamente en cuanto a la práctica y formación docente.

Resumen: Investigaciones focalizadas en la función pragmática del habla dirigida al niño (HDN) han mostrado diferencias entre distintos grupos socioeconómicos (Hart y Risley 1995; Mastin et.al. 2016). En tanto estos estudios fueron realizados en poblaciones que difieren social, cultural y lingüísticamente de la población argentina, la descripción del entorno lingüístico de distintos grupos socioeconómicos de Argentina puede contribuir a dar cuenta de la variabilidad en las experiencias lingüísticas infantiles. Este trabajo se propone estudiar la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y la función pragmática del HDN considerando la edad del niño y el nivel educativo de la madre a partir de 40 horas de audiograbación en los hogares de 20 niños (8-20 meses de edad). Se observó en el habla dirigida al niño que el incremento de la escolaridad materna aumenta la probabilidad de comentarios y reportes, en tanto que disminuye la probabilidad de directivas. El incremento en la edad del niño disminuye la probabilidad de preguntas.

Abstract: Research focused on the pragmatic function of child-directed speech (CDS) has shown differences between socioeconomic groups (Hart y Risley 1995; Mastin et al. 2016). Since these studies were carried out in populations that differ socially, culturally and linguistically from the Argentinean population, the description of linguistic environment of different socioeconomic groups of Argentina may contribute to account for the variability in children's early linguistic experiences. This work intends to study the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the pragmatic function of the CDS considering children’s age and maternal education by analyzing 40 hours of audio recording in the homes of 20 children (8-20 months of age). Results showed that higher maternal education increases comments and reports probability and decreases directives probability. Results also showed that questions’ probability decreased with children’s age.

Resumen En el presente estudio se analizan situaciones de alfabetización entre díadas de niños de 12 años, que asistían a la escuela primaria y niños de 5 años de jardín de infantes generadas en el marco del programa de niños tutores en alfabetización “De niño a niño” (Rosemberg y Alam, 2009) orientado a promover el aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura de niños, quienes viven en poblaciones urbano marginadas de Argentina. El análisis se focaliza en las secuencias de intercambio en las que los niños mayores (tutores) explican palabras poco familiares a los niños pequeños (aprendices) durante dis tintos tipos de actividades: lectura de cuentos y actividades focalizadas en el sistema de escritura y el vocabulario. Durante el año escolar, se llevaron a cabo 7 sesiones y las sesiones de 8 díadas fueron filmadas y transcriptas. Se identificaron 89 secuencias donde el tutor explicaba una palabra al apren diz. Para el análisis, se elaboró una categorización que da cuenta de la estructura conversacional de las secuencias de explicación -modalidad monologal o dialogal- y del tipo de información empleada -estrategias que recurren a aspectos semánticos y de contextualización. A fin de comparar cómo se despliegan estas secuencias en cada tipo de actividad, se emplearon pruebas estadísticas no paramé tricas. Los resultados mostraron una preeminencia de la modalidad monologal y un mayor empleo de estrategias que recurren a aspectos semánticos en las situaciones de lectura. En las otras actividades de alfabetización, prevaleció la modalidad dialogal y el empleo de estrategias de contextualización.

Abstract: This study analyzes literacy situations between dyads of 12-year-olds attending primary school and 5-year-old kindergarten children generated in the framework of the “De niño a niño” program (Rosemberg & Alam, 2009). The goal of this program is to promote reading and writing learning among children living in urban-marginalized populations in Argentina. The analysis focuses on the interventions used by older children (tutors) to explain un familiar words to younger children (apprentices) in the context of different types of activities: reading stories and activities focused on the writing system and vocabulary. During the school year, 7 sessions were held. The tutoring sessions of 8 dyads were videotaped and transcribed. Eighty-nine exchanges in which a tutor explained a word to the apprentice were identified. For the analysis, a categorization was elaborated focusing on the conversational structure of the explanation sequence modality - monologal or dialogal - and the type of information used for the explanation -strategies that resort to semantic and contextual aspects. In order to compare how these sequences were deployed in each type of activity, nonparametric statistical tests were used. The results showed a pre-eminence of the monologal modality and a greater use of strategies that resort to semantic aspects in reading situations. In the other literacy activities, the dialogal modality and the use of contextual aspects prevailed.

Resumen Con la participación de niños de sectores medios de Argentina, se presenta un estudio longitudinal acerca de la construcción del mundo ficcional y de la trama narrativa en situaciones de juego. Investigaciones previas evidenciaron las relaciones entre el juego y las habilidades narrativas. Son escasos los estudios que analizaron los recursos que contribuyen a elaborar el mundo ficcional del juego, así como las características de su trama narrativa. Se analizaron 60 situaciones de juego simbólico en las que participaron 12 niños y sus madres cuando los primeros tenían 2.6 y 3.6 años. Los participantes emplean diversos recursos para la construcción del mundo ficcional. Se observaron variaciones longitudinales respecto del uso de enunciados metalúdicos, el tipo de mundo ficcional y la complejidad de la trama narrativa del juego.

Abstract The paper presents a longitudinal analysis of the construction of the fictional world and the narrative discourse in play situations registered in the homes of middle-income children from Argentina. Previous research has shown the relations between play and narrative abilities. There are few studies focused on the characteristics of the interaction and the language that contribute to the narrative represented in the play. Sixty play situations were analyzed and registered in the homes of 12 children when they were 2.6 and 3.6 years old respectively. The participants used several resources for the construction of the fictional world of the play. Longitudinal variations were observed regarding the use of metaplay utterances, the types of fictional worlds constructed and the complexity of the narratives.

Resumen Se presenta una revisión de investigaciones que atienden al desempeño psicolingüístico infantil referido al vocabulario, al discurso narrativo y al argumentativo. En el marco de una amplia presentación de trabajos de investigación en el tema, el foco de la revisión son los trabajos previos realizados en el marco de la línea de investigación que llevamos a cabo en Argentina con niños de diversos grupos socioculturales. Se incluyen, a modo de ilustración de los conceptos, intercambios audio o videofilmados a niños de dos años y seis meses a cinco años en diferentes contextos de interacción en el hogar y en la escuela. En la presentación conceptual, así como en el análisis de los intercambios, se señalan las interrelaciones entre el vocabulario y el discurso narrativo y argumentativo en las interacciones sociales durante la consecusión de las actividades que configuran la vida cotidiana en el hogar, la comunidad y el entorno escolar. Asimismo, se señala la necesidad de atender, desde una perspectiva multimodal, al contexto de interacción social en el que se insertan tempranamente las palabras infantiles cuando los niños comienzan a producir discursos que les permiten realizar su intención comunicativa.

Abstract We present a research review of studies about children’s psycholinguistic performance regarding vocabulary as well as narrative and argumentative discourse. Within the framework of a wide array of research studies on the subject, this revision focuses on the line of research that we have been carrying out with children from diverse sociocultural groups in Argentina. In order to illustrate the concepts, we have included audio or video conversational exchanges among children between two and half years and five years old. The exchanges were recorded in different contexts of interaction at school and at home. In the theoretical presentation, as well as in the analysis of exchanges we point out the relationships between vocabulary and narrative and argumentative discourse, that took place within the social interactions in the daily activities at home, in the community, and school environments. Likewise, we highlight the need to attend to the context of social interaction in which a child’s vocabulary is inserted early on, when children begin to produce discourse in order to carry out their communicational goals.

Se presenta un estudio longitudinal del desempeño de niños que participaron de un programa de promoción del desarrollo lingã¼ístico en el jardín de infantes y en 1º grado del nivel primario. Un grupo de niños participantes (198) fue evaluado en vocabulario pasivo y productivo, escritura y lectura; su desempeño fue comparado con el de un grupo control (43). Se observó un mejor desempeño de los niños participantes, tanto en el jardín de infantes como en 1° grado. El análisis de regresión múltiple mostró que algunas de las habilidades evaluadas en el Nivel Inicial predicen el desempeño de los niños en 1º grado. Los resultados destacan la relevancia de una intervención planificada y sistemática en el Nivel Inicial con el fin de conseguir logros observables en el desempeño de los niños.

The study presents the results of a longitudinal study focused on the performance of a group of children that participated in an educational program aimed to promote linguistic development among students in kindergarten and 1st Grade of primary school. A group of children that participated in the program (198) were tested to assess their receptive and expressive vocabulary and reading and writing skills. Their performance was compared to a control group (43). Results showed a better performance in the children who participated in the program both in kindergarten as well as in 1st Grade. The multiple regression analysis showed that some of the abilities tested in kindergarten can predict children’s academic performance in 1st Grade. The results outline the importance of carrying out planned and systematic interventions in kindergarten that contribute to observable achievements in children Ì�s performance.

Apresenta-se um estudo longitudinal do desempenho de crianças que participaram de um programa de promoção do desenvolvimento linguístico na escola de Educação Infantil e na 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental. Um grupo de crianças participantes (198) foi avaliado em vocabulário receptivo e produtivo, escrita e leitura; seu desempenho foi comparado com o de um grupo de controle (43). Observou-se um melhor desempenho das crianças participantes, tanto na escola infantil quanto no ensino fundamental. A análise de regressão múltipla mostrou que algumas das habilidades avaliadas na Educação Infantil predizem o desempenho das crianças na 1ª série. Os resultados destacam a importã¢ncia de uma intervenção planejada e sistemática na escola infantil de forma a atingir resultados observáveis no desempenho das crianças.

The present study aims to analyze the structure and the evaluative language in narratives produced by child-caretaker dyads from Buenos Aires (Argentina), in different conversational contexts-storybook reading situations, conversations about past and future events- when children are 2 years and a half, 3 years, 3 years and a half and 4 years old. Narrative is not only a type of discourse that organizes communicative exchanges and the transmission and recreation of culture; it is also one of the most important ways in which thought is configured (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Rosemberg, Silva & Stein, 2010). The narrative structure and the use of evaluative resources are particularly related to cognitive and socioemotional development (Fernández & Melzi, 2008). Narrative development begins during the preschool years (Nelson, 1996) and occurs through the social interactions that take place in diverse daily situations: play (Pellegrini, 1985), story-book reading (Snow, Porche, Tabors & Harris, 2007) and conversations about past (Nelson,1996) and future events (Hudson, 2002, 2006). A series of studies undertaken in the fields of Psychology and Psycholinguistics have analyzed the structure and the evaluative language in early narratives orally produced by mother-child dyads (Fivush, 1991; Haden, Haine & Fivush, 1997; Peterson & McCabe, 1992, 1994, among others). The results of these studies have shown a relationship between the type of information introduced by mothers when they produce narratives in collaboration with their children and the information provided by children in the production of independent narratives later on (Fivush, 1991; Peterson & McCabe, 1992, 1994). Other studies showed an increase of the information regarding actions as well as descriptive, orientative and evaluative components of the narratives as a function of children's age (Haden, Haine & Fivush, 1997). The great majority of this research has been done with English-speaking and Caucasian families. Although there are some studies with Spanish-speaking population in Latin America (Díaz Oyarce & Mendoza Saavedra, 2012; Fernández & Melzi, 2008; Romero Contreras & Gómez Martínez, 2013; Shiro, 2003) one can hypothesize there will be intra-group differences given the heterogeneity of Hispanic population. There are few studies focused on the comparative analysis of narratives produced in different conversational contexts (Curenton, Craig & Flanigan, 2008; Fernández & Melzi, 2008). The author did not find studies which analyzed the evaluative resources used during the production of narratives about future events. The corpus of the present study consists of 81narratives produced in different conversational contexts: storybook reading situations (34 narratives), conversations about past events (24 narratives) and conversations about future events (23 narratives). The situations, which took place in the homes of 6 middle-income children from Buenos Aires (Argentina), were audio-recorded and transcribed for their analysis. The narratives were analyzed regarding their structure and the evaluative resources used by the participants in order to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of the narratives collaboratively produced by children-caretakers dyads? In particular, which is the relative weight of the evaluative component regarding the other structural components referred to orientation, action and description? Which evaluative resources are employed by the children and their interlocutors? Are there any longitudinal and between conversation al contexts differences regarding each of the aspects analyzed (structure of the narratives, evaluative component, evaluative resources)? The results showed that the evaluative component of the narratives is the most predominant since 2:6 years and in the different conversational contexts considered. The children who participated in the study jointly produced with their caretaker (primarily their mothers) narratives where the interpretation and the personal stance on the events were emphasized. This fact reveals the potential of collaboratively produced narratives to promote different aspects of child development, particularly those related to cognition and socioemotional development.

El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue estudiar la estructura y el lenguaje evaluativo en narrativas producidas por díadas niño-cuidador principal, durante el período comprendido entre los 2 años y 6 meses y 4 años. El corpus estuvo conformado por 81 narrativas producidas en distintos contextos conversacionales -situaciones de lectura de cuentos, conversaciones en torno a eventos pasados y conversaciones en torno a eventos futuros- en los que participaron en el hogar 6 niños pertenecientes a un grupo de sectores medios de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se realizó un análisis de las narrativas con el fin de dar cuenta de su estructura y de los recursos evaluativos empleados por los niños y sus interlocutores. El estudio contempló también un análisis cuantitativo comparativo focalizado en la identificación de similitudes y diferencias en la estructura -atendiendo en particular el componente evaluativo en las mismas- y los recursos evaluativos entre las narrativas producidas longitudinalmente y en las diferentes situaciones (diferencia de medias y ANOVA). Los resultados mostraron el potencial de la elaboración de narrativas en colaboración para promover diferentes aspectos del desarrollo infantil, en particular aspectos relativos al desarrollo cognitivo y socioemocional de los niños. Tempranamente en la infancia y en los tres contextos estudiados los niños que participaron en el presente estudio elaboran junto con sus cuidadores, narrativas en donde se enfatiza la evaluación como componente estructural, esto es, la interpretación y el posicionamiento personal frente a los eventos.

This study follows current psycholinguistic models (Nelson, 1996, 2007; Snow, 1972; Tomasello, 2003) that subscribe to the central premises of sociocultural theories of human development (Vygotsky, 1964). The authors aim to present a qualitative analysis of the particular characteristics of the family literacy situations that took place in the homes of 30 children from Argentina's urban poor population. The psycholinguistic models discussed in this study take the close link between the development of language and cognitive development into account and assume that both types of development occur in social interaction. In addition, they emphasize the subjective, experiential component of the child's interactions with the world. Children construct meaning by experimenting with the objects, knowledge, and tools that they come into contact with in the activities in which they participate. Children's experiences also depend on the people they interact with, whose verbal and non-verbal presentations and scaffolding the child uses in a process of collaborative construction of structures of meaning (Nelson, 2007). Analysis in the present study is focused specifically on the structure and social mediations that shape children's opportunities to participate in literacy situations. The corpus consists of 124 audio-recorded literacy situations that were generated by the introduction of children's books that contained stories and literacy activities. Differently from major previous studies regarding family literacy (Bus, Leseman & Keultjes, 2000; Delgado-Gaitan, 1990; Hammer, 2001; Heath, 1983; Leseman & Van Tuijl, 2006; McNaughton, 2006; Reyes, Alexandra & Azuara, 2007; Taylor & Dorsey-Gaines, 1988, among others), the unit of analysis was the situation as it naturally occurred in the home, considering all the participants and not just the mother-child dyad. The ecological approach adopted in this study allowed identifying the particular characteristics of the early literacy situations that took place in the homes of children from Argentina's urban poor. Results showed that in these homes, where the low education level of adults might have inhibited the consecution of literacy activities, the extended composition of the families and the fact that children participate in extended social networks facilitated the activities' development. The literacy situations took place within the framework of the interaction between the child and the diverse and multiple participants that comprise the collaboration networks where children and adults assume different roles. These results showed that the children's books are used in situations that capitalize on several characteristics of the sociocultural setting. The books' introduction in the homes created situations that took advantage of certain characteristics of these populations' natural contexts, such as the variety of interlocutors, and transformed other characteristics by sustaining the interaction over an extended period of time. This highlights the linguistic and cognitive potential that interaction with a written text implies. The study's results also corroborate and exemplify in the field of early literacy acquisition the findings of previous research done in within the framework of the sociocultural perspective with children in black communities (Ward, 1971, cited in Rogoff, 1993), as well as with children from indigenous Hawaiian populations (Farran & Mistry, cited in Rogoff, 1993), and from the indigenous Colla community (Rosemberg & Borzone, 1998). Although the aforementioned studies didn't seek to study the literacy processes they too showed the inclusion of small children in wide collaboration networks, as well as the differentiation and division of roles in order to complete various activities performed in collaboration (Farran & Mistry, cited in Rogoff, 1993; Rogoff, 1993; Ward, 1971, cited in Rogoff, 1993). These findings have strong pedagogical implications: they show that it is important to interweave early educational interventions with the funds of knowledge and interactional patterns that characterize children's culture.

En el presente trabajo se informan los resultados de un estudio focalizado en el análisis cualitativo (Glasser & Strauss, 1967) de las características particulares que adoptan las situaciones de alfabetización familiar en el que participaron 30 niños de 4 años de barrios urbano-marginados de Argentina. Se atendió específicamente a la estructura de relaciones y de mediaciones sociales que durante la consecución de las situaciones configuran oportunidades para la participación del niño pequeño. El corpus estuvo conformado por 124 situaciones de alfabetización registradas por medio de audio, generadas a partir de la implementación de un programa de alfabetización temprana y familiar. Los resultados mostraron que en estos hogares en los que el bajo nivel de escolaridad de los adultos podía inhibir la consecución de la actividad de alfabetización, la composición extendida de las familias y la participación de los niños en amplias redes sociales facilita la realización de las actividades. En efecto, se observó que las situaciones de alfabetización se desarrollan en el marco de la interacción entre el niño y múltiples y diversos participantes que conforman distintas redes de colaboración en las que los niños pequeños, los niños mayores y los adultos desempeñan distintos roles. Estos resultados tienen fuertes implicancias pedagógicas, en tanto advierten sobre la importancia de entrelazar toda intervención educativa en los primeros años con los conocimientos y los patrones de interacción que caracterizan a la cultura de los niños, tanto en el contexto escolar de la educación inicial como en el familiar.

Language regulates human activity, including play; simultaneously, play is a means for linguistic development (Katherine Nelson, 1996; Vigotsky, 1988). Play situations are a privileged context for the regulative uses of language and for the development of instructional discourse (Graves, 1992). Within this framework, in this paper a purposive sample that includes 31 play situations is analyzed. In these situations participated 10 4-year-old children from marginalized neighbourhoods in Argentina. The qualitative analysis (Strauss & Corbin, 2002) showed that adults used different interactional movements (modelling, questions, comparisons) alongside with linguistic forms of regulating the situation (imperatives, verbal phrases of obligation), all of which can contribute to the development of instructional discourse in children.

El lenguaje regula la actividad humana, incluyendo el juego; simultáneamente, el juego constituye un medio para el desarrollo lingüístico (Katherine Nelson, 1996; Vigotsky, 1988). El juego resulta un contexto privilegiado para los usos regulativos del lenguaje y para el desarrollo del discurso instructivo (Graves, 1992). Se analiza una muestra intencional conformada por 31 situaciones de juego en las que participaron en el hogar 10 niños de 4 años de barrios marginados de Argentina. El análisis cualitativo (Strauss & Corbin, 2002) mostró distintos movimientos interaccionales (modelado, preguntas, comparaciones) y formas lingüísticas de regulación de la situación (imperativos, frases verbales de obligación) usados por los adultos, que pueden contribuir al desarrollo del discurso instructivo de los niños.

O estudo avalia o impacto de um programa de promoção do desenvolvimento lingüístico e cognitivo para crianças de 5 anos implementado segundo as duas modalidades: uma que implicou ações de alfabetização familiar nos lares das crianças (modalidade intensiva) e a outra que incluiu a participação das crianças nas aulas do pré-escolar (modalidade extensiva). A avaliação do impacto realizou-se por meio de um desenho pre-test - post-test. Executaram-se provas de vocabulário receptivo (VR), produção de categorias (PC) e a escrita a uma mostra de 214 crianças participantes da modalidade intensiva, 69 participantes da modalidade extensiva e um grupo controle que não participou do programa (49 crianças). Os resultados mostraram que a participação na modalidade intensiva implicou um maior incremento nas habilidades infantis de VR, PC que na modalidade extensiva. Ambas as modalidades experimentais mostraram também um maior incremento nas variáveis examinadas respeito das observadas no grupo controle. Não se detectaram efeitos da escolaridade da mãe e a assistência previa ao nível pré-escolar. Os resultados mostraram correlações significativas entre todas as variáveis analisadas e o valor preditivo dos resultados em VR a principio de ano respeito dos resultados em VR e escritura a fim do ano.

The study evaluates the impact of a linguistic and cognitive development program for 5-year-old children. The program was implemented undergoing two conditions. In the first condition, the children participated in activities in their preschool classroom (extensive condition), while the second condition also involved family literacy activities in the children's homes (intensive condition). The program's impact was evaluated by using a pre-test - post-test design. The tests for receptive vocabulary (RV), category production (CP) and writing were administered to a sample of 214 children who participated in the intensive condition, 69 who participated in the extensive condition, and a control group of 49 children from Buenos Aires who did not participate in the program. The results showed that participation in the intensive condition led to a greater increase in RV, CP and writing abilities than the extensive condition and that both experimental conditions showed a greater increase in skill level when compared with the control group. The mother's education level and previous preschool attendance seemed to have no effect. The results showed significant correlations between all of the variables analyzed and that the RV scores at the beginning of the year predicted both the RV and writing scores at the end of the year.

El estudio evalúa el impacto de un programa de promoción del desarrollo lingüístico y cognitivo para niños de 5 años implementado según dos modalidades: una que implicó acciones de alfabetización familiar en los hogares de los niños (modalidad intensiva) y otra que incluyó la participación de los niños en las salas de jardín de infantes (modalidad extensiva). La evaluación del impacto se realizó por medio de un diseño pre-test - post-test. Se tomaron pruebas de vocabulario receptivo (VR), producción de categorías (PC) y escritura a una muestra de 214 niños participantes de la modalidad intensiva, 69 participantes de la modalidad extensiva y un grupo control de no participó del programa (49 niños). Los resultados mostraron que l a participación en la modalidad intensiva implicó un mayor incremento en las habilidades infantiles de VR, PC que en la modalidad extensiva. A su vez ambas modalidades experimentales mostraron un mayor incremento en las variables examinadas respecto de las observadas en el grupo control. No se detectaron efectos de la escolaridad de la madre y la asistencia previa al jardín. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones significativas entre todas las variables analizadas y el valor predictivo de los puntajes en VR a principio de año respecto de los puntajes en VR y escritura a fin de año.