ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has been considered one of the leading causes of acute hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of HAV among children and adolescents in a population-based study in the capitals of the States of the North, Southeast and South of Brazil and identify predictive factors for the infection. A multi-stage sampling was used to select subjects aged between 5-9 and 10-19 years. Individual and household levels aside from the level of variables in the areas were collected. The outcome was the total IgG antibodies to HAV levels detected using a commercial Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA). The associations between HAV and the independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio. A multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using the Stata software. The prevalence of HAV infection in the 5-9 and 10-19 age groups was 28.7% and 67.5%, respectively for the North, 20.6% and 37.7%, for the Southeast and 18.9% and 34.5% for the South Region. The prevalence of HAV increased according to age in all sites. Variables related to education at the individual level (North and South), family and area level (South and Southeast) and family income level (Southeast and South) were independently associated with HAV infection. This emphasizes the need for individualized strategies to prevent the infection.

Abstract Introduction Specialized psychosocial care centers (Centros de Atenção Psicossocial [CAPS]) are mental health services focused on social rehabilitation and reducing hospitalization of patients with severe and persistent mental illness. Collective multiprofessional activities (CMPA) are the main therapeutic tools used at CAPS. This study aimed to determine rates of adherence to CMPA and identify factors associated with adherence. Methods This is a cross-sectional study in which 111 CAPS users were evaluated using questionnaires covering patient characteristics, clinical status, and treatment and incorporating the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST), the Clinical Global Impression – Severity scale (CGI-S), and the Clinical Global Impression – Improvement scale (CGI-I). Adherence was defined as attendance at 50% or more CMPA during the previous 3 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and Poisson logistic regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios. Results CPMA adherence was 43%. Having children aged 14 years or younger was significantly associated with non-adherence (71%, p = 0.001). Poor or partial adherence to psychotropic drugs tended to be associated (p = 0.066) with poor adherence (33% higher risk), as was the number of psychiatric hospitalizations during CAPS (p = 0.076), with a cumulative association of 5% non-adherence per hospitalization. Conclusions CMPA adherence was low in the study. It is necessary to consider the environment in which the individual lives and invest in support networks, providing patients and family members with explanations about the importance of CMPA to rehabilitation and attempting to tailor the care provided to each patient’s needs. There was an association between greater number of psychiatric hospitalizations and non-adherence, suggesting that CAPS are fulfilling a preventive role.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação entre depressão e dependência de drogas ilícitas entre a população Latino-Americana. MÉTODO: Indivíduos dependentes de drogas ilícitas (n = 137) e controles (n = 274) foram entrevistados pela Entrevista Diagnóstica para Estudos Genéticos para investigar desordem depressiva corrente, ou durante sua vida, e dependência de drogas ilícitas (cocaína, maconha ou inalantes). Análise de regressão logística foi usada para estimar a razão de chances para dependência de drogas levando em conta o diagnóstico de depressão. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico de depressão durante sua vida (p = 0,001; OR = 4,9; 95% CI, 1,9-12,7) prediz a dependência de drogas ilícitas. Os dados sociodemográficos sexo masculino (p < 0,001; OR = 36,8; 95% CI, 11,8-114) e situação ocupacional (p = 0,002; OR = 5,0; 95% CI, 1,8-13), e a dependência de álcool (p = 0,01; OR = 3,4; 95% CI, 1,3-8,7) influenciam significativamente a depressão e a dependência de drogas. Ainda, outros fatores importantes que influenciam são ter pais (p = 0,006; OR = 18,9; 95% CI, 2,3-158) ou amigos (p < 0,001; OR = 64,4; 95% CI, 6,5-636) dependentes de drogas ilícitas. CONCLUSÃO: O delineamento utilizado não possibilitou evidenciar a seqüência de eventos no processo de causalidade. No entanto, a variável depressão ocorreu com maior freqüência após a iniciação do uso de drogas. Sugere-se a realização de estudos para avaliar se a depressão é uma comorbidade da dependência ou uma conseqüência do abuso de drogas ou abstinência.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between depression and illicit drug dependence among a Latin-American population. METHOD: illicit drug dependent patients (n = 137) and controls (n = 274) were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, in order to detect lifetime and current depressive disorder and illicit (cocaine, cannabis or inhalants) substance dependence. A regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio for drug dependence according to the diagnosis of depression. RESULTS: The lifetime diagnosis of depression (p = 0.001; OR = 4.9; 95% CI, 1.9-12.7) predicts illegal drugs dependence. Sociodemographic variables such as male gender (p < 0.001; OR = 36.8; 95% CI, 11.8-114) and occupational situation (p = 0.002; OR = 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8-13) as well as alcohol dependence (p = 0.01; OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7) significantly influenced depression and drug dependence. Additional influent factors detected were having parents (p = 0.006; OR = 18.9; 95% CI, 2.3-158) or friends (p < 0.001; OR = 64.4; 95% CI, 6.5-636) who are illicit drugs dependents. CONCLUSION: although a causal relationship between dependence on illicit drugs and depression cannot be determined, comparison of the sequence of events point to the occurrence of depression later in life than dependence. It remains to be determined whether depression is a comorbidity of dependence, sharing etiological factors, or a consequence of drug abuse and/or abstinence.

Estratégias em saúde baseadas na atenção primária à saúde vêm aumentando no Brasil. Existe um instrumento aplicado a usuários, o Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool), que mede a extensão dos atributos da atenção primária à saúde, já validado nos Estados Unidos. Objetivamos adaptar o PCATool ao Brasil e analisar sua validade e confiabilidade, por meio de estudo seccional de validação da sua versão infantil. A validação constou de: tradução e tradução reversa, adaptação, pré-teste, validade de construto, consistência interna e análise de confiabilidade. O questionário foi aplicado a 468 cuidadores de crianças cadastradas em 18 serviços de atenção básica de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, representativos deste universo de usuários. Na análise fatorial foram identificadas oito dimensões, com o ade Cronbach variando de 0,74 a 0,88. O instrumento final ficou com 45 itens, divididos em oito atributos (acesso de primeiro contato, continuidade, coordenação, três atributos de integralidade, orientação familiar e comunitária). Estes resultados indicaram que o PCATool-Brasil possui adequada validade e confiabilidade, podendo constituir-se em instrumento nacional de avaliação da atenção primária à saúde após sua aplicação em outros contextos populacionais.

Health strategies based on primary health care have been expanding in Brazil. An instrument applied to users, the Primary Care Assessment Tool (the PCATool), which measures the extent of primary care, has been validated in the United States. We sought to adapt the PCATool to Brazil and analyze its validation and reliability through a cross-sectional validation study of the Child PCATool. Validation included: translation, back-translation, adaptation, debriefing, content and construct validate, internal consistency, and reliability analysis. The questionnaire was applied to 468 parents or guardians of children registered with 18 primary health services in Porto Alegre, representing the services' normal pediatric population. Using factor analysis, 8 domains were identified, with Cronbach's aranging from 0.74 to 0.88. Validation resulted in a 45-item scale, divided into 8 attributes (Access to First Contact, Continuity, Coordination, 3 attributes of Comprehensiveness, Community Orientation, and Family Orientation). These results showed that the PCATool-Brasil has adequate validity and reliability and could be used as a national instrument to evaluate primary health care after its application to other population settings in the country.

Estratégias em saúde baseadas na atenção primária à saúde vêm aumentando no Brasil. Existe um instrumento aplicado a usuários, o Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool), que mede a extensão dos atributos da atenção primária à saúde, já validado nos Estados Unidos. Objetivamos adaptar o PCATool ao Brasil e analisar sua validade e confiabilidade, por meio de estudo seccional de validação da sua versão infantil. A validação constou de: tradução e tradução reversa, adaptação, pré-teste, validade de construto, consistência interna e análise de confiabilidade. O questionário foi aplicado a 468 cuidadores de crianças cadastradas em 18 serviços de atenção básica de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, representativos deste universo de usuários. Na análise fatorial foram identificadas oito dimensões, com o ade Cronbach variando de 0,74 a 0,88. O instrumento final ficou com 45 itens, divididos em oito atributos (acesso de primeiro contato, continuidade, coordenação, três atributos de integralidade, orientação familiar e comunitária). Estes resultados indicaram que o PCATool-Brasil possui adequada validade e confiabilidade, podendo constituir-se em instrumento nacional de avaliação da atenção primária à saúde após sua aplicação em outros contextos populacionais.

Health strategies based on primary health care have been expanding in Brazil. An instrument applied to users, the Primary Care Assessment Tool (the PCATool), which measures the extent of primary care, has been validated in the United States. We sought to adapt the PCATool to Brazil and analyze its validation and reliability through a cross-sectional validation study of the Child PCATool. Validation included: translation, back-translation, adaptation, debriefing, content and construct validate, internal consistency, and reliability analysis. The questionnaire was applied to 468 parents or guardians of children registered with 18 primary health services in Porto Alegre, representing the services' normal pediatric population. Using factor analysis, 8 domains were identified, with Cronbach's aranging from 0.74 to 0.88. Validation resulted in a 45-item scale, divided into 8 attributes (Access to First Contact, Continuity, Coordination, 3 attributes of Comprehensiveness, Community Orientation, and Family Orientation). These results showed that the PCATool-Brasil has adequate validity and reliability and could be used as a national instrument to evaluate primary health care after its application to other population settings in the country.

Resumo: Este artigo compara as opiniões de estudantes britânicos e brasileiros sobre a qualidade do ensino na graduação, a ênfase dada ao ensino de especialidades e ao ensino de Medicina Geral Comunitária, além da ocorrência de arrependimento em estudar Medicina. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de um questionário padronizado, com perguntas quantitativas e de lista livre a estudantes em diferentes níveis da graduação. Constatou-se, com base na opinião dos alunos, ênfase excessiva no ensino de especialidades em detrimento do ensino de medicina geral no Brasil, com diferença significativa (p < 0,05) quando comparado com a Grã-Bretanha. Encontrou-se, também, menor porcentagem de estudantes brasileiros (32%) dispostos a especializar-se em MGC do que na Grã-Bretanha (55%), havendo diferença significativa (p < 0,05). Quanto à ocorrência de arrependimento, não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois países, mas, no Brasil, observa-se excessiva preocupação dos alunos em formar um currículo competitivo para a disputa de vagas de residência médica (“curriculite”), o que não ocorre na Grã-Bretanha.

Abstract: This article compares opinions among British and Brazilian students with regrets to the quality of undergraduate teaching and emphasis given to the teaching of hospital specialities and community general practice. It also investigated the frequency of regret at studying medicine. Data were collected by applying a standardized questionnaire of quantitative and free-list questions among undergraduate students at different levels. In the Brazilian students' opinions, excessive emphasis is placed on the teaching of hospital specialties, to the detriment of general practice, significantly different (p < 0,05) from the situation in Great Britain. In addition, a smaller proportion of Brazilian students (32%) were willing to enter general practice than British students (55%), with significant differences (p < 0,05). No significant differences were found between the two countries in relation to the occurrence of regret at studying medicine. In Brazil though, were found to be overconcerned to form a competitive résumé to dispute places on medical residency programs, which did not happen in Great Britain.