ABSTRACT Shaded coffee systems may offer a series of benefits, however, studies on shaded cultivation of Conilon coffee crops are still scarce in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of two Conilon coffee intercropping systems from southeastern Brazil. Two commercial coffee crops – one shaded by macadamia trees and the other by green dwarf coconut trees – were evaluated according to three treatments: coffee plants in the inter-row of the tree species; coffee plants in the same row of the trees; and unshaded coffee. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replicates. Coffee plants intercropped with macadamia trees, both intra- and inter-row, resulted in less soil compaction than unshaded systems. As for intercropping with green dwarf coconut trees, the unshaded system presented lower soil resistance to penetration. Differences in physical properties between treatments allow no inferences about intercropping systems influence on green coconut trees. Intercropped coffee improves soil chemical properties, resulting in greater soil fertility than unshaded systems, and showed greater soil organisms. These findings indicate that Conilon coffee-macadamia intercropped with tree species represents a promising alternative for sustainable soil management. benefits however literature Brazil interrow inter replicates intra interrow, row, penetration organisms coffeemacadamia management

ABSTRACT: Coffee is a crop of great economic importance in Brazil. To ensure high productivity, and profitability irrigation management becomes important. The knowledge of the crop's root system is of utmost importance for the development of the crop as for the correct management of irrigation. The objective of this study was to characterize the root system of the Conilon coffee plant under localized irrigation. The experiment was carried out in two cultivated areas in Sao Mateus-ES, in a completely randomized design in a plot subdivided 4 x 6, four points concerning the plant and six depths, with five replications. There were two in the line and six in line with a distance between them 0.20 m. The line between the coffee portion is divided into 6 x 5, five points concerning the plantation, and the depth of six tracks, with five repetitions. Volume, surface area, length, and root diameter were evaluated. The coffee Conilon under drip under (area 01) showed 74.5% and 64.5% (sandy to medium texture), and 75.4% and 70.2% (sandy to clay texture) of the volume and root surface area, concentrated up to the depth of 0.30 m. The root system of the Conilon genotype 02 presented 70.5% of the root volume for both textures studied, up to 0,60 m of the plant's trunk. The root surface area was 69% and 66.4% up to 0.60 m of the plant's trunk for areas 01 and 02, respectively.

RESUMEN: El café es un cultivo de gran importancia económica en Brasil. Para asegurar una alta productividad y rentabilidad se vuelve importante el manejo del riego. El conocimiento del sistema radicular del cultivo es de suma importancia para el desarrollo del cultivo como para el correcto manejo del riego. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el sistema radicular de la planta de café Conilon bajo riego localizado. El experimento se llevó a cabo en dos áreas cultivadas en Sao Mateus-ES, en un diseño completamente al azar en una parcela subdividida: 4 x 6, cuatro puntos con respecto a la planta y seis profundidades, con cinco repeticiones. Siendo dos en línea y seis entre línea con una distancia entre ellas de 0,20 m; 6 x 5, cinco puntos en referencia a la plantación y seis bandas de profundidad, con cinco repeticiones. Se evaluó el volumen, área superficial, longitud y diámetro de raíz. El café Conilon bajo goteo (área 01) mostró 74,5% y 64,5% (en textura arenosa a media), y 75,4% y 70,2% (en textura arenosa a arcillosa) del volumen y área de la superficie radicular, concentrada hasta la profundidad de 0,30 m. Em el sistema de raíces del genotipo Conilon 2, el 70,5% presento un volumen de raíz para ambas texturas estudiadas a 0,60 m del tallo de la planta. El área superficial de raíz fue de 69% y 66,4% hasta 0,60 m del tronco del árbol para las áreas 01 y 02, respectivamente.

RESUMO O conhecimento do bulbo molhado e do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon é de suma importância para o manejo correto da irrigação. Diante disso, objetivou-se caracterizar o bulbo molhado e o sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon sob irrigação localizada. O experimento foi realizado em São Mateus-ES, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida 4 x 6, sendo quatro pontos em relação à planta e seis faixas de profundidade, com cinco repetições. Sendo dois na linha e sete na entre linha com distância entre si de 0,20 m. E na entre linha do cafeeiro em parcela subdividida 5 x 6, sendo cinco pontos em relação à planta e seis faixas de profundidade, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados volume, área superficial, comprimento e diâmetro de raiz. O bulbo molhado foi determinado usando tubos dispostos em seis pontos em relação à planta, sendo um ponto na linha de plantio do cafeeiro entre duas plantas, e em cinco pontos na entre linha, sendo as medições realizadas em quatro faixas de profundidades, com três repetições. O bulbo molhado atingiu profundidade entre 0,40 a 0,50 m, proporcionando excesso de água em profundidade, evidenciando a importância dessa caracterização para o manejo da irrigação do cafeeiro Conilon irrigado por gotejamento. A profundidade do sistema radicular para melhor eficiência do manejo da irrigação do café Conilon irrigado por gotejamento é de 0,30 m, tendo apresentaram está profundidade 67,4% do volume de raiz e 68,0% de área superficial.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the wet bulb and the root system of the Conilon coffee plant is highly important for the correct management of irrigation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize the wet bulb and Conilon coffee root distribution under drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in the city of São Mateus, ES, Brazil with five replications of a completely randomized design of a 4 x 6 split-plot scheme, which represents four points located according to plant location and six depths. Two points were located in the plant line and two points between lines. For row spacing, we used a split-plot scheme 5 x 6 with five points in relation with plant location and six depths with five replications. The coffee roots were analysed by volume, superficial area, length and diameter. The wet bulb was measured with tubes located in six points near the plants with two points in the plant row (between two plants) and five points between rows. The measurements were conducted at four depth ranges with three replications. The wet bulb reached a depth of between 0.40 and 0.50 m, providing an excess of water in depth, evidencing the importance of this characterization for the irrigation management of drip-irrigated Conilon coffee. The depth of the radicular system for better irrigation management efficiency of drip-irrigated coffee is 0.30 m, exhibiting 67.4% of root volume and 68.0% of surface area.

Medições microclimáticas (radiação fotossinteticamente ativa - RFA, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento) foram realizadas em um cultivo de café Conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre) cultivado a pleno sol e arborizado com nogueira macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche), no Município de São Mateus, Espírito Santo (ES) (18°43'S; 39°54'W; 39m), durante o período de setembro de 2008 a junho de 2009, com o objetivo de apresentar os efeitos do cultivo arborizado no microclima. Os resultados obtidos mostraram diferenças na transmissividade à RFA dentro do sistema arborizado em relação ao pleno sol, com variações de 18 a 88% e de 17 a 87% quando comparados em dois episódios de amostragem. A transmissividade média da RFA provocada pelas árvores de macadâmia variou de 65 a 59% durante as duas épocas de amostragem. Com relação à velocidade do vento, ocorreu uma redução média de 72% em sua incidência no cultivo arborizado. As diferenças na transmissividade de radiação e na incidência de ventos proporcionaram diferentes regimes de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar, com maior efeito sobre os valores diurnos e no ponto de amostragem próximo ao renque de macadâmias, em que a média da temperatura máxima do ar foi até 2,2°C inferior ao cultivo a pleno sol.

Microclimatic measurements (photosynthetically active radiation - PAR, temperature and relative humidity of air and wind speed) were made in a Conilon coffee crop (Coffea canephora Pierre), grown in two different conditions: shaded by macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) and unshaded. The experiment was carried out at Sâo Mateus, Espirito Santo State, Brazil (18°43'S; 39°54'W; 39m), between September 2008 and June 2009, aiming to show the effects of shading crop system into the microclimate. The obtained results had inside shown differences in the transmission of PAR in the shaded crop, with variations of 18 to 88% and 17 to 87% when compared the two sampling episodes . The average transmission of PAR caused by macadamia nut trees varied of 65 to 59% during the sampling episodes. The wind speed was reduced by 72% at the shaded crop. The differences in the transmission of PAR and the incidence of winds produced different values of temperature and relative humidity of the air with the greatest effect during day-light values period and at the sampling nearest point to macadamias nut trees, where the average maximum temperature was up to 2.2°C lower than the unshaded ones.