Resumen La resiliencia es entendida como un proceso que permite a una persona, sistema o comunidad, resistir, adaptarse, transformarse y recuperarse de manera oportuna y eficiente de una situación adversa; desde la educación, la resiliencia permite conocer las amenazas a las que la comunidad educativa está expuesta y las capacidades y recursos con los que cuenta para enfrentarlas. La presente investigación fue de tipo mixta, descriptiva y tuvo como objetivo identificar las competencias, prácticas y estrategias de fortalecimiento en materia de resiliencia escolar desde la perspectiva de docentes y de infantes de entre 7 y 13 años del estado de Tabasco, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo a través de encuestas y grupos focales, donde participaron 230 docentes y 53 infantes del estado de Tabasco. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que es necesario fortalecer los procesos de escucha y sistematización del conocimiento de la comunidad educativa con el fin de generar estrategias de intervención que permitan fortalecer la resiliencia escolar.

Abstract Resilience is understood as a process that allows a person, system, or community to resist, adapt, transform and recover in a timely and efficient manner from an adverse situation; from the perspective of education, resilience allows knowing the threats to which the educational community is exposed and the capacities and resources it has to face them. The present research was of a mixed, descriptive type and its objective was to identify the competencies, practices, and strategies for strengthening school resilience from the perspective of teachers and children between 7 and 13 years of age in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The study was carried out through surveys and focus groups with the participation of 230 teachers and 53 children from the state of Tabasco. According to the results, it is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the processes of listening and systematization of the knowledge of the educational community in order to generate intervention strategies to reinforce school resilience.

Abstract One of the basic needs for a country’s economic development is to cover the major fuel demand, and both energy consumption and environmental impacts resulting from the production of such fuels need to be fast and reliable. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an estimate of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions of some of the pollutant species reported by Pemex Refinacion under different projections. The predictive estimate model was applied considering four different gasoline demand scenarios, as well as different refining technology options to satisfy fuel consumption needs, based on production yields: four different types of refineries, three types of crude oils and eight different processes. Emission estimates were determined applying emission factors, both for the type of fossil fuel energy source used in the direct heating processes for vapor generation, as well by using electric energy. Results show that the equivalent energy consumption relative to the total processes crude is greater in complex refineries (full conversion); however, a greater conversion efficiency allows a smaller volume of crude consumption needed to satisfy the fuel demand with lower emissions relative to other types of technologies. Mexico’s possible refineries need to adapt themselves to different operation scenarios, such as changes in the crude’s yield, the quality of the product, variations in the prices of the crude and of the refined products. Therefore, is important to develop and apply perspectives than maximize productivity and minimize energy consumption, reducing air emissions, in constant change scenarios. Finally, the problem would then be evaluating which would be more convenient to obtain a greater socio-economic benefit: reduce emissions to the atmosphere or to lower operation costs of the refinery.

Resumen Cubrir la demanda de combustibles de mayor consumo es una de las necesidades básicas para el desarrollo económico de un país. Así también, el consumo de energía y los impactos ambientales debidos a la producción de estos combustibles deben ser informados con prontitud y confiabilidad. El objetivo que se persigue en este artículo es contribuir para obtener un estimado del consumo de energía y de las emisiones atmosféricas de algunas de las especies contaminantes reportadas por Pemex refinación, analizando diferentes proyecciones. El modelo de estimación predictivo se aplicó considerando cuatro escenarios de demanda de gasolinas, así como las siguientes opciones tecnológicas de refinación para satisfacer el consumo del combustible, con base en un rendimiento de producción: cuatro tipos de refinerías, tres tipos de crudo y ocho procesos. La estimación de las emisiones se determinó aplicando factores de emisión, tanto por tipo de fuente de energía fósil consumida en los procesos de calentamiento directo o para la generación de vapor, así como por el uso de energía eléctrica. Los resultados muestran que el consumo equivalente de energía respecto al total de crudo procesado es mayor en las refinerías muy complejas (R4), sin embargo, su gran eficiencia de conversión permite consumir menor volumen de crudo para satisfacer la demanda del combustible con emisiones bajas al aire, respecto a otro tipo de tecnologías. Las posibles refinerías en México tendrán que adaptarse a diferentes escenarios operativos, como cambios en el rendimiento del crudo, calidad del producto, así como variación en los precios del crudo y de los productos refinados. Por lo tanto, es importante desarrollar e implementar enfoques que maximicen la productividad y minimicen el consumo de energía, reduciendo las emisiones atmosféricas en escenarios operativos de constante cambio. Por último, el problema sería entonces evaluar qué sería más conveniente para obtener un mayor beneficio socioeconómico: reducir las emisiones a la atmósfera o disminuir los costos de operación de la refinería.

ABSTRACT At the end of the 1980´s particulates and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were the main atmospheric pollutants in the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone (MCMZ). To reduce emissions, fuel oil was replaced by natural gas at power plants located inside Mexico City. Currently, SO2 levels do not exceed its air quality standard; however, acid rain is present with a high contribution of sulfate (SO4 2-). In this study, spatial and temporal variations in the chemical composition of rain in Mexico City between 2003 and 2014 were analyzed. Major ions (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO4 2-, NO3 - and Cl-), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were analyzed weekly at 16 sampling stations located in the MCMZ. The pH decreased from north to south, with the lowest annual volume weighted mean (VWM) of 4.16 in 2006. Annual ion concentrations were, in decreasing order: NH4 +, SO4 2-, NO3 - and Ca2+ for the entire study period at most of the sampling sites. The highest values for wet atmospheric deposition (kg/ha) were found in the Western area and were the maximum in 2007. Wet deposition had major levels for SO4 2- and NO3 - of 24 and 20 kg/ha, respectively, and were similar to the levels registered in the USA in 2013 and 2014. Considering that external emission sources play a decisive role in acid rain within the City, it is necessary to establish strategies for the emission reductions of acid rain precursors from upwind sources.

RESUMEN A finales de la década de 1980, las partículas y el bióxido de azufre (SO2) fueron los principales contaminantes atmosféricos en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México (ZMCM). Para reducir esta problemática, el combustóleo fue sustituido por gas natural en las centrales termoeléctricas localizadas dentro de la Ciudad de México. Actualmente, los niveles de SO2 no exceden la norma de calidad del aire para este gas; sin embargo, se presenta lluvia ácida con una alta contribución de sulfatos (SO4 2-). En este estudio, se analizó la variación espacial y temporal de la composición química de la lluvia en la Ciudad de México de 2003 a 2014. Se colectaron muestras semanales en las que se analizaron los iones principales (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO4 2-, NO3 - y Cl-), pH y conductividad eléctrica (CE) en 16 estaciones de muestreo ubicadas en la ZMCM. El pH disminuyó de norte a sur, con el valor anual más bajo del promedio ponderado por volumen (PPV) de 4.16 en 2006. Las concentraciones ponderadas anuales de los iones fueron, en orden decreciente: NH4 +, SO4 2-, NO3 - y Ca2+ durante todo el periodo de estudio en casi todos los sitios de muestreo. Los valores máximos de depósito atmosférico húmedo (kg/ha) se encontraron en el área oeste de la zona de estudio, siendo los más altos los registrados en 2007. Los mayores niveles de depósito húmedo encontrados fueron de 24 y 20 kg ha-1 para SO4 2- y NO3 -, respectivamente, y fueron similares a los niveles registrados en EUA en 2013 y 2014. Considerando que las fuentes de emisión externas juegan un papel decisivo en la lluvia ácida dentro de la Ciudad de México, es necesario establecer estrategias para la reducción de emisiones de precursores de lluvia ácida en las fuentes localizadas viento arriba.

ABSTRACT The activities taking place along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico are of great economic importance; however, these activities are potential sources of acid rain precursors. Potentially sensitive receptors to acid deposition in the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico are lakes, rivers, forests, soils and monuments of cultural heritage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, enrichment factors and trends of wet atmospheric deposition at La Mancha, Veracruz, from 2003 to 2014. The major ions, pH and conductivity were analyzed daily during rainy and dry seasons. The following value ranges of the annual volume weighted mean (VWM) were: pH: 4.78-5.40; SO4 2-: 16-32 μeq L-1; NO3 -: 4-15 μeq L-1, among others. The principal findings were found: (1) acid rain has been present for more than a decade along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; (2) the non-marine ions in decreasing order were: NO3 -, NH4 +, Ca+ and SO4 2-; (3) all of the ions were present in major concentrations during the dry season due to minimal precipitation; (4) in several cases, the value of the pH events was low during the rainy season due to the low presence of chemical species that could favor neutralization; (5) the VWM pH in wet deposition was in the range of 4.78 to 5.40 during the study period (2003-2014), and (6) a significant increasing trend for pH was observed during the entire study period, while an increasing trend occurred from 2003 to 2008 for SO4 2-, NO3 -, K+ and Ca2+, which decreased until 2011 and then increased until 2014.

RESUMEN Las actividades que tienen lugar a lo largo de la costa del Golfo de México son de gran importancia económica; sin embargo, son una fuente potencial de precursores de lluvia ácida. Los receptores potencialmente sensibles al depósito atmosférico ácido en la región costera del Golfo de México son lagos, ríos, bosques, suelos y monumentos del patrimonio cultural. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química, los factores de enriquecimiento y las tendencias del depósito atmosférico húmedo en La Mancha, Veracruz, de 2003 a 2014. Se analizaron los principales iones, el pH y la conductividad diariamente, tanto en la época de lluvias como de secas. Se obtuvieron los siguientes intervalos de valores anuales para el promedio ponderado por volumen (PPV): pH: 4.78-5.40; SO4 2-: 16-32 μeq L-1; NO3 -: 4-15 μeq L-1, entre otros. Los principales hallazgos fueron: 1) el fenómeno de lluvia ácida ha estado presente durante más de una década a lo largo de la costa del Golfo de México; 2) los iones provenientes de origen no marino en orden decreciente fueron: NO3 -, NH4 +, Ca+ y SO4 2-; 3) todos los iones estuvieron presentes en grandes concentraciones durante la época de secas debido a una menor precipitación; 4) en varios casos, el valor de los eventos de pH fue bajo durante la estación de lluvias debido a la baja presencia de especies químicas que podrían favorecer la neutralización; 5) el intervalo de valores de PPV para el pH fue de 4.78 a 5.40 durante el periodo de estudio (2003-2014), y 6) se observó una tendencia creciente significativa de pH durante todo el periodo de estudio, mientras que entre 2003 y 2008 se produjo una tendencia creciente para SO4 2-, NO3 -, K+ y Ca2+, la cual disminuyó hasta 2011 y luego aumentó hasta 2014.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los efectos de una intervención intensiva de terapia del lenguaje en un caso de afasia progresiva no fluente (APNF). Este es un síndrome demencial caracterizado por un déficit progresivo en la fluidez del lenguaje expresivo y el análisis sintáctico, y por agramatismo y parafasias fonémicas. Aunque en las primeras etapas no presenta alteraciones en la memoria, la comprensión o el procesamiento visual, sí pueden presentarse ligeros cambios en la personalidad. Para analizar los efectos de la terapia del lenguaje en este síndrome, se utilizó un diseño de caso único con pre y post prueba. El participante fue un paciente masculino de 84 años con APNF, quien durante doce meses recibió una terapia de lenguaje semanal para estimular el procesamiento fonológico, léxico y sintáctico. Se le realizó una evaluación neuropsicológica en tres etapas: seis meses antes del inicio de la terapia, después de seis meses de intervención, y al completar 12 meses de esta. Específicamente se evaluó el procesamiento lingüístico, la cognición general, los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, la calidad de vida (CdV) y las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD). Como resultado de la terapia, el paciente mostró ligeras mejorías en la prosodia, la fluidez y el contenido del lenguaje espontáneo, y una mejoría significativa en la repetición, la lectura en voz alta y las praxias orofonatorias. Otros aspectos cognitivos (orientación, denominación verbal, praxias y memoria) se mantuvieron estables; las AVD y la CDV mejoraron. Se concluye que la terapia del lenguaje prolongada puede mejorar el procesamiento lingüístico y también tener un impacto positivo en otros procesos cognitivos y socio-emocionales en la APNF. La intervención no solo disminuyó la velocidad del deterioro cognitivo, sino que permitió ver el mantenimiento de los logros y la mejoría de los síntomas, lo cual es un éxito en el tratamiento de la APNF, debido a su rápida progresión.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of intensive speech therapy intervention in a case of progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA). This is a dementia syndrome characterized by a progressive deficit in expressive language fluency and syntactic analysis, and by agrammatism and phonemic paraphasias. Although in the early stages there are no alterations in memory, comprehension, or visual processing, personality changes can slightly occur. To analyze the effects of speech therapy in this syndrome, a single case design with pre- and post-test was used. The participant was a male patient of 84 years with PNFA, who for twelve months received weekly speech therapy to stimulate the phonological, lexical and syntactic processing. He underwent neuropsychological assessment in three stages: six months before the onset of therapy, six months after therapy started and after completing 12 months of intervention. Assessment involved linguistic processing, general cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life (QOL) and activities of daily living (ADL). As a result of therapy, the patient showed a slight improvement in language prosody, fluency, and content of spontaneous speech, and a significant improvement in repetition, reading aloud, and oral-phonatory praxis. Other aspects of cognitive functioning (orientation, verbal naming, praxis, and memory) remained stable; ADLs and QOL improved. It is concluded that prolonged speech therapy can improve language processing and have a positive impact on other cognitive and socio-emotional processes in PNFA. This 12-month therapeutic stimulation not only slowed cognitive decline, but allowed to see maintenance of achievements and improvement of symptoms, which can be regarded as a success in PNFA treatment, considering the rapid progression of the disease.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos de uma intervenção intensiva de terapia da linguagem em um caso de afasia progressiva não fluente (APNF). Esta é uma síndrome demencial caracterizada por um déficit progressivo na fluência da linguagem expressiva e da análise sintática, e por agramatismo e parafasias fonêmicas. Ainda que nas primeiras etapas não presenta alterações na memória, na compreensão ou no processamento visual, podem aparecer pequenas mudanças na personalidade. Para analisar os efeitos da terapia da linguagem nesta síndrome, utilizou-se um desenho de caso único com testes antes e depois. O participante foi um paciente masculino de 84 anos com APNF, que durante doze meses recebeu uma terapia de linguagem semanal para estimular o processamento fonológico, léxico e sintático. Realizou-se uma avaliação neuropsicológica em três etapas: seis meses antes do início da terapia, depois de seis meses de intervenção, e ao completar 12 meses desta. Avaliou-se especificamente o processamento linguístico, a cognição geral, os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, a qualidade de vida (QdV) e as atividades da vida diária (AVD). Como resultado da terapia, o paciente mostrou pequenas melhorias na prosódia, na fluência e no conteúdo da linguagem espontânea, e uma melhoria significativa na repetição, na leitura em voz alta e nas praxias orofonatórias. Outros aspectos cognitivos (orientação, denominação verbal, praxias e memória) mantiveram-se estáveis; as AVD e a QdV melhoraram. Conclui-se que a terapia da linguagem prolongada pode melhorar o processamento linguístico e também ter um impacto positivo em outros processos cognitivos e sócio emocionais na APNF. A intervenção diminuiu não somente a velocidade da deterioração cognitiva, senão que permitiu ver a manutenção dos êxitos e a melhoria dos sintomas, o que representa um sucesso no tratamento da APNF, devido a sua rápida progressão

Objective. To identify a valid cutoff point associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale (CES-D) of seven items, which allows the classification of older adults according to presence/absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Materials and methods. Screening study with 229 older adults residing in two states of Mexico (Morelos and Tlaxcala), which were part of the sample from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition, 2012. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity associated with the selected cutoff points using the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) and DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Results. The cutoff point estimated was CES-D=5. According to the ICD-10 sensitivity and specificity were 83.3 and 90.2%, and ROC was 87%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 85, 83.2, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions. The short version of the CES-D can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of older adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

Objetivo. Identificar un punto de corte válido para la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) de siete reactivos, que permita clasificar a los adultos mayores según presencia/ausencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos. Material y métodos. Estudio de tamizaje con 229 adultos mayores residentes de los estados de Morelos y Tlaxcala en México, que fueron parte de la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, 2012. Se estimó la sensibilidad y especificidad asociada con el punto de corte seleccionado usando los criterios diagnósticos del ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) y del DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Resultados. El punto de corte estimado fue CES-D=5. De acuerdo con el ICD-10, los valores obtenidos de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 83.3 y 90.2%, y un valor ROC de 87% y, según el DSM-IV, los valores fueron 85, 83.2, y 84%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La versión abreviada del CES-D puede ser utilizada como una prueba de tamizaje para identificar casos probables de adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos.

Objective. To identify a valid cutoff point associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale (CES-D) of seven items, which allows the classification of older adults according to presence/absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Materials and methods. Screening study with 229 older adults residing in two states of Mexico (Morelos and Tlaxcala), which were part of the sample from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition, 2012. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity associated with the selected cutoff points using the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) and DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Results. The cutoff point estimated was CES-D=5. According to the ICD-10 sensitivity and specificity were 83.3 and 90.2%, and ROC was 87%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 85, 83.2, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions. The short version of the CES-D can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of older adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

Objetivo. Identificar un punto de corte válido para la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) de siete reactivos, que permita clasificar a los adultos mayores según presencia/ausencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos. Material y métodos. Estudio de tamizaje con 229 adultos mayores residentes de los estados de Morelos y Tlaxcala en México, que fueron parte de la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, 2012. Se estimó la sensibilidad y especificidad asociada con el punto de corte seleccionado usando los criterios diagnósticos del ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) y del DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Resultados. El punto de corte estimado fue CES-D=5. De acuerdo con el ICD-10, los valores obtenidos de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 83.3 y 90.2%, y un valor ROC de 87% y, según el DSM-IV, los valores fueron 85, 83.2, y 84%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La versión abreviada del CES-D puede ser utilizada como una prueba de tamizaje para identificar casos probables de adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos.

Objetivo : Testar a hipótese que a gravidade do prejuízo cognitivo modifica a associação entre depressão e doença de Parkinson (DP). Método : Estudo populacional através da análise secundária de 1.451 pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos com prejuízo cognitivo que residiam em áreas de abrangência definidas. A depressão foi estimada de acordo com a CID-10, auto-relato de DP, incapacidade conforme a WHODAS-II e nível cognitvo de acordo com a CSI-D. Resultado : A média de idade foi 79,3 anos, predominaram as mulheres (69%). Do total de indivíduos, 16,1% tinham depressão, significantemente maior entre os participantes com DP. Houve aumento gradativo na OR relativa à associação entre depressão e DP com a diminuição do escore no teste cognitivo (OR ajustado variou de 0,98 a 8,04). Conclusão : A associação entre depressão e DP parece aumentar com a gravidade do prejuízo cognitivo.

Objective : To test the hypothesis that severity of cognitive impairment modifies the association between depression and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Method : One-phase population-based door-to-door surveys. This is a secondary analysis of 1,451 people aged 65 years and older with cognitive impairment living in defined catchment areas. Depression was estimated according to ICD-10, self-reported PD, disability according to WHODAS-II and cognitive status according to the CSI-D. Results : The mean age of the sample was 79.3 years old and most (69%) were women. Of the total sample, 16.1% had depression and it was significantly higher among participants with PD. There was an increase on the ORs of the association between depression and PD with decreased scores in the cognitive test (Adjusted OR from 0.98 to 8.04). Conclusion : The association between depression and PD increases with the severity of the cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Brief Version (CESD-7) psychometric properties in Mexican adult population, and validate a cutoff for classifying subjects according to the presence / absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening cross-sectional study with a subsample of 301 adult residents of the Morelos state in Mexico, originally interviewed for the National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2012. Sensitivity and specificity of the selected cutoff were estimated using as reference the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. RESULTS: The cutoff point estimated was CESD-7=9. Using the ICD-10 the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2 and 86%, and ROC was 88%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 80.4, 89.6, and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The short version of the CESD-7 has good psychometric properties and can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of subjects with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, versión abreviada (CESD-7) en población adulta mexicana y validar un punto de corte que permita clasificar a los sujetos según la presencia/ausencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos (SDCS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de tamizaje en una submuestra de 301 adultos residentes del estado de Morelos en México, que fueron entrevistados originalmente para la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. La sensibilidad y especificidad del punto de corte seleccionado se estimaron utilizando como referencia los criterios diagnósticos del ICD-10 y del DSM-IV. RESULTADOS: El punto de corte estimado fue CESD-7=9. Utilizando el ICD-10, los valores obtenidos de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 90.2 y 86%, y un valor receptor-operador (ROC) de 88%, y para el DSM-IV los valores encontrados fueron de 80.4, 89.6, y 85%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La versión abreviada del CESD-7 tiene buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser utilizada como una prueba de tamizaje para identificar casos probables de sujetos con síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Brief Version (CESD-7) psychometric properties in Mexican adult population, and validate a cutoff for classifying subjects according to the presence / absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening cross-sectional study with a subsample of 301 adult residents of the Morelos state in Mexico, originally interviewed for the National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2012. Sensitivity and specificity of the selected cutoff were estimated using as reference the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. RESULTS: The cutoff point estimated was CESD-7=9. Using the ICD-10 the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2 and 86%, and ROC was 88%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 80.4, 89.6, and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The short version of the CESD-7 has good psychometric properties and can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of subjects with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, versión abreviada (CESD-7) en población adulta mexicana y validar un punto de corte que permita clasificar a los sujetos según la presencia/ausencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos (SDCS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de tamizaje en una submuestra de 301 adultos residentes del estado de Morelos en México, que fueron entrevistados originalmente para la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. La sensibilidad y especificidad del punto de corte seleccionado se estimaron utilizando como referencia los criterios diagnósticos del ICD-10 y del DSM-IV. RESULTADOS: El punto de corte estimado fue CESD-7=9. Utilizando el ICD-10, los valores obtenidos de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 90.2 y 86%, y un valor receptor-operador (ROC) de 88%, y para el DSM-IV los valores encontrados fueron de 80.4, 89.6, y 85%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La versión abreviada del CESD-7 tiene buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser utilizada como una prueba de tamizaje para identificar casos probables de sujetos con síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos.

Objective. To describe the health conditions and functional status of Mexicans older adults. Materials and methods. Descriptive study with a sample of 8 874 adults aged 60 and over, based on a nationally representative study. We analyzed major indicators associated with health conditions and functional status, obtaining prevalence and statistical tests of differences in proportions. Results. The main conditions of this population are: hypertension (40%), diabetes (24%) and hypercholesterolemia (20%). For mental health indicators, 17.6% had depressive symptoms, 7.3% cognitive decline, and 7.9% dementia. For functional status, 26.9% reported difficulty in daily activities and 24.6% in instrumental activities. Conclusions. It is required the implementation of a new model of care to address the increasing prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases in old age, as well as the increased disability and consequent dependence resulting from them.

Objetivo. Describir las condiciones de salud y el estado funcional de los adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 8 874 adultos mayores de 60 años o más con representatividad nacional. Se analizaron indicadores asociados con las principales condiciones de salud y del estado funcional, se reportan las principales prevalencias así como pruebas de diferencias de proporciones. Resultados. Los principales padecimientos en esta población son la hipertensión (40%), diabetes (24%) e hipercolesterolemia (20%). Para los indicadores de salud mental, 17.6% presentó síntomas depresivos; 7.3%, deterioro cognitivo y, 7.9%, demencia. Para el estado funcional, 26.9% reportó dificultad para realizar actividades básicas y, 24.6%, para actividades instrumentales. Conclusiones. Es necesaria la puesta en marcha de un nuevo modelo de atención para hacer frente a la creciente prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicodegenerativas en la vejez, así como al aumento de la discapacidad y consecuente dependencia que resulta de ellas.

Objective. To describe the health conditions and functional status of Mexicans older adults. Materials and methods. Descriptive study with a sample of 8 874 adults aged 60 and over, based on a nationally representative study. We analyzed major indicators associated with health conditions and functional status, obtaining prevalence and statistical tests of differences in proportions. Results. The main conditions of this population are: hypertension (40%), diabetes (24%) and hypercholesterolemia (20%). For mental health indicators, 17.6% had depressive symptoms, 7.3% cognitive decline, and 7.9% dementia. For functional status, 26.9% reported difficulty in daily activities and 24.6% in instrumental activities. Conclusions. It is required the implementation of a new model of care to address the increasing prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases in old age, as well as the increased disability and consequent dependence resulting from them.

Objetivo. Describir las condiciones de salud y el estado funcional de los adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 8 874 adultos mayores de 60 años o más con representatividad nacional. Se analizaron indicadores asociados con las principales condiciones de salud y del estado funcional, se reportan las principales prevalencias así como pruebas de diferencias de proporciones. Resultados. Los principales padecimientos en esta población son la hipertensión (40%), diabetes (24%) e hipercolesterolemia (20%). Para los indicadores de salud mental, 17.6% presentó síntomas depresivos; 7.3%, deterioro cognitivo y, 7.9%, demencia. Para el estado funcional, 26.9% reportó dificultad para realizar actividades básicas y, 24.6%, para actividades instrumentales. Conclusiones. Es necesaria la puesta en marcha de un nuevo modelo de atención para hacer frente a la creciente prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicodegenerativas en la vejez, así como al aumento de la discapacidad y consecuente dependencia que resulta de ellas.

La relevancia del problema de salud pública que representan en el mundo las demencias, su asociación con la dependencia y el riesgo de maltrato en los ancianos con demencia por parte de sus cuidadores primarios o sus familiares, hacen necesario el análisis y la reflexión "de las implicaciones éticas, económicas, jurídicas, políticas y no sólo las consideraciones médicas", de este problema, que reviste un interés particular dentro del campo de la Bioética. Se realizó una encuesta con el objetivo de determinar la dependencia física y detectar el maltrato, así como la asociación entre maltrato y respeto de sus preferencias en el anciano con demencia. Se evaluaron 61 ancianos con demencia de leve a moderada, de los cuales 73,8% fueron mujeres y 26,2% hombres. El porcentaje de pacientes que sufren maltrato fue de 29,2% en mujeres y 18,8% en hombres. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre maltrato y dependencia física. Sin embargo, se encontró un riesgo de maltrato de 47,30% en ancianos con demencia a quienes no se les respetan sus preferencias con respecto a quienes sí se le respetan, medida con significancia estadística (IC 95%, 6,73-495,18).

The dependence and risk of abuse facing elderly people with dementia at the hand of their caregivers or relatives poses a public health problem the world over. Accordingly, analysis and reflection on the problem in light of "ethical, legal, political implications and not only medical considerations" is essential and of particular interest in the field of the bioethics. The authors conducted a survey to determine the extent of physical dependence and to detect abuse, as well as the association between abuse and respect for the preferences of elderly persons with dementia. Sixty-one elderly persons with mild to moderate dementia were evaluated: 73.8% were women and 26.2%, men. Abuse was reported among 29.2% of the women and 18.8% of the men. No statistically significant association was found between abuse and physical dependence. However, risk of abuse was found among 47.30% of the elderly with dementia whose preferences were not being respected, compared to those whose preferences were. This is statistically significant (IC 95%, 6.73-495.18).

A importância mundial do problema da demência na saúde pública, sua associação com a dependência e o risco de abuso de idosos com demência por seus cuidadores e familiares obrigam a analisar e reflexionar "não apenas sobre considerações médicas, mas também sobre as repercussões éticas, econômicas, jurídicas e políticas" desta questão de particular interesse no campo da bioética. Foi realizada uma pesquisa para determinar a dependência física e detectar o abuso, bem como a associação entre abuso e respeito as suas preferências em idosos com demência. Foram avaliados 61 pacientes idosos com demência leve a moderada, dos quais 73,8% eram do sexo feminino e 26,2% de sexo masculino. A porcentagem de pacientes que sofrem abuso foi 29,2% nas mulheres e 18,8% nos homens. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre abuso e dependência física. No entanto, encontrou-se risco de maus-tratos de 47,30% em pacientes idosos com demência aos que não se respeitam as suas preferências com relação aos que se lhes respeitam, medido com significância estatística (95% CI, 6,73-495, 18).

Summary: Lifshitz has documented that conceptualization of old age is influenced by stereotypes. Milligan, Powell, Harley and Furchtgott, made evident that elderly people with poor health have a tendency to see themselves as the stereotype of an "old person", whereas those with better health tend to see themselves as younger people. Lasher and Faulkender have stressed the importance of anxiety in the process of getting old as an important factor adjusting to themselves. Lack of adjustment may manifest in four main dimensions: physical, psychological and social, and transpersonal or spiritual. These four dimensions are synthesized in three specific fears: 1. Fear of the process of aging, 2. fear of the state of being old, and 3. fear or anxiety facing old people. Based on this theoretical frame, the authors developed the Anxiety about Aging Scale, and Watkins, Coates and Ferroni pointed out the need to adapt it in order to apply it on elderly people. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the original Lasher and Faulkender scale, as well as presenting an adapted version for Mexican elderly people. Method. Two independent samples of elder adults were used (n=234 and n=151) selected by availability within a government health clinic; on average, they were 63 years old. The original Lasher and Faulkender scale was translated into Spanish following a double blind procedure, using Likert type answer options with four alternatives. Two questionnaires were used, which included the original scale (EAE-O), in one, and the adapted scale (EAE-A) in the other, as well as the sub-scale of attitude facing one's own aging of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, APE (2), and the Suicidal Ideational Scale (EIS), designed by Roberts (3). Additionally, interviewees were asked: «If you should have to set an age, forgetting a little about what doctors and people say, at what age would you consider that you really start to be "Old"? » and at what age do you think one would get "very old"? The scales were applied to subjects who agreed voluntarily to participate in an anonymous and informed way. Resulting data were analyzed with the system SPSS, v. 11.0. Factorial structure. A factorial analysis with varimax rotation and eigen values greater than 1 produced the following results: EAE-O: The structure obtained was compounded by three factors that explained 53.1% of the variance with Cronbach's alpha of .74 (Fear facing one's own aging, Positive attitude towards old people and Optimism facing one's own aging). EAE-A: The analysis shed a factorial structure compounded by four factors that explained 60.8% of the variance with a general internal alpha consistency of .76 (Positive attitude towards old people, Fear of physical changes, Age and satisfaction with the self and life, and Age and dissatisfaction with the self and life). Concurrent validity. EAE-O. The correlation among the total punctuations of the EAE-O and APE was moderate and significant (r=.481, p<.000). The factors Fear facing one's own aging and Optimism facing one's own aging of the EAE-O, calculated here, obtained a moderate association with the total punctuation of the APE (r=.423, p<.000; r=.333, p<.000, respectively), and the factor of Positive attitude facing old people reported a very low association and no significant (r=.075, p=.252). As expected, the two factors of the APE that seem to evaluate positive and negative attitudes facing aging obtained moderate associations and significant with the two scales of the EAE-O that seem to evaluate the same attitudes (Optimism facing one's own aging, r=.415, p<.000; and Fear facing one's own aging, r=.424, p<.000, respectively). Consequently, a very low association was obtained when relating it with the opposite factor (v.gr. negative vs. positive). EAE-A. Associations between the factors Age and dissatisfaction and Age and satisfaction (similar to the factors of Fear facing one's own aging and Optimism facing one's own aging) and the total score of the APE were moderately high (r =.499, p<.000, and r =.383, p<.000, respectively), as long as the other two factors of the EAE-A presented associations moderately low. As it was to be expected, again were associated in an important way the EAE-A scales with a positive nuance (aging and satisfaction, Positive attitude before old people) with the scale of the APE's Positive attitude, and vice versa. The factors of aging and dissatisfaction and Fear to physical changes were significantly associated with the negative attitude of the APE. The relationship between perceived aging (when is one old?, and when is one too old?) and anxiety before aging; with a marginal meaning, it was found that those people with low levels of anxiety tend to refer an age but remote ( X - =68.2 years, DE= 9.8), than those with high levels of anxiety ( X - =64.47, DE=11.7; t=1.74, gl=57.9, p=.08), to the question of the age that one is "old". Concerning the question when is one too old?, the same tendency it was observed, but this time in a meaningful way (Low Anxiety: X - =80.9 years; DE=9.1; High Anxiety: X - =76.4 years; DE=9.1; t=2.51, gl=128, p=.01). Regarding suicidal ideation, it was found that subjects who score low levels of anxiety before aging according to EAE-A also had lower levels of anxiety of suicidal ideation ( X - = 1.25, DE=1.47), than those with high levels of anxiety ( X - =2.35, DE=2.51; t=2.84, gl=64.45, p=.006). Results contributed by the psicometric analysis of both versions of the EAE have allowed to confirm their utility in Mexican samples. Together, the EAE-O seems to investigate the anxiety before aging as a stage of life; as a state of being, and perhaps could be specially useful on people who are not necessarily elders (old people caretakers, adults between 50 and 60 years old in a frank transition towards the socially conceived old Adulthood, etc.). However, it could be worthwhile to focus on the singular situation of a subject regarding his own aging process (physical or psychosocial), when this is precisely the objective to be investigated; the EAE-A could be useful to this effect. Elderly adults seem to conceptualize "being old" as an event that occurs approximately at 70, and "very old" around 80; this chronological approach seems to obey, at least in part, to the level of anxiety before the aging process; the higher the anxiety, the earlier the beginning of old age. Results allowed to highlight the anxiety facing aging like a variable importantly linked to the psychological imbalance in the old adult, as it was possible to evidence in broadly significant terms with the EAE-A as with the APE, starting from their relationship with the suicidal ideational, and more, when this relationship is found in fellows without current marital commitment and of low educational level. This should be considered in programs of attention to this age sector where these factors of risk are evaluated with a view toward preventing the incidence of suicides. Different studies have highlighted the importance of developing a positive attitude before one's own aging and that of the other ones, in order to achieve a successful aging. This suggests the need to identify methods to promote positive attitudes in young adults toward the elders and the aging process.

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In this work we studied the effect of acid rain on limestone rock sample from El Tajin, Veracruz. Acidic water, with ionic concentration similar to acid rain samples from El Tajin, was applied to the rock sample in a laboratory setting. The experiment was performed in a chamber designed to accelerate simulated environmental exposure. To further accelerate the deterioration of the limestone sample, simulated acid rain with a reduced pH (4.4) was also applied. Our results allow us to propose a mechanism for the dissolution of the rock, and to determine the calcium carbonate quantity was dissolved by acid rain.

Se estudió el efecto que la lluvia ácida causó sobre roca caliza proveniente de la zona arqueológica de El Tajín, en el estado de Veracruz. Se hizo incidir lluvia ácida, preparada en el laboratorio, cuya concentración iónica fue similar a las muestras de agua de lluvia procedentes de dicho lugar. Con el objeto de acelerar el deterioro de la roca caliza, el pH de la lluvia artificial se ajustó a 4.4, que representa uno de los valores más ácidos encontrados en las muestras de agua de lluvia de dicha región. El experimento se realizó en una cámara de intemperismo acelerado, y los resultados obtenidos permiten proponer un mecanismo para la disolución de la roca, así como cuantificar la cantidad de de carbonato de calcio que se disolvió por efecto de la lluvia ácida.