ABSTRACT Introduction: Initiatives are promoted to improve the health of women and children, the common denominator being having an information system with an impact on the health of this population. In Paraguay, the SIP PLUS is used with different degrees of coverage in maternal and child services. Objective: analyze the quality of the data generated for the construction of the indicators for the Elimination of Congenital Syphilis (CS). Methodology: Nationally representative study using data generated by the SIP PLUS. Results: 32,479 perinatal histories uploaded from 2018 to July 2021. The representation of the sample went from 1.5% in 2018 to 23% in 2021. Greater information losses in 2020. For the context variables with fewer information losses in comparison to those of primary, secondary prevention and reproductive health. Loss of data for: percentage of pregnant women with prenatal care (4 or more) averaged 64.4%; percentage of pregnant women screened 43.1% in 2020 and 33.4% in 2019; syphilis test positivity 49% in 2020. This is also observed in the treatment indicator. 506 cases of CS were recorded. Rate of SCx1000 live births 10 x1000 live births in the 4 years analyzed. Adolescent age (p: 0.040) as a risk factor for CS. Conclusions: Loss of records regarding ETMI, due to lack of data loading. High incidence of CS in the years analyzed. Adolescents as a risk factor for CS.

RESUMEN Introducción : Se promueven iniciativas para mejorar la salud de las mujeres y niños siendo el denominador común disponer de un sistema de información con repercusión en la salud de esta población. En Paraguay el SIP PLUS es utilizado con diferente grado de cobertura en los servicios maternoinfantiles. Objetivo: analizar la calidad de los datos generados para la construcción de los indicadores de Eliminación de la Sífilis Congénita (SC). Metodología: Estudio nacionalmente representativo utilizando datos generados por el SIP PLUS. Resultados: 32.479 historias perinatales cargadas desde el 2018 a julio del 2021. La representación de la muestra 1,5% en 2018 al 23% en 2021. Mayores pérdidas de información en el 2020. Para las variables de contexto con menos pérdidas de información en comparación a las de prevención primaria, secundaria y salud reproductiva. La pérdida de datos para: porcentaje de mujeres embarazadas con cuidado prenatal (4 o más) en un promedio de 64,4%; porcentaje de mujeres embarazadas tamizadas 43,1 % en el 2020 y 33,4% en 2019; positividad de la prueba de sífilis 49% en el 2020. Lo que también se observa en el indicador de tratamiento. Se registraron 506 casos de SC. Tasa de SCx1000 nacidos vivos ( 10 x1000 nacidos vivos en los 4 años analizados. Edad adolescente (p: 0,040) como factor de riesgo para SC. Conclusiones: Pérdida de registros en lo referente a ETMI, por falta de carga de datos. Alta incidencia de SC en los años analizados. Adolescentes como factor de riesgo para SC.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las creencias y percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron 30 mujeres embarazadas y 14 profesionales de salud que cuidaban a estas mujeres durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Se incluyeron mujeres que mantuvieron, redujeron o dejaron de practicar actividad física desde el inicio del embarazo. Ellas se dividieron en baja (≤ 8 años) y alta escolaridad (> 8 años). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, guiadas por tres preguntas clave: (1) ¿Cuándo se considera que la actividad física durante el embarazo es un comportamiento incorrecto? (2) ¿Cuáles son las barreras (biológicas u otras) principales para la práctica de actividad física? (3) ¿Estas barreras se refuerzan por las acciones de los profesionales de salud y de las personas cercanas a la mujer embarazada? Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas a partir de temas recurrentes. Todas las mujeres cambiaron la práctica de actividad física (redujeron o dejaron de practicarla) cuando descubrieron el embarazo. El miedo a sufrir un aborto espontáneo, contracciones y/o sangrado y el miedo a provocar malformaciones en el bebé fueron los motivos más relatados para reducir o dejar de practicar la actividad física. Los participantes también no han tenido acceso a informaciones confiables ni apoyo de los profesionales de salud sobre los beneficios de la actividad física. A pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales actuales para la práctica regular de actividad física durante el embarazo, la incertidumbre cuanto a sus beneficios sigue siendo común. Las intervenciones para promover la actividad física durante este periodo deben incluir la capacitación de profesionales de salud para que puedan aconsejar y descartar ideas contrarias a los beneficios para la salud materna e infantil. cualitativo 3 1 mantuvieron ≤ ( años > años. . profundidad clave (1 Cuándo incorrecto 2 (2 Cuáles biológicas otras (3 Estas embarazada audio recurrentes practicarla espontáneo yo común infantil

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers’ support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits. approach 3 1 maintained decreased ≤ ( years > years. . Semistructured, Semistructured Semi structured, structured Semi-structured indepth depth questions (1 behavior? 2 (2 biological others activity? (3 recorded transcribed themes miscarriage contractions bleeding remains motherchild mother child

Este estudo objetivou descrever as crenças e percepções de gestantes e profissionais de saúde em relação a prática de atividade física durante a gestação. Usando uma abordagem qualitativa, 30 gestantes e 14 profissionais de saúde que atendiam essas mulheres foram entrevistados durante o segundo trimestre de gravidez. Foram incluídas mulheres que mantiveram, diminuíram ou pararam de praticar atividade física desde o início gravidez. Elas foram divididas em baixa (≤ 8 anos) e alta escolaridade (> 8 anos). Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aprofundadas, orientadas por três perguntas-chave: (1) Quando a atividade física durante a gestação passa a ser considerada um comportamento errado? (2) Quais as principais barreiras (biológicas ou outras) para a prática de atividade física? (3) Estas barreiras são reforçadas pelas ações dos profissionais de saúde e das pessoas próximas à gestante? As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas a partir de temas recorrentes. Todas as mulheres mudaram a prática de atividade física (diminuíram ou pararam) quando souberam da gravidez. O medo de aborto espontâneo, contrações e/ou sangramento e o medo de causar malformações no bebê foram os motivos mais relatados para diminuir ou parar a atividade física. Os participantes também não tiveram acesso a informações confiáveis e apoio dos profissionais de saúde sobre os benefícios da atividade física. Apesar das recomendações internacionais atuais para a prática regular de atividade física durante a gestação, a incerteza quanto aos seus benefícios continua sendo comum. As intervenções para promover a atividade física durante esse período devem incluir o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para que eles possam aconselhar e descartar ideias contrárias aos benefícios para a saúde materna e infantil. qualitativa 3 1 gravidez mantiveram ≤ ( anos > anos. . aprofundadas perguntaschave perguntas chave perguntas-chave (1 errado 2 (2 biológicas outras (3 gestante áudio recorrentes espontâneo eou comum infantil

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers’ support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las creencias y percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron 30 mujeres embarazadas y 14 profesionales de salud que cuidaban a estas mujeres durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Se incluyeron mujeres que mantuvieron, redujeron o dejaron de practicar actividad física desde el inicio del embarazo. Ellas se dividieron en baja (≤ 8 años) y alta escolaridad (> 8 años). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, guiadas por tres preguntas clave: (1) ¿Cuándo se considera que la actividad física durante el embarazo es un comportamiento incorrecto? (2) ¿Cuáles son las barreras (biológicas u otras) principales para la práctica de actividad física? (3) ¿Estas barreras se refuerzan por las acciones de los profesionales de salud y de las personas cercanas a la mujer embarazada? Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas a partir de temas recurrentes. Todas las mujeres cambiaron la práctica de actividad física (redujeron o dejaron de practicarla) cuando descubrieron el embarazo. El miedo a sufrir un aborto espontáneo, contracciones y/o sangrado y el miedo a provocar malformaciones en el bebé fueron los motivos más relatados para reducir o dejar de practicar la actividad física. Los participantes también no han tenido acceso a informaciones confiables ni apoyo de los profesionales de salud sobre los beneficios de la actividad física. A pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales actuales para la práctica regular de actividad física durante el embarazo, la incertidumbre cuanto a sus beneficios sigue siendo común. Las intervenciones para promover la actividad física durante este periodo deben incluir la capacitación de profesionales de salud para que puedan aconsejar y descartar ideas contrarias a los beneficios para la salud materna e infantil.

Este estudo objetivou descrever as crenças e percepções de gestantes e profissionais de saúde em relação a prática de atividade física durante a gestação. Usando uma abordagem qualitativa, 30 gestantes e 14 profissionais de saúde que atendiam essas mulheres foram entrevistados durante o segundo trimestre de gravidez. Foram incluídas mulheres que mantiveram, diminuíram ou pararam de praticar atividade física desde o início gravidez. Elas foram divididas em baixa (≤ 8 anos) e alta escolaridade (> 8 anos). Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aprofundadas, orientadas por três perguntas-chave: (1) Quando a atividade física durante a gestação passa a ser considerada um comportamento errado? (2) Quais as principais barreiras (biológicas ou outras) para a prática de atividade física? (3) Estas barreiras são reforçadas pelas ações dos profissionais de saúde e das pessoas próximas à gestante? As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas a partir de temas recorrentes. Todas as mulheres mudaram a prática de atividade física (diminuíram ou pararam) quando souberam da gravidez. O medo de aborto espontâneo, contrações e/ou sangramento e o medo de causar malformações no bebê foram os motivos mais relatados para diminuir ou parar a atividade física. Os participantes também não tiveram acesso a informações confiáveis e apoio dos profissionais de saúde sobre os benefícios da atividade física. Apesar das recomendações internacionais atuais para a prática regular de atividade física durante a gestação, a incerteza quanto aos seus benefícios continua sendo comum. As intervenções para promover a atividade física durante esse período devem incluir o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para que eles possam aconselhar e descartar ideias contrárias aos benefícios para a saúde materna e infantil.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of contraindicated use of combined hormonal contraceptives, progesterone-only contraceptives, and intrauterine devices in mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort according to the WHO medical eligibility criteria. METHODS The biological mothers of children belonging to the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort who attended the 48-month follow-up were studied. The 48-month follow-up data were collected from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives was considered to occur when these women presented at least one of the contraindications for the use of modern contraceptives and were using these methods. The prevalence of contraindicated use was calculated according to each independent variable and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The analyzed sample consisted of 3,053 women who used any modern contraceptive method. The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives totaled 25.9% (95%CI: 24.4–27.5). Combined hormonal contraceptives showed the highest prevalence of contraindicated use (52.1%; 95%CI: 49.3–54.8). The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives methods was greater in women with family income between one and three minimum wages, a 25–30 kg/m2 body mass index, indication by a gynecologist for the used method, and purchasing the contraceptive method at a pharmacy. The higher the women’s education, the lower the prevalence of inappropriate use of modern contraceptives. CONCLUSION In total, one in four women used modern contraceptives despite showing at least one contraindication. Policies regarding women’s reproductive health should be strengthened.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of contraindicated use of combined hormonal contraceptives, progesterone-only contraceptives, and intrauterine devices in mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort according to the WHO medical eligibility criteria. METHODS The biological mothers of children belonging to the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort who attended the 48-month follow-up were studied. The 48-month follow-up data were collected from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives was considered to occur when these women presented at least one of the contraindications for the use of modern contraceptives and were using these methods. The prevalence of contraindicated use was calculated according to each independent variable and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The analyzed sample consisted of 3,053 women who used any modern contraceptive method. The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives totaled 25.9% (95%CI: 24.4–27.5). Combined hormonal contraceptives showed the highest prevalence of contraindicated use (52.1%; 95%CI: 49.3–54.8). The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives methods was greater in women with family income between one and three minimum wages, a 25–30 kg/m2 body mass index, indication by a gynecologist for the used method, and purchasing the contraceptive method at a pharmacy. The higher the women’s education, the lower the prevalence of inappropriate use of modern contraceptives. CONCLUSION In total, one in four women used modern contraceptives despite showing at least one contraindication. Policies regarding women’s reproductive health should be strengthened. progesteroneonly progesterone only 201 criteria 48month month 48 followup follow up studied 1 2019 31 95 95%CI. 95CI CI 95%CI . (95%CI) 3053 3 053 3,05 259 25 9 25.9 (95%CI 24.4–27.5. 244275 24.4–27.5 24 4 27 5 24.4–27.5) 52.1% 521 52 (52.1% 49.3–54.8. 493548 49.3–54.8 49 54 8 49.3–54.8) wages 2530 30 25–3 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m index pharmacy womens s education total contraindication strengthened 20 305 05 3,0 2 25. 24427 24.4–27. 52.1 (52.1 49354 49.3–54. 253 25– 0 3, 2442 24.4–27 52. (52. 4935 49.3–54 244 24.4–2 (52 493 49.3–5 24.4– (5 49.3– 24.4 ( 49.3 24. 49.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the total demand and unmet need for contraception with modern methods and their determinants among mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS Data from the 48-month follow-up of mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort were analyzed. Only biological mothers (aged up to 49 years) of children belonging to the 2015 Birth Cohort and who answered the 48-month questionnaire were included in the study sample. Logistic regression and respective 95% confidence intervals were used to determine associated factors. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 3577 biological mothers. The prevalence of use of any contraceptive and of modern contraceptives was 86.0% (95%CI: 84.8–87.1) and 84.9% (95%CI: 83.7–86.1), respectively. The prevalence of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 10.7% (95%CI: 9.7–11.7), and the total demand for contraceptives was 95.6%. The factors associated with an unmet need for modern contraception were being over 34 years of age (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.5–0.8), not having a husband or partner (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4–2.6), not being the head of the household (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4–0.9), having had three or more pregnancies (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.3–2.6), and having had an abortion at least once after the birth of the child participating in the cohort (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.0–3.6). CONCLUSIONS Despite the high prevalence of modern contraceptive use, one in ten women had an unmet need for modern contraception and was at risk of unplanned pregnancy.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the total demand and unmet need for contraception with modern methods and their determinants among mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS Data from the 48-month follow-up of mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort were analyzed. Only biological mothers (aged up to 49 years) of children belonging to the 2015 Birth Cohort and who answered the 48-month questionnaire were included in the study sample. Logistic regression and respective 95% confidence intervals were used to determine associated factors. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 3577 biological mothers. The prevalence of use of any contraceptive and of modern contraceptives was 86.0% (95%CI: 84.8–87.1) and 84.9% (95%CI: 83.7–86.1), respectively. The prevalence of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 10.7% (95%CI: 9.7–11.7), and the total demand for contraceptives was 95.6%. The factors associated with an unmet need for modern contraception were being over 34 years of age (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.5–0.8), not having a husband or partner (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4–2.6), not being the head of the household (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4–0.9), having had three or more pregnancies (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.3–2.6), and having had an abortion at least once after the birth of the child participating in the cohort (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.0–3.6). CONCLUSIONS Despite the high prevalence of modern contraceptive use, one in ten women had an unmet need for modern contraception and was at risk of unplanned pregnancy. 201 48month month 48 followup follow analyzed aged 4 95 357 860 86 0 86.0 95%CI 95CI CI (95%CI 84.8–87.1 848871 84 8 87 1 849 9 84.9 83.7–86.1, 837861 83.7–86.1 , 83 7 83.7–86.1) respectively 107 10 10.7 9.7–11.7, 97117 9.7–11.7 11 9.7–11.7) 956 6 95.6% 3 OR 06 0.6 0.5–0.8, 0508 0.5–0.8 5 0.5–0.8) 19 1.9 1.4–2.6, 1426 1.4–2.6 2 1.4–2.6) 0.4–0.9, 0409 0.4–0.9 0.4–0.9) 1.3–2.6, 1326 1.3–2.6 1.3–2.6) 1.0–3.6. 1036 1.0–3.6 . 1.0–3.6) pregnancy 20 35 86. 84.8–87. 84887 84. 83786 83.7–86. 10. 9711 9.7–11. 95.6 0. 050 0.5–0. 1. 142 1.4–2. 040 0.4–0. 132 1.3–2. 103 1.0–3. 84.8–87 8488 8378 83.7–86 971 9.7–11 95. 05 0.5–0 14 1.4–2 04 0.4–0 13 1.3–2 1.0–3 84.8–8 848 837 83.7–8 97 9.7–1 0.5– 1.4– 0.4– 1.3– 1.0– 84.8– 83.7– 9.7– 0.5 1.4 0.4 1.3 1.0 84.8 83.7 9.7 83. 9.

Abstract Although periodontal disease is common during pregnancy, little is known about socioeconomic, behavioral, or biological determinants related to clinically assessed periodontal condition during this period. We assessed the prevalence of periodontal disease and associated factors in pregnant women. This population-based survey used data used from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Brazil. Pregnant women expected to give birth between December 2014 and May 2016 were interviewed and clinically examined by trained dentist, with periodontal measures collected in all teeth, six sites per tooth. Outcomes were periodontitis (using the 2012 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology criteria) and gingivitis (by the 2018 European Federation of Periodontology/ American Academy of Periodontology classification). Multivariate hierarchical Poisson regression was used to assess the associations between socioeconomic, systemic, and clinical oral factors and periodontal disease. A total of 2,474 pregnant women participated in the study. Prevalence of periodontitis and gingivitis was 14.63% and 21.67%, respectively. Lower educational level and calculus were associated with higher prevalence periodontitis and gingivitis (P<0.05). Smoking was also associated with periodontitis (P=0.05), and lower frequency of toothbrushing (P=0.005) with gingivitis. Periodontal disease, especially gingivitis, was prevalent in pregnant women and their determinants were socioeconomic, environmental, and clinical oral health factors. pregnancy socioeconomic behavioral period populationbased population based 201 Study Brazil dentist teeth tooth using criteria classification. classification . classification) systemic 2474 2 474 2,47 study 1463 14 63 14.63 2167 21 67 21.67% respectively P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 0 05 (P<0.05) P=0.05, P=0.05 , (P=0.05) P=0.005 P0005 005 (P=0.005 environmental 20 247 47 2,4 146 1 6 14.6 216 21.67 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 P=0.0 (P=0.05 P=0.00 P000 00 (P=0.00 24 4 2, 14. 21.6 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P=0. (P=0.0 21. P<0 (P<0. P=0 (P=0. P< (P<0 P= (P=0 (P< (P= (P

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se a suplementação de ácido fólico durante a gestação está associada com a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos maternos aos três meses pós-parto, na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015. MÉTODOS Este estudo incluiu 4.046 mulheres, que foram classificadas em três grupos: sem suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação; uso durante apenas um trimestre da gestação;e uso durante dois ou três trimestres. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados aos três meses pós-parto, através da Escala de Depressão Pós-Natal de Edimburgo (EPDS), nos pontos de corte ≥ 10 (sintomas leves) e ≥ 13 (intensidade moderada a grave). RESULTADOS A prevalência geral de sintomas leves foi de 20,2% (IC95% 19,0–21,5),e moderados e graves de 11% (IC95% 10,0–12,0). Entre as mulheres que não fizeram uso de ácido fólico, a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 10 foi de 26,8% (IC95% 24,0–29,5) e 18,1% tanto entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre da gestação (IC95% 16,1–20,1), quanto entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres (IC95% 16,0–20,2). Já a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 13 foi 15,7% (IC95% 13,5–17,9) entre as que não utilizaram ácido fólico, 9,1% (IC95% 7,5–10,6) entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre e 9,4% (IC95% 7,8–11,0) entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres. Nas análises ajustadas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de ácido fólico na gestação e a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos aos três meses pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO Não se observou associação entre a suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e depressão pós-parto aos três meses.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the occurrence of maternal depressive symptoms at three months postpartum, in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS This study included 4,046 women, who were classified into three groups: did not use folic acid supplementation during pregnancy; used during only one trimester of pregnancy; and used for two or three trimesters. Depressive symptoms were assessed at three months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), at cutoff points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). RESULTS The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was of 20.2% (95%CI 19.0–21.5), and moderate and severe was 11% (95%CI 10.0–12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was of 26.8% (95%CI 24.0–29.5) among women who did not use folic acid and 18.1% for both those who used it during one trimester of pregnancy (95%CI 16.1–20.1) and those who used it for two or three trimesters (95%CI 16.0–20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was of 15.7% (95%CI 13.5–17.9) in those who did not use folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5–10.6) in those who used it for one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–11.0) in those who used it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between the use of folic acid during pregnancy and the occurrence of depressive symptoms at three months postpartum. CONCLUSION There was no association between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depression at three months.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To evaluate the association between the use of iron salts during the first two trimesters of gestation in non-anemic women and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study used maternal data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All non-anemic women at the 24th week of gestation (n = 2,463) were eligible for this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was self-reported by women. Crude and adjusted logistic regression were performed considering level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS Among the women studied, 69.7% were exposed to prophylactic iron supplementation in the first two trimesters of gestation. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among those exposed was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.4–10.1) and 9.3% (95%CI: 7.4–11.6) among those who were not exposed. Iron supplementation was not associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in crude (OR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0,7–1,3) and adjusted analysis (OR = 1.1; 95%CI :0,8–1,6). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that routine iron use in non-anemic pregnant women does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes. This evidence supports the existing national and international guidelines, in which prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended for all pregnant women as soon as they initiate antenatal care in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia. nonanemic non anemic 201 Cohort th n 2,463 2463 2 463 selfreported self reported 005 0 05 0.05 studied 697 69 7 69.7 87 8 8.7 95CI CI 95 (95%CI 7.4–10.1 74101 4 10 1 93 9 3 9.3 7.4–11.6 74116 11 6 OR 0.9 09 0,7–1,3 0713 1.1 0,8–1,6. 0816 0,8–1,6 . :0,8–1,6) guidelines anemia 20 2,46 246 46 00 0.0 69. 8. 7.4–10. 7410 9. 7.4–11. 7411 0. 0,7–1, 071 1. 081 0,8–1, :0,8–1,6 2,4 24 7.4–10 741 7.4–11 0,7–1 07 08 0,8–1 :0,8–1, 2, 7.4–1 74 0,7– 0,8– :0,8–1 7.4– 0,7 0,8 :0,8– 7.4 0, :0,8 7. :0, :0 :

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To evaluate the association between the use of iron salts during the first two trimesters of gestation in non-anemic women and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study used maternal data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All non-anemic women at the 24th week of gestation (n = 2,463) were eligible for this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was self-reported by women. Crude and adjusted logistic regression were performed considering level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS Among the women studied, 69.7% were exposed to prophylactic iron supplementation in the first two trimesters of gestation. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among those exposed was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.4–10.1) and 9.3% (95%CI: 7.4–11.6) among those who were not exposed. Iron supplementation was not associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in crude (OR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0,7–1,3) and adjusted analysis (OR = 1.1; 95%CI :0,8–1,6). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that routine iron use in non-anemic pregnant women does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes. This evidence supports the existing national and international guidelines, in which prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended for all pregnant women as soon as they initiate antenatal care in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the occurrence of maternal depressive symptoms at three months postpartum, in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS This study included 4,046 women, who were classified into three groups: did not use folic acid supplementation during pregnancy; used during only one trimester of pregnancy; and used for two or three trimesters. Depressive symptoms were assessed at three months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), at cutoff points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). RESULTS The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was of 20.2% (95%CI 19.0–21.5), and moderate and severe was 11% (95%CI 10.0–12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was of 26.8% (95%CI 24.0–29.5) among women who did not use folic acid and 18.1% for both those who used it during one trimester of pregnancy (95%CI 16.1–20.1) and those who used it for two or three trimesters (95%CI 16.0–20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was of 15.7% (95%CI 13.5–17.9) in those who did not use folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5–10.6) in those who used it for one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–11.0) in those who used it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between the use of folic acid during pregnancy and the occurrence of depressive symptoms at three months postpartum. CONCLUSION There was no association between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depression at three months. 201 Cohort 4046 4 046 4,04 groups EPDS, , (EPDS) 1 intensity. intensity . intensity) 202 20 2 20.2 95%CI 95CI CI 95 19.0–21.5, 190215 19.0–21.5 19 0 21 5 19.0–21.5) 11 10.0–12.0. 100120 10.0–12.0 12 10.0–12.0) 268 26 8 26.8 24.0–29.5 240295 24 29 181 18 18.1 16.1–20.1 161201 16 16.0–20.2. 160202 16.0–20.2 16.0–20.2) 157 15 7 15.7 13.5–17.9 135179 17 9 91 9.1 7.5–10.6 75106 6 94 9.4 7.8–11.0 78110 analyses 404 04 4,0 (EPDS 20. 19021 19.0–21. 10012 10.0–12. 26. 24.0–29. 24029 18. 16.1–20. 16120 16020 16.0–20. 15. 13.5–17. 13517 9. 7.5–10. 7510 7.8–11. 7811 40 4, 1902 19.0–21 1001 10.0–12 24.0–29 2402 16.1–20 1612 1602 16.0–20 13.5–17 1351 7.5–10 751 7.8–11 781 190 19.0–2 100 10.0–1 24.0–2 240 16.1–2 161 160 16.0–2 13.5–1 135 7.5–1 75 7.8–1 78 19.0– 10.0– 24.0– 16.1– 16.0– 13.5– 7.5– 7.8– 19.0 10.0 24.0 16.1 16.0 13.5 7.5 7.8 19. 10. 24. 16. 13. 7.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se a suplementação de ácido fólico durante a gestação está associada com a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos maternos aos três meses pós-parto, na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015. MÉTODOS Este estudo incluiu 4.046 mulheres, que foram classificadas em três grupos: sem suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação; uso durante apenas um trimestre da gestação;e uso durante dois ou três trimestres. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados aos três meses pós-parto, através da Escala de Depressão Pós-Natal de Edimburgo (EPDS), nos pontos de corte ≥ 10 (sintomas leves) e ≥ 13 (intensidade moderada a grave). RESULTADOS A prevalência geral de sintomas leves foi de 20,2% (IC95% 19,0–21,5),e moderados e graves de 11% (IC95% 10,0–12,0). Entre as mulheres que não fizeram uso de ácido fólico, a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 10 foi de 26,8% (IC95% 24,0–29,5) e 18,1% tanto entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre da gestação (IC95% 16,1–20,1), quanto entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres (IC95% 16,0–20,2). Já a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 13 foi 15,7% (IC95% 13,5–17,9) entre as que não utilizaram ácido fólico, 9,1% (IC95% 7,5–10,6) entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre e 9,4% (IC95% 7,8–11,0) entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres. Nas análises ajustadas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de ácido fólico na gestação e a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos aos três meses pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO Não se observou associação entre a suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e depressão pós-parto aos três meses. pósparto, pósparto pós parto, parto 2015 4046 4 046 4.04 grupos gestaçãoe PósNatal Pós Natal EPDS, , (EPDS) 1 intensidade grave. grave . grave) 202 20 2 20,2 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95 19,0–21,5,e 190215e 19,0–21,5 ,e 19 0 21 5 11 10,0–12,0. 100120 10,0–12,0 12 10,0–12,0) 268 26 8 26,8 24,0–29,5 240295 24 29 181 18 18,1 16,1–20,1, 161201 16,1–20,1 16 16,1–20,1) 16,0–20,2. 160202 16,0–20,2 16,0–20,2) 157 15 7 15,7 13,5–17,9 135179 17 9 91 9,1 7,5–10,6 75106 6 94 9,4 7,8–11,0 78110 ajustadas pósparto. parto. 201 404 04 4.0 (EPDS 20, IC9 (IC9 190215 19,0–21, 10012 10,0–12, 26, 24,0–29, 24029 18, 16120 16,1–20, 16020 16,0–20, 15, 13,5–17, 13517 9, 7,5–10, 7510 7,8–11, 7811 40 4. (IC 19021 19,0–21 1001 10,0–12 24,0–29 2402 1612 16,1–20 1602 16,0–20 13,5–17 1351 7,5–10 751 7,8–11 781 1902 19,0–2 100 10,0–1 24,0–2 240 161 16,1–2 160 16,0–2 13,5–1 135 7,5–1 75 7,8–1 78 190 19,0– 10,0– 24,0– 16,1– 16,0– 13,5– 7,5– 7,8– 19,0 10,0 24,0 16,1 16,0 13,5 7,5 7,8 19, 10, 24, 16, 13, 7,

ABSTRACT Background: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLWH) are more likely to be infected with the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). We assessed the prevalence of high-risk (HR) (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82), probable high-risk (pHR) (26/53/66), and low-risk (LR) (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70) HPV types and their associated risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study of WLWH aged 18-64 years included one laboratory and eight HIV-specialty healthcare facilities in the pilot network. Descriptive statistics were used to assess sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors associated with HR and/or pHR HPV infection in WLWH. Results: From May/2021 to May/2022, 1,914 (92.5%) WLWH participated in the pilot study and had valid HPV-DNA results of self-collected vaginal samples. The median age of the participants was 45 years, 60.1% had ≥ 9 years of schooling, 80.5% were ≤ 18 years at first sexual intercourse, and 51.7% had > 4 sexual partners throughout life. The prevalence of any HPV type, HR HPV, pHR HPV, and LR HPV was 65.8%, 49.6%, 16.7%, and 40.0%, respectively. Age was inversely associated with pHR and/or HR-HPV (p < 0.001), and education level was inversely associated with HR-HPV (p = 0.003) types. Any HR or pHR was associated with being single (p = 0.029) and exchanging sex for drugs (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV, especially HR HPV, among WLWH is high in Brazil, highlighting the need for HPV screening in this population. Self-collection of vaginal samples is an important strategy for increasing testing access. Background HIV (HIV (WLWH HPV. . (HPV) highrisk (HR 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82, 161831333539455152565859687382 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82 , 16 31 33 35 39 51 52 56 58 59 68 73 82 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82) (pHR 26/53/66, 265366 26/53/66 26 53 66 (26/53/66) lowrisk low (LR 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70 61140424344546170 6 11 40 42 43 44 54 61 70 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70 Methods crosssectional cross sectional 1864 64 18-6 HIVspecialty specialty network characteristics andor Results May2021 May 2021 May/202 May2022 2022 May/2022 1914 1 914 1,91 92.5% 925 92 5 (92.5% HPVDNA DNA selfcollected self collected 601 60 60.1 schooling 805 80 80.5 intercourse 517 7 51.7 life type 658 65 8 65.8% 496 49 49.6% 167 16.7% 400 0 40.0% respectively HRHPV p 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 0.001) 0.003 0003 003 0.029 0029 029 0.037. 0037 0.037 037 0.037) Conclusions Brazil population Selfcollection Self collection access (HPV 16183133353945515256585968738 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/8 3 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82 26536 26/53/6 2 (26/53/66 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/7 6114042434454617 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/7 186 18- May202 202 May/20 191 91 1,9 92.5 (92.5 60. 80. 51. 65.8 49.6 16.7 40.0 000 0.00 00 0.02 002 02 0.03 03 1618313335394551525658596873 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/8 2653 26/53/ (26/53/6 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/ 611404243445461 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/ May20 20 May/2 19 1, 92. (92. 65. 49. 16. 40. 0.0 161831333539455152565859687 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/ 265 26/53 (26/53/ 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61 61140424344546 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61 May2 May/ (92 0. 16183133353945515256585968 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/7 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73 26/5 (26/53 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/6 6114042434454 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/6 (9 1618313335394551525658596 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/7 26/ (26/5 6/11/40/42/43/44/54/ 611404243445 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/ ( 161831333539455152565859 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/ (26/ 6/11/40/42/43/44/54 61140424344 (6/11/40/42/43/44/54 16183133353945515256585 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/6 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68 (26 6/11/40/42/43/44/5 6114042434 (6/11/40/42/43/44/5 1618313335394551525658 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/6 (2 6/11/40/42/43/44/ 611404243 (6/11/40/42/43/44/ 161831333539455152565 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/ 6/11/40/42/43/44 61140424 (6/11/40/42/43/44 16183133353945515256 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/5 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59 6/11/40/42/43/4 6114042 (6/11/40/42/43/4 1618313335394551525 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/5 6/11/40/42/43/ 611404 (6/11/40/42/43/ 161831333539455152 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/ 6/11/40/42/43 61140 (6/11/40/42/43 16183133353945515 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/5 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58 6/11/40/42/4 6114 (6/11/40/42/4 1618313335394551 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/5 6/11/40/42/ 611 (6/11/40/42/ 161831333539455 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/ 6/11/40/42 (6/11/40/42 16183133353945 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/5 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56 6/11/40/4 (6/11/40/4 1618313335394 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/5 6/11/40/ (6/11/40/ 161831333539 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/ 6/11/40 (6/11/40 16183133353 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/5 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52 6/11/4 (6/11/4 1618313335 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/5 6/11/ (6/11/ 161831333 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/ 6/11 (6/11 16183133 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/5 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51 6/1 (6/1 1618313 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/5 6/ (6/ 161831 16/18/31/33/35/39/45 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/ (6 16183 16/18/31/33/35/39/4 (16/18/31/33/35/39/45 1618 16/18/31/33/35/39/ (16/18/31/33/35/39/4 161 16/18/31/33/35/39 (16/18/31/33/35/39/ 16/18/31/33/35/3 (16/18/31/33/35/39 16/18/31/33/35/ (16/18/31/33/35/3 16/18/31/33/35 (16/18/31/33/35/ 16/18/31/33/3 (16/18/31/33/35 16/18/31/33/ (16/18/31/33/3 16/18/31/33 (16/18/31/33/ 16/18/31/3 (16/18/31/33 16/18/31/ (16/18/31/3 16/18/31 (16/18/31/ 16/18/3 (16/18/31 16/18/ (16/18/3 16/18 (16/18/ 16/1 (16/18 16/ (16/1 (16/ (16 (1

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, perfil reprodutivo maternos e atenção pré-natal e ao parto com a morbidade near miss neonatal (NMN), em quatro coortes de nascimento. Este estudo envolveu quatro coortes de nascimento: Ribeirão Preto (RP) e São Luís (SL) (2010), Pelotas 2004 (PEL04) e 2015 (PEL15). Foi considerado NMN quando presente uma ou mais das seguintes condições: peso ao nascer <1.500g, índice de Apgar <7 no quinto minuto de vida, idade gestacional <32 semanas e relato de malformações congênitas. As covariáveis foram obtidas por meio de questionários aplicados às puérperas. Para análise, foi utilizada regressão logística múltipla com abordagem hierarquizada. Algumas particularidades entre as coortes foram verificadas. Nas coortes de RP e SL foram observadas associações dos fatores dos níveis mais distais (sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e perfil reprodutivo) com o NMN. Por outro lado, em PEL os fatores proximais relacionados à atenção à saúde foram mais significativos para ocorrência de NMN. Apenas a não realização do pré-natal associou-se ao NMN em todas as coortes: RP (OR=4,27, IC95% 2,16-8,45), SL (OR=2,32, IC95% 1,09-4,94), PEL04 (OR=4,79, IC95% 1,59-14,46) e PEL15 (OR=5,10, IC95% 2,60-9,97).

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, maternal reproductive profile and prenatal and childbirth care with neonatal near miss (NNM) morbidity in four birth cohorts. This study involved four population-based birth cohorts: Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São Luís (SL) (2010), Pelotas 2004 (PEL04) and 2015 (PEL15). NNM was defined when one or more of the following conditions were present: birthweight <1,500 g, 5-minute Apgar score <7, gestational age <32 weeks, and report of congenital malformations. The covariates were obtained with questionnaires applied to the puerperal women. Some particularities between cohorts were identified. In the RP and SL cohorts, factors of the more distal levels (sociodemographic, lifestyle, and reproductive profile) were associated with NNM. On the other hand, proximal factors related to healthcare were more significant for the occurrence of NNM in PEL. Only the absence of prenatal care was associated with NNM in all cohorts: RP (OR=4.27, 95%CI 2.16-8.45), SL (OR=2.32, 95%CI 1.09-4.94), PEL04 (OR=4.79, 95%CI 1.59-14.46), and PEL15 (OR=5.10, 95%CI 2.60-9.97).

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, perfil reprodutivo maternos e atenção pré-natal e ao parto com a morbidade near miss neonatal (NMN), em quatro coortes de nascimento. Este estudo envolveu quatro coortes de nascimento: Ribeirão Preto (RP) e São Luís (SL) (2010), Pelotas 2004 (PEL04) e 2015 (PEL15). Foi considerado NMN quando presente uma ou mais das seguintes condições: peso ao nascer <1.500g, índice de Apgar <7 no quinto minuto de vida, idade gestacional <32 semanas e relato de malformações congênitas. As covariáveis foram obtidas por meio de questionários aplicados às puérperas. Para análise, foi utilizada regressão logística múltipla com abordagem hierarquizada. Algumas particularidades entre as coortes foram verificadas. Nas coortes de RP e SL foram observadas associações dos fatores dos níveis mais distais (sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e perfil reprodutivo) com o NMN. Por outro lado, em PEL os fatores proximais relacionados à atenção à saúde foram mais significativos para ocorrência de NMN. Apenas a não realização do pré-natal associou-se ao NMN em todas as coortes: RP (OR=4,27, IC95% 2,16-8,45), SL (OR=2,32, IC95% 1,09-4,94), PEL04 (OR=4,79, IC95% 1,59-14,46) e PEL15 (OR=5,10, IC95% 2,60-9,97).

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, maternal reproductive profile and prenatal and childbirth care with neonatal near miss (NNM) morbidity in four birth cohorts. This study involved four population-based birth cohorts: Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São Luís (SL) (2010), Pelotas 2004 (PEL04) and 2015 (PEL15). NNM was defined when one or more of the following conditions were present: birthweight <1,500 g, 5-minute Apgar score <7, gestational age <32 weeks, and report of congenital malformations. The covariates were obtained with questionnaires applied to the puerperal women. Some particularities between cohorts were identified. In the RP and SL cohorts, factors of the more distal levels (sociodemographic, lifestyle, and reproductive profile) were associated with NNM. On the other hand, proximal factors related to healthcare were more significant for the occurrence of NNM in PEL. Only the absence of prenatal care was associated with NNM in all cohorts: RP (OR=4.27, 95%CI 2.16-8.45), SL (OR=2.32, 95%CI 1.09-4.94), PEL04 (OR=4.79, 95%CI 1.59-14.46), and PEL15 (OR=5.10, 95%CI 2.60-9.97).