ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that the survival and reproduction of lacewings varies depending on the type of prey they consumed, especially during the first instar. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a diet consisting of Ephestia kuehniella (EK) and/or Planococcus-citri (PC) eggs offered to first instar Chrysoperla externa on subsequent development and survival. Larvae supplied only with P. citri (PC) nymphs had extended immature development, low survival, adults with lower weight and longevity, low fecundity and egg viability, and lower net reproduction rate (R0). Larvae submitted to the treatment EK+PC responded positively to the diet, showing results similar to those obtained in the control-EK treatment. Therefore, this mealybug supports suitable development and reproduction of C. externa when it is provided to second instar larvae after they fed on E. kuehniella eggs as first instars. As far as we know, this is the first report that demonstrates the effect of natural prey and alternatives on different larval stages of lacewings. This information is valuable in developing protocols for use of C. externaas a pest control agent.

ABSTRACT Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Meneville) are voracious generalist predators, and important aphid control agents. In an environment containing a complex of species, the occurrence of intraguild interactions can interfere in the predator behavior and consumption. The aim of this work was to know the number of nymphs of Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) and Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) consumed by larvae of C. externa and H. convergens, and the interaction between these predators when confined together. First, second and third instar nymphs of R. porosum and M. rosae were provided in Petri dishes containing rose leaflets and second instar larvae of the predators. Intraguild interaction was studied in Petri dishes containing first instar nymphs of both aphid species and a second instar larva of C. externa plus one of H. convergens. A third treatment consisted of dishes containing a second instar larva of both predators maintained in the absence of prey. The evaluations took place throughout the entire instar of the predators. C. externa consumed a greater number of R. porosum nymphs and H. convergens a greater number of M. rosae nymphs. For both species of prey, the highest consumption was verified on the last day of evaluation. There was a positive interaction when the predator’s larvae were confined in the presence of aphid nymphs, with no mortality observed for any of them. In the absence of prey, there was 70% mortality of H. convergens larvae due to intraguild predation.

ABSTRACT Rose crops are attacked by many pests, including mealybugs. Although Planoccocus citri is not registered as a main pest of roses in Brazil, it is an increasing problem on roses inside greenhouses. Chrysoperla externa and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are options against P. citri and other pests on roses, however using two predators in biological control programs may face problems like intraguild predation. This work aimed to assess the consumption of 1st instar nymphs and adult females of P. citri by adults of C. montrouzieri and 3rd instar larvae of C. externa, as well as the interaction between these predators when confined together. The following treatments were performed with ten replications in a completely randomized design: 1 - C. externa + 200 nymphs of P. citri; 2 - C. externa + 10 adults of P. citri; 3 - C. montrouzieri + 500 nymphs of P. citri; 4 - C. montrouzieri + 15 adults of P. citri. Each replication was set on rose leaflets inside a Petri dish (9cm Ø). Intraguild interaction was assessed by releasing both predators inside dishes containing 700 nymphs of P. citri. Before the releases, predators stayed 24 hours without food. We evaluated the prey consumption and intraguild predation for three hours. C. externa consumed significantly less (85,4±2,99) nymphs than did C. montrouzieri (387,0±3,02). There was no difference in adult mealybugs consumed, with an average of 1,85±0,19. No intraguild predation was observed, and an increase of 11,8% in consumption was observed when predators were released together compared to the scenario of no competition.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the consumption of Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) nymphs and the predator:prey ratio required for high predatory efficacy and survival of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae under different densities of prey, reared in rose bushes. Consumption by first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of C. externa was assessed. The predatory efficiency and survival of the predator were calculated for larvae in the second instar under densities of 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 nymphs of P. citri and predator:prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The assessments were performed after 24 and 48 hours of exposure between species. There was increasing consumption throughout the larval development of C. externa. The predator:prey ratios 1:5 and 1:10 were the most efficient for P. citri population reduction, but the 1:5 ratio led to lower survival of larvae than the 1:10 and 1:20 ratios. There was a positive correlation between C. externa larval density and cannibalism (ρ = 0.45) and a negative correlation between predator density and P. citri population density (ρ = -0.81). Third-instar larvae consume more P. citri nymphs than second-instar larvae. Second-instar larvae of this lacewing released at a 1:20 ratio caused total mortality of mealybug nymphs within 48 hours, regardless the density of P. citri, with high larvae survival of C. externa.

ABSTRACT The predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a polyphagous species that has, among its wide range of acceptable prey, the aphid Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an important pest of rose plants. We assessed the consumption of nymphs and adults of M. rosae by C. externa larvae, the predatory efficiency, and larval survival under different predator:prey ratios, densities of aphids, and ages of aphids. The bioassays were performed at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 10% RH under a 12-hour photoperiod, with aphids taken from roses of the cultivar Avalanche. Consumption was assessed by making young aphids (2nd and 3rd instars) and more developed aphids (4th instar and adult) available throughout the larval stage of the predator. The predatory efficiency and survival were studied for second-instar larvae offered M. rosae nymphs at densities of 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 using predator:prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The assessments were performed 24, 48, and 72 hours after putting the species together. All of the C. externa instars consumed younger than older aphids. Larvae in the third instar consumed 80% of the young aphids and 77% of the older aphids. The higher the predator:prey ratio and larval density, the higher the predatory efficiency and the lower the larval survival. The ratios 1:5 and 1:10 led to the elimination of younger and older aphid populations 72 hours into the interaction between species.

Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are alloys with controlled additions of Cr, Ni, Mo and N which, after a suitable thermomechanical treatment, results in a balanced microstructure with similar proportions of ferrite (δ) and austenite (γ). Thus, it is possible to obtain good combinations of high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance through microstructural refinement, which also leads to a relatively good Pitting Resistance Equivalent value (PRE) at both phases. However, inadequate heat treatment and/or welding processes might result in the precipitation of deleterious phases, leading to poor mechanical properties and/or corrosion resistance. In this sense, the use of non-destructive microstructural characterization techniques becomes a valuable resource to access such alterations. Therefore, this work evaluates the precipitation of deleterious phase’s in welded thermal aged joints by portable Double Loop Electrochemical Polarization Reactivation (DL-EPR) taking into account a preliminary metallographic replica characterization. The results show that the proposed portable method can detect even a small percentage of deleterious phases, in addition to having a strong potential to be a non-destructive microstructural characterization technique.

Resumo O controle biológico é uma tendência mundial e tem se destacado como uma estratégia eficaz e compatível para uso em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. No Brasil, o controle desses organismos, envolvendo agentes biológicos, tem sido utilizado em diversos sistemas agrícolas, inclusive, na floricultura. Neste artigo, o controle biológico é abordado sob o ponto de vista natural, por meio da interação entre os organismos na natureza, e aplicado, como estratégia para o manejo de pragas. O conhecimento sobre a dependência e reciprocidade existentes entre as populações na natureza é fundamental para a conscientização de que esse método de controle consiste na exploração de um serviço ecológico natural. Tendo-se em vista que, para o controle biológico de uma praga, a densidade populacional dos inimigos naturais deve ser aumentada, relatamos sobre as duas principais formas para se atingir esse incremento: o controle biológico conservativo e controle biológico aumentativo. A primeira, por meio da modificação do ambiente de cultivo de modo a oferecer uma estrutura vegetacional que favoreça a manutenção e/ou atração dos inimigos naturais, e a segunda, por meio da criação massal de entomófagos e entomopatógenos com características que possam garantir sua função como agentes de controle por ocasião da sua liberação nos cultivos. Entre tais agentes, enfatizamos aqueles que são produzidos e comercializados no Brasil para aplicação em plantas ornamentais. Por fim, relatamos sobre as tecnologias que têm sido mais recentemente empregadas para incrementar o uso adequado e a eficiência desses agentes biocontroladores.

Abstract Biological control is a worldwide trend and has been prominent as an effective and compatible strategy for use in Integrated Pest Management programs. In Brazil, the control of these organisms using biological agents has been used in several agricultural systems, including floriculture. This paper approaches biological control from the perspective of the interaction between organisms in nature, applied as a pest management strategy. Knowledge about the dependence and reciprocity among populations in a natural environment is fundamental to understanding that this control method is nothing more than an exploiting of a natural ecological service. Considering that, for the biological control of a pest we must increase the population density of natural enemies, we report on the two main ways to achieve this increase: conservative biological control and augmentative biological control. The first is done by modifying the environment’s vegetation structure to favor natural enemies’ maintenance or their attraction to the crops. The second is done by mass rearing entomophagous and entomopathogen species with attributes that can ensure their function as control agents when released in crops. Among such agents, we emphasize those produced and marketed in Brazil for application in ornamental plants. Finally, we report on the technologies most recently employed to increase the appropriate use and the efficiency of these biological control agents.

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cutting height (25 or 40 cm above ground) and bacterial inoculation (a combined inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici) on the chemical and microbial compositions, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage and nitrogen balance, intake, and apparent nutrient digestibility by sheep. To evaluate silage characteristics and sheep metabolism, we performed analyses based on a completely randomized block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement (two cutting heights, with or without bacterial inoculant). We evaluated the chemical and microbial compositions, pH, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of silage. To examine nutrient digestibility of silage, we used 24 male sheep over a 21-day period. We found that the aerobic stability did not differ among the silages. Sheep fed silages produced from corn harvested at 40 cm had increased intakes of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, and total digestible nutrients, whereas the non-fiber carbohydrate intake of inoculated corn silages was found to be higher than that of uninoculated silage. Furthermore, the amounts of nitrogen retained by sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 40 cm were higher than those of sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 25 cm. Collectively, our findings indicate that, despite the observed effects, a difference of 15 cm in cutting height results in relatively small changes in the chemical composition of corn silage and a limited effect on the nutrient intake and nitrogen balance of animals fed this silage. Moreover, although bacterial inoculation promotes an efficient fermentation, it has no marked effects on the aerobic stability of silage.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os valores sociais e a atuação e inserção dos hospitais de pequeno porte em municípios pequenos nas redes de atenção à saúde. Realizou-se estudo de natureza qualitativa, entrevistando os secretários de saúde e diretores dos hospitais de pequeno porte localizados em 14 municípios de até 20 mil habitantes do estado do Paraná, tendo como referencial teórico conceitos bourdieusianos de capital simbólico, habitus e campo. Verificou-se que há o discurso pela manutenção destes hospitais, ainda que não respondam de forma resolutiva às demandas da população, pois o seu fechamento causaria um impacto negativo para a legitimação do gestor em exercício. Os hospitais de pequeno porte participam da rede de urgência, mesmo que não resolvam muitos dos problemas demandados. Entretanto, ao fazer parte do complexo regulador, seus usuários podem ser encaminhados para hospitais de maior porte. Quanto à Rede Mãe Paranaense, a maioria dos hospitais de pequeno porte atuam como encaminhadores de gestantes para hospitais/maternidades de referência, embora o desejo da população local seja que a atenção às parturientes ocorra nos municípios de residência. Conclui-se que a organização destes hospitais e sua inserção nas redes de atenção ainda é incipiente.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to comprehend the social values and the performance and insertion of small-sized hospitals in small cities in health care networks. A qualitative study was carried out, with interviews to health secretaries and directors of these hospitals located in 14 municipalities of up to 20,000 inhabitants of the state of Paraná, having as theoretical reference bourdesian concepts of symbolic capital, habitus and field. It was verified that there is a discourse for the maintenance of these hospitals, although they do not respond in a resolutive way to the demands of the population, since their closure would have a negative impact on the legitimacy of the current manager. The small-sized hospitals participate in the emergency network, even though they do not solve many of the problems required. However, as a part of the regulatory complex, their users can be referred to larger hospitals. Regarding the Mãe Paranaense Network, most small-sized hospitals act as referrers of pregnant women to reference hospitals/maternities, although the desire of the local population was that the attention to the parturient occurred in the municipalities of residence. It is concluded that the organization of these hospitals and their inclusion in the Care Networks is still incipient.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os valores sociais e a atuação e inserção dos hospitais de pequeno porte em municípios pequenos nas redes de atenção à saúde. Realizou-se estudo de natureza qualitativa, entrevistando os secretários de saúde e diretores dos hospitais de pequeno porte localizados em 14 municípios de até 20 mil habitantes do estado do Paraná, tendo como referencial teórico conceitos bourdieusianos de capital simbólico, habitus e campo. Verificou-se que há o discurso pela manutenção destes hospitais, ainda que não respondam de forma resolutiva às demandas da população, pois o seu fechamento causaria um impacto negativo para a legitimação do gestor em exercício. Os hospitais de pequeno porte participam da rede de urgência, mesmo que não resolvam muitos dos problemas demandados. Entretanto, ao fazer parte do complexo regulador, seus usuários podem ser encaminhados para hospitais de maior porte. Quanto à Rede Mãe Paranaense, a maioria dos hospitais de pequeno porte atuam como encaminhadores de gestantes para hospitais/maternidades de referência, embora o desejo da população local seja que a atenção às parturientes ocorra nos municípios de residência. Conclui-se que a organização destes hospitais e sua inserção nas redes de atenção ainda é incipiente.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to comprehend the social values and the performance and insertion of small-sized hospitals in small cities in health care networks. A qualitative study was carried out, with interviews to health secretaries and directors of these hospitals located in 14 municipalities of up to 20,000 inhabitants of the state of Paraná, having as theoretical reference bourdesian concepts of symbolic capital, habitus and field. It was verified that there is a discourse for the maintenance of these hospitals, although they do not respond in a resolutive way to the demands of the population, since their closure would have a negative impact on the legitimacy of the current manager. The small-sized hospitals participate in the emergency network, even though they do not solve many of the problems required. However, as a part of the regulatory complex, their users can be referred to larger hospitals. Regarding the Mãe Paranaense Network, most small-sized hospitals act as referrers of pregnant women to reference hospitals/maternities, although the desire of the local population was that the attention to the parturient occurred in the municipalities of residence. It is concluded that the organization of these hospitals and their inclusion in the Care Networks is still incipient.

Measles is a human infectious disease of global concern that is caused by the measles virus. In this study, we report the complete genome sequencing of one measles virus isolate, genotype D8, that was obtained directly from a urine sample in Boa Vista city, the capital of Roraima state in Brazil. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped the genome described in this study with that of samples from Australia, South Korea, and Italy. To our knowledge, this is the first complete genome sequence of a wild-type measles virus reported from Latin America. Therefore, the present data strengthen the current knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of measles worldwide.

RESUMO Fármacos e desreguladores endócrinos são encontrados em águas naturais brasileiras, incluindo alguns mananciais de abastecimento, também em função da baixa cobertura de coleta e tratamento de esgotos no Brasil. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho intentou avaliar a remoção de três fármacos - sulfametoxazol (SMX), diclofenaco (DCF) e 17β-estradiol (E2) - em água destilada por meio da oxidação com cloro (hipoclorito de sódio), variando-se a dose de cloro e o tempo de contato em ensaios de batelada. As soluções cloradas foram analisadas, ainda, por cromatografia acoplada à espectrometria de massas para identificação de eventuais subprodutos de oxidação. Para tempo de contato de 10 min e dose de cloro de 1,5 mg.L-1, foi observada remoção média de 61% para DCF, 36% para E2 e 33% para SMX. Apenas para o DCF verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (α=0,05) para dose de cloro de 3,0 mg.L-1. A oxidação seguiu modelo cinético de pseudossegunda ordem, com valores de k2 de 0,0168 L.µg.min-1 para SMX (para ambas doses testadas), de 0,0133 e 0,0798 L.µg.min-1 para DCF, e de 0,0326 e 0,0289 L.µg.min-1 para E2, para doses de cloro de 1,5 e 3,0 mg.L-1, respectivamente. Por fim, verificou-se que o aumento do tempo de contato favoreceu a oxidação dos fármacos, ainda que com a perspectiva de formação de subprodutos para SMX e E2.

ABSTRACT Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds are found in Brazilian natural waters, including some water sources for public supply, also due to the low coverage of sewage collection and treatment in Brazil. This study investigated the removal of three pharmaceutical compounds - sulfamethoxazole (SMX), diclofenac (DCF) and 17β-estradiol (E2) - from aqueous solutions by means of chlorine oxidation (sodium hypochlorite) by varying the dose of chlorine and contact time in batch tests. The chlorine solutions were examined by chromatography attached to the mass spectrometry in order to identify the oxidation by-products. For 10 min contact time, mean removal values of 61% were observed for DCF; 36% for E2; and 33% for SMX, when the chlorine dose was 1.5 mg L-1. Just for DCF there was a statistically significant difference (α=0.05) in the removal efficiency when increasing the chlorine dose to 3.0 mg.L-1. The oxidation followed the kinetic model of pseudo-second order, with k2 values of 0.0168 L.µg.min-1 for SMX (at both chlorine doses tested); 0.0133 and 0.0798 L.µg.min-1 to DCF; and 0.0326 and 0.0289 L.µg.min-1 to the E2 at chlorine doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg L-1, respectively. Finally, it was verified that an increase of the contact time favored the oxidation of all pharmaceuticals tested, although with the perspective of by-products formation for SMX and E2.

Resumo O estudo que deu origem a este artigo apresentou os resultados de revisão integrativa de literatura sobre a gestão do trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde, tendo como objetivo analisar as diferentes contribuições científicas na área, as experiências e estratégias desenvolvidas pelos municípios. Utilizou-se para a coleta de dados as bases PubMed e SciELO em 2014. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, analisaram-se 22 artigos. O maior número deles foi publicado no biênio 2010–2011 e referia-se a municípios de grande porte ou estados. Foram construídas duas categorias temáticas: concepções de gestão de trabalho e questões relacionadas à vida funcional do trabalhador, como provimento e garantia de direitos trabalhistas. Verificaram-se a evolução do termo recursos humanos para a concepção de gestão do trabalho; o processo de expansão dos empregos públicos na esfera municipal e as diversas formas de seleção adotadas; a desprecarização dos vínculos trabalhistas a partir dos anos 2000; dificuldades de atração e fixação de profissionais e a não consolidação do plano de carreira, cargos e salários como instrumento estratégico para a gestão do trabalho. Evidenciaram-se a complexidade do tema e a necessidade de constantes estudos pela sua importância para o Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract The study that led to this article featured the results of an integrative review of literature on the management of work in the Unified Health System, and its purpose was to analyze the different scientific contributions, experiences, and strategies the municipalities developed in the area. The PubMed and SciELO databases were used for data collection in 2014. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were analyzed. Most were published in the 2010–2011 biennium and referred to major cities or states. Two thematic categories were constructed: Work management concepts and issues related to the worker's functional life, such as provisioning and guaranteeing labor rights. It was noted that there has been evolution in the human resources term for the conception of work management; an expansion process in public employment at the municipal level and in the various forms of selection adopted; in employment bond stability from the 2000s, and that there are difficulties in attracting and securing professionals, as well as in the non-consolidation of the career, position and salary plan as a strategic tool for managing the work. The complexity of the issue and the need for constant studies were evident due to the importance of these factors for the Unified Health System.

Resumen El estudio que dio origen a este artículo presentó los resultados de revisión integrativa de literatura sobre la gestión del trabajo en el Sistema Único de Salud, teniendo como objetivo analizar las diferentes contribuciones científicas en el área, las experiencias y estrategias desarrolladas por los municipios. Se utilizó para la recolección de datos las bases PubMed y SciELO en 2014. Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 22 artículos. El mayor número de éstos se publicó en el bienio 2010–2011 y se refería a municipios de gran porte o estados. Se construyeron dos categorías temáticas: concepciones de gestión de trabajo y cuestiones relacionadas con la vida funcional del trabajador, como aprovisionamiento y garantía de derechos laborales. Se observaron: la evolución del término recursos humanos hacia la concepción de gestión del trabajo; el proceso de expansión de los empleos públicos en la esfera municipal y las diversas formas de selección adoptadas; la desprecarización de los vínculos laborales a partir de los años 2000; las dificultades de atracción y fijación de profesionales y la no consolidación del plan de carrera, cargos y salarios como instrumento estratégico para la gestión del trabajo. Se pusieron de manifiesto la complejidad del tema y la necesidad de constantes estudios por su importancia en el Sistema Único de Salud.

RESUMO Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que o aumento da temperatura média do planeta causa uma intensificação do ciclo hidrológico, o que poderá ocasionar mudanças nos regimes das chuvas, como o aumento da ocorrência de eventos hidrológicos extremos, alterando fortemente a disponibilidade hídrica de uma região e a qualidade de vida da população. A análise da tendência de séries históricas de precipitação pluviométrica é uma das maneiras de se inferir a ocorrência de mudança climática local. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetiva a estimativa da tendência dos índices de detecção de mudanças climáticas elaborados pela Organização Meteorológica Mundial (OMM), referentes à precipitação pluvial diária, utilizando o software RClimDex, e a avaliação dessas tendências nas bacias hidrográficas do estado de Pernambuco. Para isso, foram utilizados 75 postos pluviométricos distribuídos de forma uniforme pelo estado com séries históricas variando de 1962 a 2011, com cerca de 50 anos de dados. Foram observadas tendências em vários índices de detecção de mudanças climáticas nas bacias dos rios Goiana, Capibaribe, Ipojuca, Sirinhaém, Una, Mundaú, Ipanema, Moxotó, Terra Nova, Brígida, Garças e Pontal. Concluiu-se que existem evidências de mudanças no clima de algumas bacias hidrográficas principais, diagnosticando indícios de aceleração no processo de aridez das bacias dos rios Ipanema, Brígida e Garças, e tendência de aumento dos eventos extremos máximos de precipitação para as bacias dos rios Mundaú, Sirinhaém e Garças.

ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that the increasing of planet’s average temperature causes an intensification of the hydrological cycle, which may lead to changes in rainfall regimes, such as increasing of the occurrence of extreme hydrological events, modifying the water availability of a region and the quality of life of its population. The trend analysis of time series of rainfall is one of the ways to determine the occurrence of local climate changes. In this context, this work aims to estimate the trend in rates of climate change detection, referring to daily rainfall, defined by World Meteorological Organization (WMO), using the software RClimDex, and to evaluate the implications of these trends in river basins of the state of Pernambuco. For this, 75 rain gauge stations uniformly distributed along the state, varying from 1962 to 2011, with about 50 years of data, were used. Several trends in detection rates of climate change in the basins of Goiana, Capibaribe, Ipojuca, Sirinhaém, Una, Mundaú, Ipanema, Moxotó, Terra Nova, Brígida, Garças e Pontal were observed. It was concluded that there is evidence of climate variability for some of its major river basins: it was verified evidence of acceleration in the process of dryness of the river basins of Ipanema, Brígida and Garças, and it was observed a higher tendency of occurrence of extreme rainfall events for the basins of Mundaú, Sirinhaém and Garças.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits on the grain traits of sixteen Brazilian wheat genotypes. Grain hardness index, milling traits, physicochemical and rheological properties of the flour, and specific volume and firmness of the bread were evaluated. Physicochemical properties of the flour were not influenced by glutenin subunits. Genotypes with subunits at the Glu-B1 (17+18 or 7+8), Glu-D1 (5+10), and Glu-A3 (b) were associated with strong flours and bread with high specific volume and low firmness. The subunits at the Glu-A1 and Glu-B3 had no effect on the rheological properties of the dough and bread quality, while the subunit 2+12 at Glu-D1 negatively affected the resistance to extension, and specific volume and firmness of the bread. Specific volume and firmness of the bread were influenced by the rheological properties of the dough, while the flour protein content was not important to define wheat quality. The identification of glutenin subunits at different loci along with the rheological tests of the flour are fundamental in estimating the potential use of different materials developed in wheat breeding.