ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the summer pruning time in ‘Fuji’ apple trees on the quality of fruit at harvest and after storage in controlled atmosphere with extremely low O2 (CA-ELO) (0.5 kPa O2). The treatments evaluated were summer pruning in December, January, and February, in addition to a control treatment (without summer pruning). The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The fruit were evaluated at harvest and after eight months of CA-ELO (0.5 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2/1.5 ± 0.2°C/92 ± 2% RH) storage, at chamber opening, and after 7 days of shelf-life at 23 ± 3°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The quality of the fruit was evaluated through of soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, fruit color, and physiological disorder incidence (sunburn and flesh browning), in addition to enzymatic activity and concentration of functional compounds. There was no significant effect of the summer pruning time on fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and rot incidence after storage under CA-ELO plus 7 days of shelf life. Summer pruning in February resulted in fruit with higher peel red color development, which in general contains a higher concentration of functional compounds at harvest (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity), and lower flesh browning incidence in ‘Fuji’ apples stored under CA-ELO. The nitrogen (N) concentration and nitrogen/calcium ratio (N/Ca) in the second growing season were lower in fruit from plants pruned in February, compared to no summer pruning or earlier pruning. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activity were lower in fruit from treatments with summer pruning in January and February, whereas the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was lower when summer pruning was conducted in February. ABSTRACT ‘Fuji Fuji O CAELO CA ELO (CA-ELO 0.5 05 0 5 (0. O2. . O2) December without pruning) 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/202 seasons <0. CO215 CO CO2 1 CO2/1. 02C92 C 2 92 0.2°C/9 RH opening shelflife life 3C 3 6 solids firmness acidity sunburn browning, , browning) development activity, activity) CAELO. ELO. N (N nitrogencalcium calcium N/Ca NCa Ca (N/Ca 0. (0 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/20 <0 CO21 CO2/1 02C9 9 0.2°C/ ( 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/2 < CO2/ 02C 0.2°C 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of storage conditions on the development of superficial and senescent scald and its relationship with volatiles and antioxidant compounds in ‘Alexander Lucas’ pears (Pyrus communis) harvested at two maturity stages in three orchards. A two-factorial design combined two maturity stages with five storage conditions: standard oxygen plus cold storage (control; 20.9 kPa O2, 0.03 kPa CO2), controlled atmosphere (low O2) ( 2.0 kPa O2, 0.7 kPa CO2), each without and with 1-MCP (300 nl·L-1), and ultra-low O2 atmosphere (0.7 kPa O2, < 0.7 kPa CO2). The fruit were grown in three regions in Germany and stored for seven months (0 °C; 94% relative humidity) plus seven days simulated shelf-life. Scald development was positively correlated to the 6-MHO and α-farnesene (after three months of storage) and negatively correlated to an ascorbate level. The application of 1-MCP led to a reduction in the production of volatile compounds and antioxidants, except by ascorbate, which appeared to be associated with delayed ripening and the less severe development of scald. Ultra-low O2 reduced the scald, but the effects depended on the production region. Alexander Lucas Pyrus communis orchards twofactorial factorial control (control 209 20 9 20. O 003 0 03 0.0 CO2, CO2 CO , CO2) low 2 2. 07 7 0. 1MCP MCP 1 300 (30 nl·L1, nlL1 nlL nl·L nl L nl·L-1) ultralow ultra (0. CO2. . °C C 94 humidity shelflife. shelflife shelf life. life shelf-life 6MHO MHO 6 αfarnesene α farnesene after level antioxidants Ultralow Ultra region 00 30 (3 L1 nl·L1 nl·L-1 3 nl·L-

Resumo A espectroscopia, na região do visível e do infravermelho próximo (VIS-NIR) é uma técnica não destrutiva, rápida, prática e precisa para determinar atributos dematuração e qualidade de maçãs. Contudo, o estudo sobre os efeitos de cultivares e doambiente de cultivo no desempenho preditivo do equipamento é fundamental para a introdução destatecnologia na cadeia produtiva de maçãs. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aeficiência de um espectrômetro VIS-NIR portátil para a determinação rápida e não destrutivade atributos de qualidade de maçãs do grupo ’Gala’ (‘Maxi Gala’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘ImperialGala’ e ‘Galaxy’) colhidas em três pomares comerciais (localizados nos municípios de Vacaria, Fraiburgo e São Joaquim) no Sul do Brasil. Na colheita comercial e após três meses dearmazenamento refrigerado (1,5 °C ±0,3 ºC e umidade relativa do ar de 92% ± 2%), os frutosforam utilizados para a coleta de dados espectrais em comprimentos de onda entre 310 e 1.100nm, com o auxílio de um espectrômetro VIS-NIR portátil. Após a coleta dos dadosespectrais, os frutos foram submetidos às análises físico-químicas de massa seca (MS), sólidossolúveis (SS), firmeza de polpa e textura. Os modelos de calibração foram desenvolvidos utilizando três conjuntos de dados espectrais e de atributos físico-químicos: (1) semseparação de cultivar e pomar; (2) por cultivar, independentemente do pomar; (3) por cultivar e porpomar. Os modelos de calibração foram obtidos através da técnica de regressão por mínimoquadrado parcial (MQP). A precisão dos modelos de calibração obtidos para cada conjuntode dados foi avaliada na etapa de validação, considerando os valores relativos da raizdo erro quadrático médio de validação cruzada (REQMVCr = 10%). Os modelos desenvolvidos, para cada cultivar e pomar resultaram em maior precisão e eficiência na determinação dos valores de MS, SS e firmeza de polpa, comparados com modelos obtidos com dados porcultivar, independentemente do pomar, e sem separação da cultivar e pomar. O espectrômetro VIS-NIR é uma ferramenta promissora para a análise rápida e não destrutiva deatributos de qualidade em maçãs ‘Gala’. No entanto, o espectrômetro deve ser calibrado para cadacultivar(‘Maxi Gala’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Imperial Gala’ e ‘Galaxy’) e para cada pomar deprodução, para uma determinação mais precisa de MS, SS e firmeza de polpa dos frutos. espectroscopia VISNIR VIS NIR (VIS-NIR Contudo Gala ’Gala ‘Maxi Maxi Gala, , Royal ‘ImperialGala ImperialGala ‘Galaxy Galaxy ‘Galaxy’ localizados Vacaria Joaquim Brasil 1,5 15 1 5 (1, C 03 0 3 ±0, 92 2%, 2 2% 2%) 31 1100nm nm 100nm 1.100nm dadosespectrais físicoquímicas físico químicas MS (MS) SS, (SS) textura físicoquímicos químicos físico-químicos (1 (2 (3 porpomar MQP. MQP . (MQP) REQMVCr 10%. 10 10% 10%) porcultivar ‘Gala. ‘Gala ‘Gala’ entanto cadacultivar‘Maxi cadacultivarMaxi cadacultivar Imperial deprodução 1, ±0 9 (MS (SS ( (MQP

Abstract Visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy is a non-destructive, fast, practical and reliable technique to determine maturity and quality attributes in apple fruit. However, the effects of cultivar and growing conditions on the predictive performance of the equipment must be determined before its commercial application in the apple industry. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of a VIS-NIR portable spectrometer for fast and non-destructive determination of quality attributes in apples of the ‘Gala’ group (‘Maxi Gala’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Galaxy’) harvested in three commercial orchards (corresponding to the production sites: Vacaria, Fraiburgo and São Joaquim) in Southern Brazil. At the commercial harvest and after three months of cold storage (1.5 ± 0.3 ºC and relative humidity of 92 ± 2%), fruit were assessed in terms of spectral data in the wavelength range between 310 and 1100 nm with a VIS-NIR portable spectrometer. After collecting the spectral data, fruit were submitted to physicochemical analysis of dry matter (DM), soluble solids content (SSC), flesh firmness and texture. The calibration models were developed using three sets of spectral and physicochemical data: (1) without separating by cultivar and orchard; (2): separating by cultivar, regardless of orchard; (3): separating by cultivar and by orchard. The calibration models were obtained by the partial least squares (PLS) regression technique. The accuracy of the calibration models for each dataset was evaluated in the validation step considering the values of the relative root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECVr = 10%). Models developed for each cultivar in each orchard (location) were more accurate and efficient to assess DM, SSC and flesh firmness, compared to the models developed for each cultivar, regardless of orchard, or without separating by cultivar and by orchard. Therefore, VIS-NIR spectrometer is a promising tool for the rapid and non-destructive analysis of quality attributes in ‘Gala’ apples. However, the equipment must be calibrated for each cultivar (‘Maxi Gala’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Galaxy’) and growing condition (orchard) in order to obtain more precise analyses of DM, SSC and flesh firmness in the fruit. VISNIR VIS NIR (VIS-NIR nondestructive, nondestructive non destructive, destructive However industry ‘Gala Gala ‘Maxi Maxi Gala, , Royal Imperial ‘Galaxy Galaxy ‘Galaxy’ corresponding sites Vacaria Joaquim Brazil 1.5 15 1 5 (1. 03 0 3 0. 9 2%, 2 2% 2%) 31 110 DM (DM) SSC, (SSC) texture (1 (2) (3) PLS (PLS crossvalidation cross RMSECVr 10%. 10 10% . 10%) location (location Therefore (orchard 1. 11 (DM (SSC ( (2 (3

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the time of summer pruning on the quality of Fuji apples, on the red color and functional properties, at harvest and after 3.5 months of cold storage. The treatments evaluated consisted of the control (without summer pruning) and summer pruning in December, January, and February. The percentage of fruit with more than 50% red color on the skin was 20.5% higher when summer pruning was performed later than when performed early. In general, summer pruning in January and February provided fruit with a relatively high content of anthocyanins (19 and 25.1 mg cyaniding 3-glycoside·100 g-1 FW, respectively), relatively high values of total phenolic compounds (370.1 and 438.7 mg EAG·100 g-1 FW, respectively) and total antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method (8,097.5 and 8,089.2 µMol Trolox·100 g-1 FW, respectively) in the 2017/18 season. Summer pruning did not affect fruit quality after cold storage. Summer pruning performed in January or February increased functional compounds content and improved red color, while in February it increased flesh firmness.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do retardo de resfriamento de morangos ‘San Andreas’ sobre a manutenção da qualidade dos frutos, bem como sobre os compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e a atividade antioxidante total (AAT), após o armazenamento refrigerado. Os tratamentos consistiram no resfriamento nos tempos de 0 (controle, resfriamento imediato), 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas (em temperatura ambiente), após a colheita. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados sob refrigeração (4 ± 0,5 °C e 92 ± 2% de UR), durante 5, 6, 7 e 8 dias, seguidos por mais 2 dias de exposição, em condição ambiente (20 ± 2 °C e 65 ± 5% de UR). Os morangos com o maior retardo de resfriamento apresentaram maior perda de massa fresca, além de menor firmeza, a partir de 7 dias de armazenamento. De maneira geral, os menores valores de incidência e severidade de podridões foram observados nos frutos do tratamento com resfriamento imediato após a colheita, quando armazenados por 7 e 8 dias, seguidos por mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. O retardo do resfriamento por até 6 horas não causa aumento de podridões até 5 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. Os valores de CFT e AAT apresentaram aumento com o retardo de até 6 horas do resfriamento dos frutos, aos 6 dias de armazenamento seguidos por mais 2 dias em condições ambiente, e a AAT aumentou com o aumento do atraso no resfriamento dos frutos em até 12 horas, após 8 dias de armazenamento mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. O atraso no resfriamento causa perdas na qualidade dos frutos de morango, de acordo com o tempo de armazenamento.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the cooling delay of 'San Andreas' strawberries on the maintenance of fruit quality, as well as on Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) after refrigerated storage. Treatments consisted of no cooling at times 0 (control, immediate cooling), 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours (at room temperature) after harvest. After application of the treatments, the fruits were stored under refrigeration (4 ± 0.5 ºC and 92 ± 2% RH) for 5, 6, 7 and 8 days, followed by a further 2 days of exposure in ambient conditions (20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). Strawberries with the greatest cooling delay added significant loss of fresh mass, in addition to less firmness after 7 days of storage. In general, the lowest values of rot incidence and severity were observed in the fruits of the treatment with immediate cooling after harvest, when stored for 7 and 8 days, followed by 2 more days in ambient conditions. Delaying cooling for up to 6 hours did not cause increased decay for up to 5 days of refrigerated storage, plus 2 days at ambient conditions. The values of TPC and TAA showed a dissipation with a delay of up to 6 hours of cooling of the fruits, at 6 days of storage followed by another 2 days in ambient conditions, and the TAA increased with the increase of the delay in the cooling of the fruits in up to 12 hours, after 8 days of storage plus 2 days at ambient conditions. The delay in cooling could cause losses in strawberry fruit quality, according to storage time.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada (AM) e do tratamento com 1-MCP em baixa temperatura de armazenamento (1,5 °C) e do tratamento com 1-MCP em elevada temperatura de armazenamento (8,0 °C) sobre a qualidade de ameixas ‘Laetitia’, especialmente sobre o escurecimento da polpa. Os tratamentos avaliados foram 1,5 °C; 1-MCP (1,0 µL L-1) + 1,5 °C; 1,5 °C + AM; 1-MCP + 1,5 °C + AM; 8,0 °C; e 1-MCP + 8,0 °C. Os frutos foram armazenados por 30 e 40 dias e, após, mantidos por mais três dias em condições ambiente. Na temperatura de 1,5 °C, o 1-MCP associado à AM manteve maior firmeza de polpa e a coloração da casca menos avermelhada e reduziu o escurecimento de polpa, em relação aos demais tratamentos a 1,5 °C, em ambos os períodos de armazenamento. Em frutos não tratados com 1-MCP e armazenados na temperatura de 8,0 °C, não houve escurecimento de polpa, em ambos os períodos de armazenamento, porém os frutos apresentaram menor firmeza de polpa e a cor da casca e da polpa mais vermelhas, em relação à temperatura de 1,5 °C. O uso de 1-MCP em frutos armazenados a 8,0 °C retardou essas alterações de firmeza de polpa e da cor da casca e da polpa aos 30 dias de AR, seguidos por mais 3 dias em condições ambiente. A AM, independentemente da aplicação de 1-MCP, causou acúmulo de acetaldeído, aos 30 dias de armazenamento, e de etanol aos 30 e 40 dias de armazenamento a 1,5 oC. O uso de 1-MCP a 1,5 °C reduziu a produção de acetato de etila, acetaldeído e etanol sem AM. Frutos armazenados a 8,0 °C, independentemente da aplicação de 1-MCP, apresentaram menor acúmulo de acetaldeído e de etanol.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified atmosphere (MA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on low storage temperature (1.5 °C) and 1-MCP treatment on high storage temperature (8.0 °C) on fruit quality of ‘Laetitia’ plums, mainly on internal browning. The treatments evaluated were 1.5 °C; 1-MCP (1.0 µL L-1) + 1.5 °C; MA + 1.5 °C; 1-MCP + MA + 1.5 °C; 8.0 °C; 1-MCP + 8.0 °C. Fruit were stored for 30 and 40 days, followed by three day of shelf life. For fruit stored at 1.5 °C, the treatment with 1-MCP associated to MA provided higher flesh firmness, less intense skin red color and reduced occurrence of internal browning in comparison to the fruit stored at 1.5 °C of the remaining treatments, for both periods of storage. In fruit not treated with 1-MCP and stored at 8.0 °C there was no occurrence of internal browning, despite of lower flesh firmness and more intense red color of the skin and flesh in comparison to the fruit stored at 1.5 °C. The treatment with 1-MCP in fruit stored at 8.0 °C delayed those changes of flesh firmness and red color of the skin and flesh assessed after 30 days of storage, followed by three days of shelf life. The MA, regardless of 1-MCP treatment, had fruit with higher production of acetaldehyde after 30 days of storage, and ethanol after 30 and 40 days of storage at 1.5 oC. In fruit stored at 1.5 °C without MA, the treatment with 1-MCP reduced the production of ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde and ethanol. Fruit stored at 8.0 °C, regardless of 1-MCP treatment, had the lowest production of acetaldehyde and ethanol.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pre-storage fruit treatment with nitric oxide (NO) on the quality maintenance of cold stored ‘Cripps Pink’ apples. The following treatments were evaluated: 0 μL·L–1 of NO (control); 10 μL·L–1 of NO for 2 h; 10 μL·L–1 of NO for 4 h; 10 μL·L–1 of NO for 8 h; and 20 μL·L–1 of NO for 2 h. Fruit treated with NO, regardless of concentration and application time, had a greener skin background color than the control, especially those treated with 10 μL·L–1 for 8 h. After 7 days of shelf life (23 ± 3 °C/relative humidity, RH, of 65 ± 5%), fruit treated with 10 μL·L–1 for 8 h and 20 μL·L–1 for 2 h had lower respiration rate and a greener skin background color than the control. Fruit treated with NO, regardless of concentration and application time, had a lower incidence of flesh browning after storage. The use of NO (10 μL·L–1 applied for 8 h and 20 μL·L–1 applied for 2 h) pre-storage maintains the quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples, because it delays skin yellowing and reduces flesh browning. Nitric oxide has no effect on the maintenance of flesh firmness in ‘Cripps Pink’ apples.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of low, ultra-low, and extremely low partial pressures of O2 in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the postharvest quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples. The treatments used were 21.00 kPa of O2 (cold storage [CS]), CS + 1-MCP, and CA conditions with 2.00, 1.00, 0.60 and 0.25 kPa of O2, without 1-MCP. All fruit were stored at 1.5 ± 0.2 °C, relative humidity (RH) 92 ± 2%, and partial pressure of CO2 < 0.5 kPa, for 4.5 and 8 months, followed by another seven days of shelf life (20 ± 2 °C/RH of 60 ± 5%). Respiration and ethylene production rates were reduced in all CA conditions and the CS + 1-MCP treatment when compared to the CS without 1-MCP, in both storage periods. The application of 1-MCP delayed ripening and reduced the quality loss of the fruits stored for 4.5 months. The CA with 0.6 and 0.25 kPa of O2 reduced the incidence of superficial scald, decay, mealiness, and skin greasiness, and maintained the background color of the epidermis of the fruits in storage for 8 months. Among the CA conditions, the treatment of 0.25 kPa presented the highest production of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the fruits stored for 8 months. Treatment of 0.6 kPa of O2 kept higher values of total phenolic compounds, in the peel and flesh, in both storage periods. Fruits stored under 0.6 kPa of O2 showed the best quality after 8 months of storage.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pulverização pré-colheita com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) e etefon sobre a maturação dos frutos de macieiras 'Baigent' (Malus domestica) produzidas sob tela antigranizo preta. Os tratamentos foram: controle; 125 mg L-1 de AVG, aplicados 30 dias antes da colheita dos frutos não tratados (DAPC); 120 mg L-1 de etefon 7 DAPC; 62,5 mg L-1 + 62,5 mg L-1 de AVG 30 e 20 DAPC; e 62,5 mg L-1 + 62,5 mg L-1 de AVG 30 e 20 DAPC + 120 mg L-1 de etefon 7 DAPC. Os frutos foram colhidos na colheita comercial do tratamento-controle (colheita 1) e após 14 dias (colheita 2). O amarelecimento e a perda de firmeza foram retardados pelos tratamentos com AVG e acelerados pelo com etefon. A aplicação de AVG em dose única de 125 mg L-1 30 DAPH ou em duas doses de 62,5 mg L-1 30 e 20 DAPH retarda a maturação dos frutos. A aplicação pré-colheita de AVG em dose única reduz a coloração vermelha dos frutos, que não é afetada pela aplicação em dose dividida, combinada ou não com etefon, independentemente da data de colheita.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest spraying with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and ethephon on fruit maturation of 'Baigent' apple (Malus domestica) trees grown under black anti-hail nets. The treatments were: control; 125 mg L-1 AVG, sprayed 30 days before anticipated harvest time (DBAH); 120 mg L-1 ethephon 7 DBAH; 62.5 mg L-1 + 62.5 mg L-1 AVG 30 and 20 DBAH; and 62.5 mg L-1 + 62.5 mg L-1 AVG 30 and 20 DBAH + 120 mg L-1 ethephon 7 DBAH. Fruit were harvested in the commercial harvest of the control treatment (harvest 1) and 14 days later (harvest 2). Yellowing and loss of firmness were delayed by the treatments with AVG and accelerated by that with ethephon. AVG application in a single rate of 125 mg L-1 30 DBAH or in two split rates of 62.5 mg L-1 30 and 20 DBAH delays fruit maturation. The pre-harvest application of AVG in a single rate reduces the red color of the fruits, which is not affected by application in split rates, combined or not with ethephon, regardless of the date of harvest.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos em pós-floração (PF) ou pré-colheita (PC) de macieiras ‘Braeburn’ com prohexadiona-cálcio (ProCa; 300 mg L-1), um inibidor da biossíntese de giberelinas, ou GA4+7 (300 mg L-1), na qualidade dos frutos na colheita e após o armazenamento (quatro meses a 0±0,5 oC, seguido por cinco dias de vida de prateleira). Os tratamentos PF começaram 15 dias após a plena floração, com uma aplicação a cada semana e seis aplicações no total. Os tratamentos PC começaram cinco semanas antes da previsão de colheita comercial, com uma aplicação por semana e quatro aplicações no total. Plantas controle foram pulverizadas com água. GA4+7 pulverizado em PF aumentou a relação comprimento/diâmetro, e GA4+7 pulverizado em PC aumentou a acidez titulável (AT) e a firmeza de polpa, e causou leve redução na cor vermelha dos frutos na colheita. ProCa, pulverizado em PF e PC, reduziu a taxa de produção de etileno, o índice de iodo-amido e o teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos na colheita, e ProCa pulverizado em PC aumentou a firmeza de polpa na colheita e após o armazenamento, e a AT dos frutos após o armazenamento. ProCa, pulverizado em PF e PC, retardou a perda da cor de fundo (verde) e o aumento na cor vermelha dos frutos na colheita, porém com maior efeito ao ser pulverizado em PC do que em PF.

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effects of post-bloom (PB) or preharvest (PH) treatments of ‘Braeburn’ apple trees with prohexadione-calcium (ProCa; 300 mg L-1), an inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis, or GA4+7 (300 mg L-1) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage (four months at 0±0.5 oC, followed by five days of shelf life). PB treatments started 15 days after full bloom, with one application every week and six applications in total. PH treatments started five weeks before anticipated harvest, with one application every week and four applications in total. Control trees were sprayed with water. GA4+7 PB increased length/diameter ratio, and GA4+7 PH increased titratable acidity (TA) and flesh firmness and slightly reduced red color of the fruit at harvest. ProCa PB and PH reduced ethylene production rate, delayed starch degradation and reduced soluble solids content of the fruit at harvest, and ProCa PH maintained firmness at harvest and after storage and TA of the fruit after storage. ProCa PB or PH delayed the loss of skin green background color at harvest, while at both treatment timings reduced the development of skin red color, but with a much stronger effect when sprayed PH than PB.

Resumo A maçã é considerada um alimento funcional, pois apresenta uma considerável contribuição no aporte de antioxidantes, vitaminas e minerais, e seu consumo está relacionado à prevenção de várias doenças. Porém, a maior parte das cultivares lançadas nos últimos anos ainda foi pouco estudada com relação às suas propriedades nutricionais. O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar teores minerais na casca e na polpa, em frutos de cultivares de macieiras com potencial de produção no Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Fuji Suprema, Castel Gala, Lisgala, Monalisa, Luíza, Daiane, Venice, Elenise e a seleção avançada M.10-09, nas safras de 2017/2018 e 2018/2019. Entre os minerais avaliados, considerando o consumo de um fruto de 115 g (exceto carpelo e sementes), o potássio supre a maior porcentagem da ingestão diária recomendada para o organismo, seguido do fósforo e do magnésio. O cálcio presente em maçãs apresenta baixa contribuição para o suprimento da ingestão diária. Devido às maiores concentrações dos minerais na casca em relação à polpa, o consumo dos frutos inteiros aumenta o percentual de minerais ingeridos. Ainda, os minerais avaliados apresentaram diferenças significativas em função da cultivar. A cultivar Monalisa, na porção polpa, destacou-se pelos elevados teores minerais de fósforo e de cálcio, com 204,1 e 36,5 mg kg-1 (2017/2018) e 305,6 e 43,8 mg kg-1 (2018/2019), respectivamente. A cultivar Fuji Suprema, em ambas as safras avaliadas, destacou-se devido aos elevados teores minerais de potássio, na casca (1.073,8 mg kg-1) e na polpa (1.223,7 mg kg-1), em 2017/2018, e na polpa (1.547,3 mg kg-1) em 2018/2019, e magnésio na polpa (122,4 mg kg-1) em 2017/2018, e na casca (231,2 mg kg-1) e na polpa (62,4 mg kg-1) em 2018/2019.

Abstract Apple is considered a functional food, since it presents considerable contribution in the supply of antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, and its consumption is related to the prevention of various diseases. However, most cultivars released in recent years have been poorly studied regarding their nutritional properties. The aim of this work was to quantify mineral contents in the skin and flesh, of apple cultivars with potential production in southern Brazil. The apple cultivars evaluated were ‘Fuji Suprema’, ‘Castel Gala’, ‘Lisgala’, ‘Monalisa’, ‘Luiza’, ‘Daiane’, ‘Venice’, ‘Elenise’ and M.10-09 advanced selection, in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. Among evaluated minerals, considering consumption of a fruit of 115 g with skin (except carpel and seeds), potassium supplies high percentage of recommended daily intake, followed by phosphorus and magnesium. The calcium content in apples presents low contribution to the recommended daily intake. Due to the higher concentrations of minerals in skin in comparison to flesh, the consumption of whole fruit increases the percentage of minerals ingested. In addition, the evaluated minerals showed significant differences as a function of cultivar. ‘Monalisa’ cultivar, in the flesh portion, stood out due to the high phosphorus and calcium content, 204.1 and 36.5 mg kg-1 (2017/2018) and 305.6 and 43.8 mg kg-1 (2018/2019), respectively. ‘Fuji Suprema’, in both harvest seasons, stood out due to the high potassium contents in skin (1073.8 mg kg-1) and flesh (1223.7 mg kg-1) in 2017/2018 and in flesh (1547.3 mg kg-1) in 2018/2019 and magnesium in flesh (122.4 mg kg-1) in 2017/2018 and in skin (231.2 mg kg-1) and flesh (62.4 mg kg-1) in 2018/2019.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do estádio de amadurecimento na colheita (“1/3 maduro” e “3/4 maduro”, frutos com 30% e 75% de cor vermelha, respectivamente) e da atmosfera modificada (AM) passiva e ativa (com baixa pressão parcial inicial de O2 e/ou alta pressão parcial inicial de CO2) sobre a qualidade de morangos ‘San Andreas’, especialmente sobre compostos bioativos e metabolismo fermentativo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle; AM passiva [embalagem de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 40 µm]; AM ativa com baixo O2 inicial (1 kPa); AM ativa com alto CO2 inicial (30 kPa); e AM ativa com baixo O2 (1 kPa) e alto CO2 (30 kPa) iniciais. Após 14 dias de armazenamento (0,5±0,2 °C/92±2% de UR) e mais dois dias em condição ambiente (20±5 ºC/65±10% de UR), a perda de peso dos frutos foi maior no tratamento controle. Os sólidos solúveis e a acidez titulável não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos avaliados. Os frutos do estádio “1/3 maduro” apresentaram-se menos vermelhos e mais firmes do que os do estádio “3/4 maduro” após o armazenamento. As condições de armazenamento não influenciaram na manutenção da textura dos frutos, mas todas as condições de AM reduziram a evolução da cor vermelha dos frutos, independentemente do estádio de amadurecimento. Os morangos colhidos no estádio “1/3 maduro” e armazenados em AM ativa com alto CO2 inicial apresentaram menores valores de incidência e severidade de podridões. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e a atividade antioxidante total (AAT), de maneira geral, foram maiores nos frutos colhidos no estádio “1/3 maduro”. Os produtos do metabolismo fermentativo foram maiores em frutos colhidos no estádio “3/4 maduro” e armazenados em AM ativa com baixo O2 inicial. Frutos colhidos no estádio “1/3 maduro” apresentam maiores valores de CFT e AAT e menor incidência de podridões após o armazenamento. A utilização de AM ativa com alta pressão parcial inicial de CO2 preserva a vida pós-colheita de morangos ‘San Andreas’, pois reduz podridões sem causar incremento nos produtos do metabolismo fermentativo.

Abstract This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of fruit ripening stage at harvest (“1/3 ripe” and “3/4 ripe”, respectively with 30% and 75% of red color) and passive modified atmosphere (MA) and active MA (with initial initial low O2 and/or high CO2) on quality of ‘San Andreas’ strawberries, with emphasis on bioactive compounds and metabolites of fermentative metabolism. The treatments evaluated were: control; passive MA [low density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging of 40 µm]; active MA with initial low O2 (1 kPa); active MA with initial high CO2 (30 kPa); and active MA with initial low O2 (1 kPa) and high CO2 (30 kPa). After 14 days of storage (0.5±0.2°C/92±2% RH) followed by two days of shelf life (20±5°C/65±10% RH), fruit weight loss was higher in control fruit. Soluble solids content and titratable acidity were not different between treatments. Fruit harvested “1/3 ripe” were firmer and had less intense red color after storage than fruit harvested “3/4 ripe”. Storage conditions did not affect fruit texture maintenance, but all MA conditions delayed fruit red color evolution, regardless of ripening stage at harvest. Strawberries harvested “1/3 ripe” and stored in active MA with initial high CO2 had lower incidence and severity of decay. In general, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were higher in fruit harvested “1/3 ripe”. The metabolites of the fermentative metabolism were higher in fruit harvested “3/4 ripe” and stored in active MA with initial low O2. Fruit harvested “1/3 ripe” had higher values of TPC and TAA and lower incidence of decay after storage. The use of active MA with initial high partial pressure of CO2 preserves the postharvest life of ‘San Andreas’ strawberries, by reducing decay without increasing the metabolites of the fermentative metabolism.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento, em atmosfera modificada (AM) passiva, e da composição atmosférica em AM ativa sobre a manutenção da qualidade, do teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e da atividade antioxidante total (AAT; métodos DPPH e ABTS) de amoras-preta ‘Tupy’. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No experimento 1, os frutos foram armazenados durante oito dias, nas temperaturas de 0; 5 e 10 °C, em AM passiva. No experimento 2, foram avaliadas as atmosferas iniciais de 21,0 kPa O2+0,04 kPa CO2 (AM passiva); 9,2 kPa O2+9,2 kPa CO2 (AM ativa com alto CO2); 1,4 kPa O2+0,04 kPa CO2 (AM ativa com baixo O2); e 1,4 kPa O2+9,6 kPa CO2 (AM ativa com baixo O2+alto CO2), durante oito dias, na temperatura de 0 °C. Em ambos os experimentos, os frutos foram acondicionados em filmes plásticos Xtend®. Após oito dias de armazenamento em AM passiva, as temperaturas de 0 e 5 ºC proporcionaram frutos com maiores valores de força para compressão e acidez titulável (AT), e menor relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT), porém com menores valores de CFT e AAT (método DPPH) em relação à temperatura de 10 °C. Os frutos armazenados a 0 °C apresentaram menores valores de perda de massa fresca (PMF) e de incidência de podridões. Amoras armazenadas durante oito dias a 0 °C, em AM ativa com baixo O2, associado ou não com alto CO2, apresentaram menor respiração e maiores valores de CFT e AAT (método DPPH), porém sem diferirem quanto aos valores de incidência de podridão, força para compressão, SS, AT, relação SS/AT e atributos de cor em relação à AM ativa com alto CO2 e AM passiva.

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage temperature, in passive modified atmosphere (MA) and atmospheric composition in active MA on quality maintenance, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA; DPPH and ABTS methods) of ‘Tupy’ blackberry. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the fruit were stored for eight days at 0, 5 and 10 °C in passive MA. In experiment 2, the initial atmospheres of 21.0 kPa O2 + 0.04 kPa CO2 (passive MA); 9.2 kPa O2 + 9.2 kPa CO2 (active MA with high CO2); 1.4 kPa O2 + 0.04 kPa CO2 (active MA with low O2); and 1.4 kPa O2 + 9.6 kPa CO2 (active MA with low O2 + high CO2) were evaluated for eight days at 0 °C. In both experiments, the fruit were packed in Xtend® plastic films. After eight days of storage in passive MA, temperatures of 0 and 5 ºC provided fruit with higher force to compression and titratable acidity (TA) and lower soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA), but with lower values of TPC and TAA (DPPH method) when compared to the temperature of 10 °C. The fruits stored at 0 °C presented lower values of weight loss and incidence of decay. Blackberries stored for eight days at 0 °C, in active MA with low O2, associated or not with high CO2, presented lower respiration rate and higher values of TPC and TAA (DPPH method), but did not differ in the values of incidence of decay, force to compression, SS, TA, SS/TA ratio and color attributes when compared to active MA with high CO2 and passive MA.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação pré-colheita de aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG), em dose única ou parcelada, combinado ou não com etefom, em macieiras ‘Baigent’, e da data de colheita, sobre a qualidade dos frutos após o armazenamento. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial, no município de Vacaria/RS, nas safras 2014/15 e 2015/16. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em: controle (plantas pulverizadas com água); AVG (125 mg L-1, 30 dias antes da previsão de colheita; DAPC); etefom (120 mg L-1, sete DAPC); AVG parcelado (62,5 mg L-1 + 62,5 mg L-1, 30 e 20 DAPC); AVG parcelado (62,5 mg L-1 + 62,5 mg L-1, 30 e 20 DAPC) + etefom (120 mg L-1, sete DAPC). Frutos de todos os tratamentos foram colhidos na colheita comercial (colheita 1) e após 14 dias (colheita 2). Os frutos foram avaliados após quatro meses de armazenamento refrigerado (0,5 °C±0,2 °C e UR 92±5%). O uso do AVG, independentemente da forma de aplicação, reduziu a taxa de produção de etileno, o amarelecimento da epiderme, incidência de polpa farinácea e degenerescência senescente e manteve maiores valores de firmeza de polpa e de forças para ruptura da casca e penetração da polpa. A aplicação de etefom proporcionou frutos com maior incidência de polpa farinácea. Os frutos tratados com AVG, independente da forma de aplicação e da combinação com o etefom, apresentam melhor qualidade após o armazenamento refrigerado.

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of single and multiple pre-harvest spray aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applications with or without ethephon, in ‘Baigent’ apple trees cultivated under anti-hail screen and harvesting date on fruit quality after storage. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard in the municipality of Vacaria/RS, in the 2014/15 and 2015/16 harvests. Treatments consisted of: control (plants sprayed with water); AVG (125 mg L-1, 30 days before the predicted harvest date; BPHD); ethephon (120 mg L-1, seven BPHD); AVG (62.5 mg L-1 + 62.5 mg L-1, 30 and 20 BPHD); AVG (62.5 mg L-1 + 62.5 mg L-1, 30 and 20 BPHD) + ethephon (120 mg L-1, seven BPHD). Fruits of all treatments were harvested at commercial harvest (harvest 1) and after 14 days (harvest 2). Fruits were evaluated after four months of cold storage (0.5 °C ± 0.2 °C and RH 92 ± 5%). The use of AVG, regardless of single or multiple applications, reduced ethylene production rate, skin yellowing, farinaceous pulp and senescent degeneration incidence and maintained higher pulp firmness values and pulp penetration and skin rupture strength. Ethephon provided fruits with higher farinaceous pulp incidence. Fruit treated with AVG, regardless of single or multiple application and combination with ethephon, presents better quality after cold storage.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) e do brassinosteroide (catasterona), aplicados a cada 15 (safra 2015/16) ou 21 (safra 2016/17) dias a partir dos 40 dias após a plena floração, nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos de maçãs ‘Galaxy’. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar comercial de macieiras ‘Galaxy’ no município de Vacaria, RS. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: água (controle), ANA (0,1%), catasterona (10‒6 M) e ANA (0,1%) + catasterona (10‒6 M). As aplicações foram realizadas no pedúnculo dos frutos, utilizando 300 µL de solução por pedúnculo. Frutos tratados com ANA a cada 21 dias tiveram maior índice de iodo-amido e menores valores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável e dos atributos de cor L e ângulo hue (h°) do que os frutos tratados com catasterona. Aplicações de ANA a cada 15 dias reduziu a força de ruptura da casca (FRC), atividade antioxidante (AAT) da casca, da polpa e conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio. Além disso, ANA aplicada a cada 15 ou 21 dias aumentaram o teor de antocianinas na casca. ANA + catasterona reduziu a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase. Entretanto, aplicações de catasterona a cada 15 dias aumentou o teor de SS, atributos de cor (C e h°) na casca, atividade antioxidante da casca e da polpa, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e atividade da enzima peroxidase dos frutos de maçãs. Portanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a ação desses fitorreguladores na manutenção da qualidade e redução das perdas pós-colheitas de maçãs ‘Galaxy’.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to study the effect of the auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the brassinosteroid 28-homocastasterone (28-HCS) applied every 15 days (harvest 2015/16) or every 21 days (harvest 2016/17) after full bloom, on the physical, chemical and biochemical attributes of the ‘Galaxy’ apples. The study was performed at a commercial orchard at Vacaria county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The following treatments were applied: water (control), NAA (0.1%), 28-HCS (10‒6 M) and NAA (0.1%) + 28-HCS (10‒6 M). For this purpose, 300 μL of the plant growth regulator solutions were applied to the fruit peduncles. Fruits treated with NAA every 21 days presented higher starch-iodine index and lower total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lightness index (L) and hue angle (h°) than 28-HCS-treated fruits. Fruits treated every 15 days with NAA presented reduced skin rupture force (SRF), total antioxidant activities (TAA) of the skin and flesh, and hydrogen peroxide content compared to the control fruits. In addition, NAA application every 15 and 21 days resulted in increased anthocyanin content in the skin. Application of NAA + 28-HCS reduced superoxide dismutase activity. 28-HCS applications increased TSS, color attributes (C and h°) of the skin, total antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh and peroxidase activity compared to control fruits. These results are expected to help to understand how plant growth regulators affect apple quality. In addition, results described here are also expected to help on the development of strategies to reduce post harvest losses and to increase fruit shelf life.