A novel anti-inflammatory hybrid 3-ibuprofenyl-copalic acid (3-IbuCA) was synthesized from 3-hydroxy-copalic acid isolated from Amazonian copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga Hayne), and the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen. After full characterization, several assays to verify its anti-inflammatory effects were performed in vitro, in vivo and in silico (molecular docking). Induced fit docking was performed to observe the interactions with the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In vitro tests of cytotoxicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibition, and in vivo tests of pleurisy, protein expression and gastrocytotoxicity were performed. Molecular docking studies with COX-1 and 2 showed binding free energies (ΔG) of -2.2 and -7.8 kcal mol-1, respectively, while for mofezolac and indomethacin, the binding free energies ΔG presented values of -8.5 and -10.1 kcal mol-1, which makes 3-IbuCA selective for COX-2 inhibition. This hybrid showed no toxicity against human macrophage at concentrations up to 2 µM, and inhibited TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. In the pleurisy assays, 3-IbuCA reduced the total leukocytes and mononuclear cells, which was followed by reduction of p-IKBα (phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) protein expression. Compared with ibuprofen alone, the hybrid caused less gastric damage. Thus, the docking, together with in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that this novel hybrid has potential as a new anti-inflammatory agent.

Resumen Nuevas técnicas de cultivo asociadas al uso de materiales genéticos de alto potencial productivo han proporcionado la necesidad de estudios relacionados con la acumulación de materia seca y nutrientes por las plantas de tomate. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca y macronutrientes por el tomate 'Caeté' en Chapada do Apodi-CE. La acumulación de materia seca y nutrientes en la parte vegetative (tallos y hojas) y en los frutos se cuantificó mediante el muestreo de las plantas a los 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 y 99 días después del trasplante (DAT). La acumulación total de macronutrientes en la planta siguió a la acumulación de materia seca, con mayores demandas en la fase de fructificación. La acumulación de macronutrientes a 99 DAT seguido por el siguiente orden decreciente: K> N> Ca> S> Mg> P.

Abstract New cultivation techniques associated with the use of genetic materials with high productive potential have provided the need for studies related to the accumulation of dry matter and nutrients by tomato plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and macronutrients by the tomato 'Caeté' in Chapada do Apodi-CE. The accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in the vegetative part (stems and leaves) and in the fruits was quantified by sampling the plants at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 and 99 days after the transplant (DAT). The total accumulation of macronutrients in the plant followed the accumulation of dry matter, with greater demands in the fruiting phase. The accumulation of macronutrients at 99 DAT followed by the following decreasing order: K> N> Ca> S> Mg> P.

RESUMOEm alguns lençóis de areia eólica atuais existem dunas pequenas e largas, chamadas zibars, como tipo comum de morfologia deposicional. Sua formação é relacionada a diferentes fatores de estabilização, os quais reduzem a disponibilidade de materiais clásticos para os processos eólicos. De fato, os zibars são dunas que não tiveram tempo para se desenvolver como grandes dunas (protodunas). As dunas dos lençóis de areia (zibars) geralmente são construídas por laminações de marcas onduladas de vento e comumente geram sucessões com menos de 20 m de espessura, consequência da baixa oferta de sedimento. Este estudo trata de uma sucessão sedimentar com depósitos de lençóis de areia de espessuras incomuns, com mais do que 50 m de espessura, encontrados na Formação Bandeirinha, de idade Proterozoica. Este trabalho tenta explicar essas espessuras anômalas de depósitos de lençol de areia. A elevada espessura desses depósitos deve-se provavelmente ao grande aporte de material clástico no sistema, combinado com a baixa disponibilidade de sedimentos, que não permitiu a formação de dunas com faces de deslizamento, mas somente de protodunas (zibars). Cimentação precoce, causada pela evaporação de água salina próxima à superfície, tem sido proposta como principal fator para a redução da disponibilidade de areia neste sistema eólico. Finalmente, os processos de subsidência relacionada aos primeiros estágios de rifteamento da Bacia Espinhaço devem ter gerado o espaço de acomodação para preservar a sucessão de lençol de areia.

ABSTRACTSome present-day eolian sand sheets have small and width dunes, called zibars, as common type of depositional morphology. Their formation is related to different stabilizing factors, which reduce the availability of clastic materials for eolian processes. In fact, zibars are dunes which do not have time to develop a larger dune with slipface (proto-dune). Dunes in sands sheet areas generally are constructed by wind ripple laminations and commonly generate sedimentary succession less than 20 m thick, which are the consequence of low sand supply. This study deals with an uncommon eolian sand sheet sedimentary succession more than 50 m thick, Proterozoic in age, known as Bandeirinha Formation. This paper tries to explain the anomalous thick of this sand sheet sedimentary succession. High thickness was probably the result of a high input of sand material, combine with low availability of sand, thus allowing the only construction of proto-dunes (zibars). Early cementation, due to near-surface evaporation of saline water, has been proposed as main factor that reduced the sand availability into this eolian system. Finally, the subsidence processes related to the first stage of rift Espinhaço Basin must have generated the accommodation space to preserve the sand sheet succession.