This study highlights the synthesis of innovative polyurethane materials derived from Moringa oleifera oils extracted from two distinct sources. The oils were converted into their respective polyols through the in situ generated performic acid method. Diverse material characteristics were observed due to different agroclimatic and cultivation conditions for the sources. Extraction yields were 45.21% (source 1) and 40.32% (source 2), with acid values of 28.70 and 26.00 mg KOH per g of oil, respectively. Oleic acid constituted 79.87 and 67.11% of the oils composition, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the hydroxylation of the oils. FTIR also identified the isocyanate structures in the synthesized polyurethane materials. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a higher oligomer content in the polyol synthesized from the oil extracted from source 2. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability post-oil conversion, highlighting decomposition stages for rigid and flexible segments. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated higher unsaturation in the oil extracted from source 1, resulting in an elevated crystallization temperature. Tensile testing showed increased elasticity as the [NCO]/[OH] ratio decreased in the material, emphasizing the influence of polyol and crosslinking agent concentrations on mechanical resistance of polyurethane materials. sources method 4521 45 21 45.21 1 4032 40 32 40.32 2, 2 , 2) 2870 28 70 28.7 2600 26 00 26.0 respectively 7987 79 87 79.8 6711 67 11 67.11 composition (FTIR postoil post conversion segments temperature NCO/OH NCOOH NCO / OH [NCO]/[OH 452 4 45.2 403 3 40.3 287 7 28. 260 0 26. 798 8 79. 671 6 67.1 45. 40. 67.

The essential oil extracted from Anemia tomentosa (EOAT) has shown larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti, based on methods in vitro and in silico. Chromatographic and spectrometric techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS), gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID)), as well as mono and bidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to assess 10 essential oil components. Chemical composition of essential oil comprised 87.51% sesquiterpenes, with emphasis on presilphiperfolan-1-ol (42.13%) and silphiperfol-5-ene (19.47%). Larvicidal assay conducted in vitro with EOAT has evidenced potential cytotoxic activity up to 48 h exposure to it; mortality rate observed for A. aegypti larvae exposed to essential oil reached 100%. Study conducted in silico with chemical compounds deriving from the herein investigated plant species has evidenced its potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in A. aegypti. Activity of triquinane sesquiterpenes ranging from -6.8 to -8.2 kcal mol-1 stood out in comparison to that of temephos (-7.5 kcal mol-1). Chemical compounds identified in the investigated essential oil presented low human and environmental toxicity, as observed in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and toxicity (ADMETox) predictions. (EOAT chromatographymass chromatography mass CGMS, CGMS CG MS , (CG-MS) chromatographyflame flame GCFID, GCFID GC FID (GC-FID)) NMR (NMR 1 components 8751 87 51 87.51 presilphiperfolan1ol presilphiperfolanol presilphiperfolan ol 42.13% 4213 42 13 (42.13% silphiperfol5ene silphiperfolene silphiperfol 5 ene 19.47%. 1947 19.47% . 19 47 (19.47%) 4 it A 100 100% 6.8 68 6 8 -6. 8.2 82 2 -8. mol1 mol mol- 7.5 75 7 (-7. mol1. mol-1) absorption distribution excretion ADMETox (ADMETox predictions (CG-MS (GC-FID) 875 87.5 42.13 421 (42.13 194 19.47 (19.47% 6. -6 8. -8 7. (-7 (GC-FID 87. 42.1 (42.1 19.4 (19.47 - (- 42. (42. 19. (19.4 ( (42 (19. (4 (19 (1

The use of materials such as organofunctionalized silica for application in solid phase extraction (SPE) allows the preconcentration of several ions, including Pt, and subsequent detection. This work aims to synthesize and characterize an organofunctionalized silica (Sil-TMSDT) with the silylant N’(trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenetriamine and its application as a solid phase in the preconcentration Pt4+ ions in aqueous media, using detection by flame atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the aminofunctionalization of the silica. For the adsorption process, a preconcentration mini-column with 200 mg of Sil-TMSDT, a solution of 0.485 mg L−1 of K2[PtCl6] at pH 10 and HNO3 0.5 mol L−1 as eluent were used, obtaining an enrichment factor of 15-fold with retention efficiency higher than 99%. The Pt4+ ion determined by FAAS showed a linear response between 0.02 and 0.40 mg L−1; a linear coefficient where R = 0.9981; a 16-fold preconcentration factor; a limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.045 and 0.014 mg L−1, respectively. The proposal system showed analytical applicability to determining Pt4+ ion in an aqueous medium and could be used to detect traces of this potentially toxic metal in biological fluids such as urine and blood. SPE (SPE Pt SilTMSDT Sil TMSDT (Sil-TMSDT Ntrimethoxysilylpropylethylenetriamine N trimethoxysilyl propylethylenetriamine Pt4 media FAAS. . (FAAS) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR (FTIR SEM (SEM energydispersive energy dispersive EDS (EDS process minicolumn mini column 20 SilTMSDT, TMSDT, Sil-TMSDT 0485 0 485 0.48 L1 L 1 L− K2PtCl6 KPtCl K2 PtCl6 K PtCl K2[PtCl6 HNO 05 5 0. 15fold fold 15 99 99% 002 02 0.0 040 40 0.4 0.9981 09981 9981 16fold 16 LOQ (LOQ LOD (LOD 0045 045 0.04 0014 014 0.01 respectively blood (FAAS 2 048 48 K2PtCl K2[PtCl 9 00 04 4 0.998 0998 998 004 001 01 0.99 099 0.9 09

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

Lantana caatingensis Moldenke (Verbenaceae) is an endemic plant from northeastern Brazil. However, its chemical composition is almost unknown. This study aimed to characterize the chemical compounds found in L. caatingensis and investigate the antileishmanial potential of its hydroalcoholic extract and polar fractions. Compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from L. caatingensis leaves and its polar fractions (ethyl acetate and methanolic) were analyzed by liquid chromatography with a photodiode-array detector coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An antileishmanial assay was performed in a 96-well plate against Leishmania major promastigotes using resazurin on a plate spectrophotometer and the results were expressed as percentage of growth inhibition. Nine compounds were determined in the investigated extract and fractions, classified as flavonoids, flavonoid C-glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides. The antileishmanial activity revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction were active against L. major promastigotes with inhibitory concentration of 71.78 and 26.86 µg mL-1, respectively, while the methanolic fraction was inactive (478.40 µg mL-1). This is the first report on the chemical composition and antileishmanial activity of L. caatingensis extracts. These results contribute to further knowledge of species belonging to the Lantana genus. Verbenaceae (Verbenaceae Brazil However unknown L photodiodearray photodiode array timeofflight time flight spectrometry 96well well 96 inhibition flavonoids Cglycosides C glycosides 7178 71 78 71.7 2686 26 86 26.8 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 mL-1 respectively 478.40 47840 478 40 (478.4 mL1. . mL-1) extracts genus 9 717 7 71. 268 2 8 26. mL- 478.4 4784 47 4 (478. 478. (478 (47 (4 (

Sensor calibration for dissolved gas is a critical and necessary step to ensure consistent sensor response over time and under different conditions. In this work, we describe a 3D printed device that facilitates the calibration of gas sensors. The device effectively maintained gas concentration in the solution for at least 2 h. Analytical curves were constructed in the pH range of 2 to 12, yielding determination coefficients surpassing 0.98. The chosen method proved suitable for the calibration of the sensors. Furthermore, using accurate and reliable reference sensors contributed to obtaining precise and trustworthy measurements. conditions work D h 12 098 0 98 0.98 Furthermore measurements 1 09 9 0.9 0.

We report a facile hydrothermal method for the synthesis of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) under two different temperatures, 120 °C (Nb2O5-120) and 150 °C (Nb2O5-150). The obtained materials were characterized by structural, optical and morphological techniques. Also, the photocatalytic properties of the Nb2O5 samples were evaluated in two reactions under ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation: degradation of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes; and esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) present in waste cooking oil (WCO). The Nb2O5 was formed at different temperatures of synthesis, and the increase in temperature did not cause significant changes in the structural and optical characteristics, but resulted in an increased surface area of the synthesized materials. Both synthesized materials showed excellent efficiency for dye photodegradation. The sample Nb2O5-150 presented the best performance for the MB photodegradation, with almost 85% of the removal efficiency. In this case, the adsorption of MB molecules on the surface of the material was high due to the favorable electrostatic interaction and also because of its high surface area. For the IC photodegradation, the adsorption was insignificant, and both samples presented approximately 100% of the removal efficiency. These materials were also promising for the reduction of free fat acids in waste oil by photoesterification. NbO Nb O (Nb2O5 12 C Nb2O5120 (Nb2O5-120 15 Nb2O5150. Nb2O5150 . (Nb2O5-150) techniques Also Nb2O UVC (UVC irradiation (MB (IC dyes FFA (FFA WCO. WCO (WCO) characteristics photodegradation Nb2O5-15 85 case insignificant 100 photoesterification (Nb2O 1 Nb2O512 (Nb2O5-12 Nb2O515 (Nb2O5-150 (WCO Nb2O5-1 8 10 Nb2O51 (Nb2O5-1 (Nb2O5-15 Nb2O5- (Nb2O5-

In silico and in vitro tests can reveal promising anti-leishmania activity for natural products and their derivatives. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the pharmacological activities of potential new chalcones and their leishmanicidal potential in vitro. The in silico study was carried out using the PASS, MolPredictX and Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 programs. Antiparasitic activity was assessed in axenic promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania braziliensis. The cytotoxicity tests used the J77G8 cell line. The chalcones exhibited 50% cytotoxic concentration values (CC50) values > 50 μM. Chalcone 4 (named FERAI) presented the best activity with concentration for 50% of promastigotes and intracellular parasites forms (EC50) of 9.75 ± 1.7 and 10.13 ± 1.7 μM for promastigote and amastigote, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) testing presented increased ROS levels in the parasite at the FERAI concentrations of 10 μM (56.33%), 20 μM (61.76%) and 30 μM (67.13%). Molecular docking revealed interactions (binding energy) between FERAI and the enzymes UDP-glycosyl pyrophosphorylase (-56.8384), dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase (-132.276) and trypanothione-reductase (-151.281). Our results demonstrated the anti-leishmanial activity of chalcones, especially FERAI, with a noted raising of ROS levels in the parasite. Molecular docking revealed dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and trypanothione reductase as potential pharmacological targets for FERAI. antileishmania anti leishmania derivatives PASS 60 6 0 6. programs braziliensis JG J G J77G line CC50 CC (CC50 5 named EC50 EC (EC50 975 9 75 9.7 17 1 7 1. 1013 13 10.1 respectively (ROS 56.33%, 5633 56.33% , 56 33 (56.33%) 2 61.76% 6176 61 76 (61.76% 3 67.13%. 6713 67.13% . 67 (67.13%) binding energy UDPglycosyl UDP glycosyl 56.8384, 568384 56.8384 8384 (-56.8384) dihydroorotatedehydrogenase 132.276 132276 132 276 (-132.276 trypanothionereductase 151.281. 151281 151.281 151 281 (-151.281) antileishmanial leishmanial CC5 (CC5 EC5 (EC5 97 9. 101 10. 563 56.33 (56.33% 61.76 617 (61.76 671 67.13 (67.13% 56838 56.838 838 (-56.8384 132.27 13227 27 (-132.27 15128 151.28 15 28 (-151.281 (CC (EC 56.3 (56.33 61.7 (61.7 67.1 (67.13 5683 56.83 83 (-56.838 132.2 1322 (-132.2 1512 151.2 (-151.28 56. (56.3 61. (61. 67. (67.1 568 56.8 8 (-56.83 132. (-132. 151. (-151.2 (56. (61 (67. (-56.8 (-132 (-151. (56 (6 (67 (-56. (-13 (-151 (5 ( (-56 (-1 (-15 (-5 (-

The present work aims to extract and test cashew nut peel oil as a natural antioxidant in the oxidative stabilization of biodiesel. Therefore, determinations of the ideal time of Soxhlet and thermal extractions, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and evaluation of the oxidative stability by Rancimat method were carried out. FTIR analyses revealed that the 3rd cycle of extraction was sufficient to extract all the oil, with an average yield of 30.0%. For the thermal extraction of the laboratory technical cashew nut peel oil, the best extraction, based on statistical analysis, was 60 min, yielding 20.0%. The FTIR analysis of the extracted cashew nut peel oil showed characteristic peaks of phenolic groups and organic acids, showing differences in the intensities of the absorption bands. The oxidative stability showed induction period of 8 h 40 min for the hydraulic press extraction, 10 h 35 min for the Soxhlet extraction, and 10 h 65 min for the industrial technical extraction of the cashew nut peel oil. All values were below the 12-h limit established by the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). The technical cashew nut peel oil extracted in the laboratory presented an induction period of 11 h 12 min, close to that recommended by ANP, proving to be a promising natural antioxidant. Cardanol presented satisfactory results with 25 h 22 min, double that suggested by ANP. Thus, cashew nut peel oil showed important and promising results as a natural antioxidant for biodiesel. biodiesel Therefore extractions (FTIR out rd 300 30 0 30.0% 6 200 20 20.0% acids bands 4 1 3 12h Petroleum ANP . (ANP) 2 Thus 30.0 20.0 (ANP 30. 20.

RESUMO Regiões com climas semiáridos apresentam condições ambientais que resultam em estresses abióticos às plantas. A maior área de produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.) do Brasil, o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, possui essas características climáticas. O uso de bioestimulantes nesses sistemas de produção pode mitigar os efeitos dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as características fisiológicas e de produção do meloeiro, sob aplicação de bioestimulantes. Os bioestimulantes Acadian®, Folicist® e Nov@® foram aplicados e comparados ao tratamento controle (sem bioestimulantes), em melões ‘Goldex’ e ‘McLaren’. Nov@® proporcionou maior assimilação de CO2, transpiração e condutância estomática, assim como ascorbato peroxidase em ‘Goldex’ e ‘McLaren’. Maior catalase foi obtida pela aplicação de Nov@®, enquanto que o uso de Folicist® resultou em maior teor de malondialdeído. A cultivar McLaren apresentou o melhor desempenho fisiológico e bioquímico e a ‘Goldex’ o melhor rendimento. Folicist® promove adaptações fisiológicas aos estresses sem prejudicar a atividade fotossintética. Os bioestimulantes aumentaram a produtividade e o número de frutos por planta e promoveram adaptações fisiológicas às condições semiáridas. plantas Cucumis L. L Brasil Norte climáticas meloeiro Acadian Acadian® Folicist Nov Nov@ bioestimulantes, , bioestimulantes) ‘Goldex Goldex ‘McLaren. ‘McLaren . ‘McLaren’ CO2 CO estomática malondialdeído rendimento fotossintética semiáridas

ABSTRACT Regions with semi-arid climates have environmental conditions that result in abiotic stress to plants. The largest melon (Cucumis melo L.) production area in Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte, has these climatic characteristics. Use of biostimulants in these production systems can mitigate effects of abiotic stress and increase yield and fruit quality. The objective in this study was to evaluate the physiological and production characteristics of melon, under the application of biostimulants. The biostimulants Acadian®, Folicist® and Nov@® were applied and compared to the control treatment (no biostimulants), in ‘Goldex’ and ‘McLaren’ melons. Nov@® led to higher CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance, as well as ascorbate peroxidase, in ‘Goldex’ and ‘McLaren’. Greater catalase was obtained with the application of Nov@®, while the use of Folicist® resulted in higher malondialdehyde content. The cultivar ‘McLaren’ exhibited the best physiological and biochemical performance, and ‘Goldex’ the best yield. Folicist® promotes physiological adaptations to stress without impairing photosynthetic activity. The biostimulants increased yield and number of fruits per plant and promoted physiological adaptations to semi-arid conditions. semiarid semi arid plants Cucumis L. L Brazil Norte quality Acadian Acadian® Folicist Nov Nov@ no biostimulants, , biostimulants) ‘Goldex Goldex ‘McLaren McLaren melons CO assimilation conductance peroxidase ‘McLaren. . content performance activity

Bredemeyera Willd. is a genus of the Polygalaceae family, occurring in Brazil. This research aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antifungal potential, in vitro and in silico, of Bredemeyera brevifolia extracts. The identification of fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their quantification by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector showed that palmitic (36.55 mg g−1), margaric (3.66 mg g−1), linolelaidic (108.82 mg g−1), oleic (7.86 mg g−1), stearic (41.11 mg g−1), dihomo-γ-linolenic (85.48 mg g−1), and arachidic (209.00 mg g−1) acids are present in the hexane extract. From the chloroform extract, 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone was isolated and identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay with methanolic extract demonstrated antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida, Sporothrix, and Trichophyton for up to 96 h, with values ranging from 64-1024 μg mL−1. The in silico study with the chemical compounds of this species showed fungal inhibition potential of sterol-14-α-demethylase, highlighting 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, which presented an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal mol−1, greater than that observed for fluconazole (−8.3 kcal mol−1). The fatty acids interacted with the active site of the enzyme but presented energies ≥ −7.4 kcal mol−1. Compounds isolated from this species have pharmacokinetic potential for the development of pharmaceutical formulations. Willd family Brazil extracts chromatographymass chromatography mass chromatographyflame flame 36.55 3655 36 55 (36.5 g−1, g1 g g−1 , 1 3.66 366 3 66 (3.6 108.82 10882 108 82 (108.8 7.86 786 7 86 (7.8 41.11 4111 41 11 (41.1 dihomoγlinolenic dihomo γ linolenic 85.48 8548 85 48 (85.4 209.00 20900 209 00 (209.0 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone 1hydroxy37dimethoxyxanthone hydroxydimethoxyxanthone hydroxy 3,7 dimethoxyxanthone identified Candida Sporothrix 9 h 641024 64 1024 64-102 mL1 mL mL−1 sterol14αdemethylase, sterol14αdemethylase sterolαdemethylase sterol 14 α demethylase, demethylase sterol-14-α-demethylase 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone, dimethoxyxanthone, 8.8 88 8 -8. mol1 mol mol−1 −8.3 83 (−8. . mol−1) 74 4 −7. formulations 36.5 365 5 (36. g− 3.6 6 (3. 108.8 1088 10 (108. 7.8 78 (7. 41.1 411 (41. 85.4 854 (85. 209.0 2090 20 0 (209. 1hydroxy3 7dimethoxyxanthone 37 3, 64102 102 64-10 mL− αdemethylase 8. -8 mol− −8. (−8 −7 36. (36 3. (3 108. (108 7. (7 41. (41 85. (85 209. 2 (209 1hydroxy 6410 64-1 - −8 (− − ( (10 (4 (8 (20 641 64- (1 (2

ABSTRACT Storage is one of the main stages during grain production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of silo bags as an alternative for storing landrace cowpea grains. The experiment used samples of the Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão cowpea varieties from Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, harvested in the 2021 crop season. The samples (500 g) were stored in raffia and silo bags for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a split-plot-in-time scheme (2 × 5) with four replicates. Storage conditions represented the plots: silo bags and raffia bags. The subplots comprised five storage conditions: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days for each landrace cowpea variety. The insect species identified in all varieties was Zabrotes subfasciatus, with infestation ranging from 49% to 98% in raffia bags and less than 10% in silo bags over 120 days. A depreciation in grain quality was observed during storage in raffia bags. There was increase in electrical conductivity, fluctuations in water content, and reductions in bulk density and germination due to the higher degree of infestation in all the investigated varieties. The grains stored in silo bags showed minimal variations over the 120 days, maintaining their initial quality throughout the storage period. The bag silo storage system is an effective alternative for controlling Z. subfasciatus and maintaining the grain quality of the varieties Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão for a period of up to 120 days. production Arigozinho Manteiguinha Acre 202 season 500 (50 g 30 60 90 12 randomized splitplotintime split plot time 2 ( 5 replicates plots 0 variety 49 98 10 conductivity content Z 20 50 (5 3 6 9 1 4

RESUMO O armazenamento é uma etapa crucial durante a produção de grãos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de silo bolsa como alternativa no armazenamento de grãos crioulos de feijão-caupi. Para o estudo utilizou-se amostras de feijão-caupi, das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão, procedentes do município de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, safra 2021. As amostras de 500 g foram armazenadas em silos bolsa e sacos de ráfia, durante 30, 60, 90, 120 dias. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as condições de armazenamento: silo bolsa e sacos de ráfia, e as subparcelas, os períodos de armazenamento: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias para cada variedade crioula de feijão-caupi. Zabrotes subfasciatus foi identificado em todas as variedades, com infestações de 49 a 98% em sacos de ráfia e inferiores a 10% em silo bolsa ao longo de 120 dias. Foi observado a depreciação na qualidade dos grãos durante o período de armazenamento em sacos de ráfia. Houve aumento na condutividade elétrica, flutuações no teor de água, redução da massa específica aparente e na germinação, devido ao maior grau de infestação em todas as variedades investigadas. Os grãos em silo bolsa apresentaram mínimas variações e mantiveram a qualidade inicial durante 120 dias. O armazenamento em silo bolsa é eficaz no controle de Z. subfasciatus e na manutenção da qualidade dos grãos das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão por até 120 dias. feijãocaupi. feijãocaupi feijão caupi. caupi feijão-caupi utilizouse utilizou se feijãocaupi, caupi, Arigozinho Acre 2021 50 30 60 12 casualizado 2 ( 5, 5 , 5) repetições subparcelas 0 9 4 98 10 elétrica água germinação investigadas Z 202 3 6 1 20

ABSTRACT Grains are hygroscopic materials and, during storage, they are subject to exchanging moisture with the environment according to temperature and relative air humidity, making it important to monitor these factors. Digital temperature and relative air humidity sensors appear as an alternative for monitoring the moisture of grain mass inside silos; they are simple to install and use. Digital sensors present outstanding precision in temperature measurements. The objective in this study was to assess the efficiency and applicability of intergranular relative air humidity sensors linked to digital temperature sensors in the thermometry system of silos storing soybeans. Two samples of soybeans were analyzed in the upper, middle and lower thirds of the silo, for grain mass temperature, intergranular relative air humidity, estimated equilibrium moisture content according to collected data, and moisture content of the sampled grains. Moisture contents obtained from sensor measurements using the hygroscopic equilibrium equation and determined using the oven method were compared. The equilibrium moisture content estimated by the data provided by the sensors did not differ by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) from the moisture content determined by the oven method. Digital temperature and relative air humidity sensors have proven to be efficient, as they contribute to estimating the equilibrium moisture content with satisfactory precision. storage factors use upper silo grains compared p 0.05 005 0 05 efficient 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO Grãos são materiais higroscópicos, e em seu armazenamento estão sujeitos às trocas de vapor de água de acordo com a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, sendo importante o monitoramento desses fatores. Os sensores digitais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar surgem como alternativa para monitoramento da temperatura da massa de grãos no interior de silos, apresentando simplicidade de instalação e utilização. Sensores digitais apresentam destacada precisão nas medições de temperatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficiência e aplicabilidade de sensores de umidade relativa do ar intergranular atrelados a sensores digitais de temperatura no sistema de termometria de silos armazenando grãos de soja. Duas amostragens de grãos de soja no terço superior, médio e inferior do silo foram analisadas para a temperatura da massa de grãos, umidade relativa do ar intergranular, teor de água de equilíbrio estimado conforme dados coletados e teor de água dos grãos amostrados. Realizou-se a comparação do teor de água obtido a partir das medições dos sensores usando a equação do equilíbrio higroscópico e pela determinação através do método da estufa. O teor de água de equilíbrio estimado pelos dados fornecidos pelos sensores não diferenciou pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) do teor de água determinado pela estufa. Os sensores digitais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar demonstraram-se eficientes, visto que contribuem para estimativa do teor de água de equilíbrio com precisão satisfatória. higroscópicos fatores utilização superior amostrados Realizouse Realizou se estufa p 0.05 005 0 05 demonstraramse demonstraram eficientes satisfatória 0.0 00 0.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone, increased costs from non-organic inputs and transportation render substrates more expensive, prompting the use of decomposed biomass from native palm stem for seedlig production. The study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the decomposed biomass of babassu palms (BDB), carnauba (BDC), and buriti (BBU) compared to the commercial substrate (SC) via multivariate analysis. This study employed a database comprising 90 substrates, obtained from Maranhão, Brazil farms. These samples underwent physicochemical characterization following the Brazilian protocol for seedling substrates. The substrates based on BDB and BDC have pH and nutrient contents at acceptable values, in addition to lower potential acidity and high base saturation compared to BBU and SC substrates. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed similarities between BDB, BDC and SC. Biomass decomposed from the stems of babassu and carnauba palms is recommended as an alternative substrate for seedling producers in the in the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone. AmazonCerrado Amazon Cerrado ecotone nonorganic non organic expensive production , (BDB) BDC, (BDC) (BBU (SC 9 Maranhão farms values (BDB (BDC

RESUMO No ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado, o aumento dos custos com insumos não orgânicos e transporte torna os substratos mais caros, estimulando o uso da biomassa decomposta do caule da palmeira nativa para a produção de mudas. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas da biomassa decomposta de babaçu (BDB), carnaúba (BDC) e buriti (BBU) comparado ao substrato comercial (SC) via estatística multivariada. O estudo utilizou um banco de dados composto por 90 substratos, obtidos em fazendas do Maranhão, Brasil. Essas amostras passaram por caracterização físico-química seguindo o protocolo brasileiro para substratos de mudas. Os substratos à base de BDB e BDC apresentam pH e teores de nutrientes em valores aceitáveis, além de menor acidez potencial e elevada saturação por bases em comparação aos substratos BBU e SC. A análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico revelou similaridades entre BDB, BDC e SC. A biomassa decomposta dos caules das palmeiras babaçu e carnaúba é recomendada como substrato alternativo para produtores de mudas no ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado. AmazôniaCerrado, AmazôniaCerrado Amazônia Cerrado, Cerrado Amazônia-Cerrado caros físicoquímicas físico químicas , (BDB) (BDC (BBU SC (SC multivariada 9 Maranhão Brasil físicoquímica química aceitáveis AmazôniaCerrado. Cerrado. (BDB

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important agricultural crop in Brazil, considered one of the most important oilseed crops cultivated. The use of fertilizer-solubilizing bacteria can mitigate salt stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and water use efficiency of the peanut crop irrigated with brackish water under phosphate fertilization and inoculated with bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp. The experimental design used in this study was completely randomized, in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 5 replicates, referring to the forms of fertilization (F1 - 0% phosphorus, F2 - 50% phosphorus, F3 - 100% phosphorus, and F4 - bovine biofertilizer), presence and absence of the inoculant and two levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw - 0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1). Fertilization with organic fertilizer (100% biofertilizer) and mineral fertilizer (50 and 100% phosphorus) associated with Bacillus sp. mitigated the damage caused by salt stress and promoted greater water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, internal CO2 concentration and stem diameter. The control treatment (without phosphate fertilization and without salt stress) and the application of Bacillus sp. promoted greater performance in net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and plant height in peanut plants. Arachis hypogaea Brazil cultivated fertilizersolubilizing solubilizing exchange growth sp randomized scheme replicates F1 F (F 0 phosphorus 50 100 biofertilizer, biofertilizer , ECw 03 3 0. 40 4. m1. m1 m 1 . m-1) (100 (5 index CO diameter photosynthesis rate conductance plants 10 m-1 (10 ( m- (1

RESUMO O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) é uma importante cultura agrícola no Brasil, considerada uma das mais importantes oleaginosas cultivadas. O uso de bactérias solubilizadoras de fertilizantes pode mitigar o estresse salino. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a eficiência do uso da água da cultura do amendoim irrigado com água salobra sob adubação fosfatada e inoculada com bactérias do gênero Bacillus sp. O delineamento experimental utilizado neste estudo foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2 × 2, com 5 repetições, referente às formas de adubação (F1 - 0% fósforo, F2 - 50% fósforo, F3 - 100% fósforo e F4 - bovino biofertilizante), presença e ausência do inoculante e dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa - 0.3 e 4.0 dS m-1). As adubações com fertilizante orgânico (100% de biofertilizante) e mineral (50 e 100% de fósforo) associada a Bacillus sp. mitigou os danos causados pelo estresse salino e proporcionou maior eficiência no uso da água, índice de clorofila, concentração interna de CO2 e diâmetro do caule. O tratamento controle (sem adubação fosfatada e sem estresse salino) e a aplicação de Bacillus sp., promoveu maior desempenho na fotossíntese líquida, taxa de transpiração, condutância estomática e altura das plantas em plantas de amendoim. Arachis hypogaea Brasil cultivadas gasosas sp casualizado repetições F1 F (F 0 50 100 biofertilizante, biofertilizante , CEa 03 3 0. 40 4. m1. m1 m 1 . m-1) (100 (5 clorofila CO caule líquida transpiração 10 m-1 (10 ( m- (1