ABSTRACT The elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone) is one of the species with great prominence for energy production because of its favorable traits, such as high yield and short cycle, combined with several biomass quality characteristics. Therefore, this study intended to evaluate the morpho-agronomic traits of eight elephant grass genotypes under different cutting ages. A randomized block design with three replicates was applied to the experiment, and plots were composed of a 12 m long line divided into six subplots for each of the bimonthly cuts. Eight genotypes were evaluated in the plots, and the cutting ages (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12-mo) were analyzed in the subplots. The following traits were assessed: DM yield, (DMY) percentage of DM, and average plant height (HEI). All genetic-statistical analyses were conducted using the Genes Program. The evaluated genotypes showed nonsignificant differences, indicating that, for the evaluated traits, these genotypes are genetically similar. Most genotypes presented linear effect of 2nd degree in the two assessment cuts, pointing they did not reach their maximum capacity of DMY in the time interval of the evaluated cuts. The maximum %DM achieved for the most genotypes occurred at about 9-mo age, while genotypes Vruckwona and BAG-86 at about 10-mo age. The maximum points for HEI trait were between 8 and 10-mo age. Increasing the cutting interval leads to increases in DM yield, with the 10-mo cutting age being the most efficient, resulting in higher yields.

RESUMO O objetivo desta revisão foi comparar dois modelos de agricultura sustentáveis, demostrando as vantagens e desvantagens de ambos, correlacionando-os entre si. As diversas práticas agrícolas contemporâneas compreendem modelos alternativos de agricultura, como permacultura, agricultura biológica, orgânica, biodinâmica, que são consideradas sustentáveis, e modelos intensivos de produção, que apresentam vários pontos negativos, contrastando com os modelos alternativos. A busca por uma agricultura menos agressiva ao meio ambiente, que permaneça produtiva em longo prazo, tem sido uma preocupação constante de pesquisadores e produtores. Os modelos de agricultura assemelham-se entre si, o que os difere são apenas algumas práticas que não são permitidas em todos, e suas bases de fundamentação. Nesta revisão dois modelos foram mais abordados de forma simplificada, para a percepção dos seus conceitos e de suas bases fundamentais, mostrando o que os diferencia, e que mesmo assim os leva para um mesmo objetivo, criar um ecossistema independente de recursos externos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to compare two models of sustainable agriculture, demonstrating their advantages and disadvantages and correlating them with each other. The diverse contemporary agricultural practices comprise from alternative models of agriculture, such as permaculture, organic farming, organic, biodynamic, that are considered sustainable, and intensive production models, that present several negative points, contrasting with alternative models. The search for a less aggressive agriculture to the environment, what stay productive in the long run, it has been a constant concern of researchers and producers. Agricultural models are similar to each other, what differs are some practices that do not are allowed in all, and its foundation bases. In this review, two models were more approached in a simplified way, to the perception of their concepts and fundamental bases, showing what differentiates them, and that still leads to the same goal, creating an ecosystem independent of external resources.

The anaerobic decomposition in landfills produces a gas mixture known as landfill biogas. This biogas consists mainly of CH4 and CO2. The CO2 removal can be carried out by means of adsorption. In order to promote CO2 removal, zeolite type 4A was used as solid adsorbent. The synthesized zeolite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. CH4/CO2 mixture isotherms were obtained in a magnetic suspension balance equipped with a gas dosing unit and Extended Langmuir and Extended Sips models were used to predict mixture isotherms from monocomponent data. Three biogas emissions drains in a sanitary landfill in Caucaia (Ceará State, Brazil) - ASMOC - were chosen to test the performance of zeolite as CO2 adsorbent under real conditions. Zeolite 4A has proven to be very selective for CO2 even in the presence of H2S.

A new compound, 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylisoflavone, was isolated from the leaves of Vatairea guianensis Aubl. (Fabaceae), together with two known isoflavones lupiwighteone and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-8-prenylisoflavone. All isolated compounds were characterized based on infrared (IR), UV, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), including 2D NMR analyses and high resolution mass spectrometry. The ethanolic extract from V. guianensis leaves displayed activity against Candida dubliniensis, C. albicans and C. krusei. However, the EtOAc fraction from that extract exhibited more significant activity than the ethanolic extract, showing antifungal activity for all fungi species investigated. The major compound 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylisoflavone isolated from that EtOAc fraction was also active against C. parapsilosis and C. dubliniensis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância à salinidade de seis variedades de sorgo forrageiro a partir da porcentagem de germinação e do crescimento inicial das plântulas submetidas a seis níveis de salinidade. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 6, com quatro repetições contendo 25 sementes. Os tratamentos foram seis variedades (V) de sorgo forrageiro [F305 (V1), BRS 655 (V2), BRS 610 (V3), Volumax (V4), 1.015.045 (V5), 1.016.005 (V6)] e seis níveis de salinidade [0 (água destilada); 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10 e 12,5 dS m-1]. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Sementes da Embrapa Semiárido, em agosto de 2012. Foram avaliados a percentagem de germinação, o comprimento da parte aérea (PA) e da raiz (R) principal, razão de comprimento PA/R, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Os níveis de salinidade não interferiram no processo de germinação das sementes das variedades de sorgo forrageiro até a condutividade de 10 dS m-1. Quanto ao crescimento das plântulas, os níveis de salinidade entre 3 e 5 dS m-1 favoreceram o crescimento da parte aérea e raízes demonstrando boa tolerância à salinidade das variedades de sorgo forrageiro avaliadas, principalmente de F305, Volumax e 1.015.045.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance of six varieties of forage sorghum, based on germination percentage and seedling growth subjected to six salinity levels. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, according to a factorial arrangement 6 x 6 with four replications containing 25 seeds. The treatments were six varieties (V) of forage sorghum [F305 (V1), BRS 655 (V2), BRS 610 (V3), Volumax (V4), 1.015.045 (V5), 1.016.005 (V6)] and six salinity levels [0 (distilled water), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 dS m-1]. Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of Embrapa Semiárido in August 2012. The variables assessed were percentage of germination, shoot (PA) and root (R) length, ratio PA/R, shoot and root fresh mass, shoot and root dry mass. Salinity levels did not affect the seed germination of varieties of forage sorghum until the conductivity of 10 dS m-1. The salinity levels between 3 and 5 dS m-1 favored the growth of shoots and roots, showing good tolerance to salinity of forage sorghum varieties, especially F305, Volumax and 1.015.045.

Este estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência de insetos em reflorestamentos experimentais com paricá, Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Fabaceae); acácia, Racosperma mangium (Fabaceae) e teca, Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae), na região de Pau d'Arco, PA, associando os efeitos sazonais e ontogenéticos nos plantios. O estudo foi conduzido entre os meses de maio de 2006 a junho de 2007 e constou de levantamentos mensais de insetos associados a plantios com idades de três a 16 meses. Houve associação positiva entre a ocorrência de insetos e suas respectivas injúrias com a sazonalidade e o desenvolvimento das plantas. Ao menos um pico populacional de insetos desfolhadores, sugadores e/ou polinizadores foi observado nas três espécies florestais. A análise de agrupamento confirmou a associação entre ocorrência de insetos, período chuvoso e idade da planta, destacando-se (a) lepidópteros em T. grandis, (b) coleópteros desfolhadores em S. parahyba; (c) acridídeos e lepidópteros em R. mangium; (d) cicadelídeos em S. parahyba e T. grandis; e (e) apídeos em R. mangium.

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of insects in experimental reforestation with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Fabaceae) known as paricá, Racosperma mangium (Fabaceae) known as acacia and Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) known as teca in the region of Pau d'Arco, Pará State, Brazil associating the seasonal and ontogenetic effects in plantations. The study was conducted from May 2006 to June 2007 and consisted of monthly surveys of insects associated with plantations aging 3 to 16 months. There was a positive association between the occurrence of insects and their injuries with seasonality and plant development. At least one population peak of defoliators, sucking and / or pollinators were observed in three tree species. Cluster analysis confirmed the association between the occurrence of insects, rainy season and plant age, especially (a) lepidopteran in T. grandis, (b) defoliators beetles in S. parahyba, (c) acridids and lepidopteran in R. mangium (d) cicadellids in S. parahyba and T. grandis, and (e) apids in R. mangium.

Relato da conduta de cinco casos de piomiosite em atletas após o uso de esteroides anabolizantes. Nos últimos 10 anos foram avaliados cinco atendimentos a atletas no Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte (CETE) - EPM - Unifesp que desenvolveram piomiosite após o uso de esteroides anabolizantes. Todos os pacientes foram diagnosticados clínica e laboratorialmente e por exames de imagem, sendo realizado tratamento cirúrgico (com coleta de material para cultura) e antibioticoterapia. Em quatro casos, os locais de administração foram nos membros superiores e, em um dos casos, nos glúteos bilaterais, além dos membros superiores. Nos cinco casos, houve a ocorrência de leucocitose com neutrofilia no hemograma e, após a limpeza cirúrgica, os germes habituais da pele (S. aureus e S. viridans) foram encontrados na cultura das secreções. A delimitação do abscesso, assim como o estudo do plano muscular em que se encontrava, foi realizada por meio do estudo de imagem com ultrassonografia e ressonância magnética. Todos responderam à antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro e, em dois casos, foi necessário mais de um procedimento cirúrgico devido ao surgimento de mais de um ponto de abscesso com tempo de evolução diferente. O uso de esteroides anabolizantes por alguns atletas pode trazer consequências graves; a intervenção rápida, enérgica e multidisciplinar se faz necessária nesses casos para se evitar resultados não desejáveis. O tratamento adequado curou os atletas completamente, com retorno ao esporte no mesmo nível.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the management of five cases of pyomyositis in athletes after the use of anabolic steroids. METHOD: Over the past 10 years, five cases of athletes who developed pyomyositis after using anabolic steroids were attended at the Sports Trauma Center (CETE), EPM-UNIFESP. RESULTS: All the patients were diagnosed clinically and through laboratory and imaging tests. Surgical treatment was carried out (with collection of material for culturing) and antibiotic therapy was administered. In four cases, the injection sites were in the upper limbs and in one case, in the gluteus muscles bilaterally as well as in the upper limbs. In all five cases, occurrences of leukocytosis and neutrophilia were observed in the hemogram. After debridement, the germs of normal skin (S. aureus and S. viridans) were found in cultures on the secretions. Demarcation of the abscess and examination of the muscle plane in which the abscess was located were performed using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. All the patients responded to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Two cases required more than one surgical procedure because of the appearance of more than one abscess site with different evolution times. CONCLUSION: The use of anabolic steroids by some athletes may have grave consequences. Rapid, energetic and multidisciplinary intervention is necessary in such cases in order to avoid undesirable results. The right treatment healed the athletes completely, and they returned to their sports at the same level.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the most cited articles in general surgery published by Brazilian authors. INTRODUCTION: There are several ways for the international community to recognize the quality of a scientific article. Although controversial, the most widely used and reliable methodology to identify the importance of an article is citation analysis. METHODS: A search using the Institute for Scientific Information citation database (Science Citation Index Expanded) was performed to identify highly cited Brazilian papers published in twenty-six highly cited general surgery journals, selected based on their elevated impact factors, from 1970 to 2009. Further analysis was done on the 65 most-cited papers. RESULTS: We identified 1,713 Brazilian articles, from which nine papers emerged as classics (more than 100 citations received). For the Brazilian contributions, a total increase of about 21-fold was evident between 1970 and 2009. Although several topics were covered, articles covering trauma, oncology and organ transplantation were the most cited. The majority of classic studies were done with international cooperation. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the most influential Brazilian articles published in internationally renowned general surgery journals.

Adultos de Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem foram detectados em novembro de 2003 durante amostragem de frutos de Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner danificados por Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) em Ouro Preto D'Oeste, RO (10º45'S e 62º15'W). De janeiro a julho de 2004, o parasitóide foi amostrada mensalmente em 200 frutos danificados por H. hampei. Provavelmente, C. stephanoderis exerça alguma pressão de parasitismo sobre a população da broca-do-café. A ocorrência do parasitóide em condições naturais aponta para outra alternativa de controle biológico de H. hampei em Rondônia. Este é o primeiro registro de C. stephanoderis em plantações de café na Amazônia brasileira.

Adults of Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem were detected (in November 2003) during the sampling of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner berries damaged by Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Ouro Preto D'Oeste - Rondônia, Brazil (10º45'S and 62º15'W). From January to July 2004, the parasitoid was monthly sampled in 200 berries damaged by H. hampei. Probably, C. stephanoderis can already exert some parasitism pressure at the coffee berry borer population. The occurrence of this parasitoid in natural conditions points out to another alternative for the biological control of the H. hampei in Rondônia. This is the first record of C. stephanoderis in coffee plantations of the Brazilian Amazonia.

Atualmente existem 23 milhões de hectares de pastagens cultivadas em área originalmente sob floresta na Amazônia. Desse total, em torno de cinco milhões de hectares encontram-se com baixa produtividade ou em vias de degradação, infestados de plantas daninhas. Com o objetivo de identificar as plantas daninhas que ocorrem em área de pastagem de baixa produtividade em Terra Alta, PA ( 0º 58” S e 47º 52” W. Gr. ), foram efetuados levantamentos botânicos qualitativos, pelo método visual e coleta de todas as espécies presentes na área. Foram registradas 34 famílias, representadas por 118 espécies, destacando-se as famílias Leguminosae, Gramineae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae e Asteraceae com 21, 16, 8, 7, 6 e 6 espécies, respectivamente. As plantas daninhas consideradas mais importantes foram: Borreira verticillata, Rolandra argentea, Desmodium canum, Davilla rugosa, Vismia guianensis e Imperata brasiliensis.

Presently there are 23 million hectares of cultivated pasture in forest ecosystem of the Amazon Region. From that area, 5 million hectares are low yield or in some stage of degradation and invaded by weeds. Aiming to identify the weed species that occur in degraded pastures of Terra Alta, state of Pará (0º 58” S e 47º 52” W. Gr. ), a botanical survey was carried out, colleting samples of all weed species presents in the area. Thirty-four families were recorded represented by 118 species, being Leguminosae, Gramineae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae the most important families with 21, 16, 8, 7, 6 and 6 species respectively. The most important weed species were: Borreira verticillata, Rolandra argentea, Desmodium canum, Davilla rugosa, Vismia guianensis e Imperata brasiliensis.