ABSTRACT Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa distinguished himself by a full intellectual conviction and a really formidable artistic sensitivity. His most outstanding contributions went beyond the framework of science. Very early in his life, he realized the importance of caring for the quality of primary data as a pillar of health statistics; he tirelessly defended the principles of the Cuban Public Health, joined the decided combat against pseudoscience, developed demography and management techniques and, above all, he safeguarded the principles of medical ethics. He made a significant contribution to the History of Medicine and Public Health. Dr. Rojas Ochoa did not have statistical formation, but he actually had a powerful common sense that allowed him to benefit from its results, demonstrating great skill for their interpretation. During all his life, he published lots of scientific articles and many books. His most fruitful period was specially developed within the framework of several academic institutions, among them, our National School of Public Health. His last publication, which is considered one of the most outstanding, is “Actor y Testigo”, a genuine intellectual testament that reveals both privileged spaces as reflected in its title.

RESUMEN El Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa fue un intelectual pleno, poseedor de una sensibilidad artística realmente formidable. Sus aportes más notables trascendieron el marco de la ciencia. Desde muy temprano, comprendió la importancia de cuidar la calidad del dato primario como pilar de las estadísticas de salud; defendió infatigablemente los principios de la Salud Pública Cubana, se sumó al combate decidido contra la pseudociencia, cultivó la demografía, las técnicas de dirección administrativa y, sobre todo, la ética médica. Desplegó una valiosa contribución a la Historia de la Medicina y la Salud Pública. No tuvo formación estadística, pero sí un poderoso sentido común que le permitía apropiarse de los resultados de esta disciplina, para cuya interpretación práctica demostraba gran destreza. Durante toda su vida publicó decenas de artículos científicos y numerosos libros. La etapa más fructífera la desarrolló en el marco de diversas instituciones académicas, entre ellas, nuestra actual Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. Su última publicación, considerada entre las más destacadas, fue Actor y Testigo, constituye un verdadero testamento intelectual

ABSTRACT Introduction: The control of blood pressure is a global challenge and one of the main public health problems nowadays. Objectives: To describe the factors related to the evolution, detection and control of hypertension in Cienfuegos from 2001 to 2011 in a scenario of universal access to health services. Methods: Population study developed during 2011, with a representative, probabilistic sample of 1276 adults in the ages from 25 to 74 years old whom lived in the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba. Results: From the hypertensive patients, 32,8 % were unaware of their condition, 90% of those who knew their condition had treatment, and 29,8 % were controlled. Uncontrolled hypertension’s risk was significantly higher in people with age ≥ 65 years, the ones of black race or mixed race, in the ones not attending to the doctor’s consultation or not controlling the blood pressure for more than one year. In relation to 2001, the percentage of hypertensive patients who did not know their condition increased by 11,3 %; the number of treated patients was reduced by 3,4 % and the level of control by 10%. Conclusions: There are a group of factors as age, race, and the lack of follow up to these patients in the health care services in order to detect and control hypertension that affect its behavior. The results, although better than those observed in other countries in the region, show a gap in terms of detection and control of hypertension, the follow up of the patients and management of the system in the year 2011 in comparison with the previous decade.

RESUMEN Introducción: El control de la presión arterial es un desafío global y uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en la actualidad. Objetivos: Describir los factores relacionados con la evolución, detección y control de la hipertensión arterial en Cienfuegos en el periodo de 2001 a 2011, en un contexto de acceso universal a los servicios de salud. Métodos: Estudio poblacional desarrollado en el año 2011, con una muestra representativa probabilística de 1276 adultos entre 25-74 años, residentes en la ciudad de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Resultados: De los hipertensos, el 32,8 % desconocía su condición, el 90 % de los que conocían su condición llevaban tratamiento y el 29,8 % estaban controlados. El riesgo de no control fue significativamente superior en las personas con más de 65 años, en las de raza negra o mestiza y en las que tenían más de un año sin ir a su médico o controlarse la presión arterial. Con relación al 2001, el porcentaje de hipertensos que desconocían su condición se incrementó en 11,3 %; se redujo el número de tratados en un 3,4 % y el nivel de control en un 10 %. Conclusiones: Existe un grupo de factores como la edad, la raza, y la falta de seguimiento de las personas en los servicios de salud para la detección y control de la HTA que afectan su comportamiento. Los resultados, aunque superan los reportados por otros países de la región, sugieren brechas en la detección, el seguimiento de los casos y la gestión del sistema en el 2011, si se compara con la década precedente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The control of blood pressure is a global challenge and one of the main public health problems nowadays. Objectives: To describe the factors related to the evolution, detection and control of hypertension in Cienfuegos from 2001 to 2011 in a scenario of universal access to health services. Methods: Population study developed during 2011, with a representative, probabilistic sample of 1276 adults in the ages from 25 to 74 years old whom lived in the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba. Results: From the hypertensive patients, 32,8 % were unaware of their condition, 90% of those who knew their condition had treatment, and 29,8 % were controlled. Uncontrolled hypertension’s risk was significantly higher in people with age ≥ 65 years, the ones of black race or mixed race, in the ones not attending to the doctor’s consultation or not controlling the blood pressure for more than one year. In relation to 2001, the percentage of hypertensive patients who did not know their condition increased by 11,3 %; the number of treated patients was reduced by 3,4 % and the level of control by 10%. Conclusions: There are a group of factors as age, race, and the lack of follow up to these patients in the health care services in order to detect and control hypertension that affect its behavior. The results, although better than those observed in other countries in the region, show a gap in terms of detection and control of hypertension, the follow up of the patients and management of the system in the year 2011 in comparison with the previous decade.

RESUMEN Introducción: El control de la presión arterial es un desafío global y uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en la actualidad. Objetivos: Describir los factores relacionados con la evolución, detección y control de la hipertensión arterial en Cienfuegos en el periodo de 2001 a 2011, en un contexto de acceso universal a los servicios de salud. Métodos: Estudio poblacional desarrollado en el año 2011, con una muestra representativa probabilística de 1276 adultos entre 25-74 años, residentes en la ciudad de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Resultados: De los hipertensos, el 32,8 % desconocía su condición, el 90 % de los que conocían su condición llevaban tratamiento y el 29,8 % estaban controlados. El riesgo de no control fue significativamente superior en las personas con más de 65 años, en las de raza negra o mestiza y en las que tenían más de un año sin ir a su médico o controlarse la presión arterial. Con relación al 2001, el porcentaje de hipertensos que desconocían su condición se incrementó en 11,3 %; se redujo el número de tratados en un 3,4 % y el nivel de control en un 10 %. Conclusiones: Existe un grupo de factores como la edad, la raza, y la falta de seguimiento de las personas en los servicios de salud para la detección y control de la HTA que afectan su comportamiento. Los resultados, aunque superan los reportados por otros países de la región, sugieren brechas en la detección, el seguimiento de los casos y la gestión del sistema en el 2011, si se compara con la década precedente.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease has reached epidemic levels in several Central American countries since the early years of this century. In El Salvador, it is the second cause of death in men, the fifth in persons over 18 years old and the third cause of hospital deaths in the adult population. Its features, especially those of a subtype unassociated with traditional risk factors such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are only partially understood. OBJECTIVE Estimate the magnitude of chronic kidney disease in the adult population of El Salvador, considering both prevalence of the disease in its diverse forms as well as presence of potential risk factors nationally and in major subpopulations. METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data obtained from the Survey of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Adults in El Salvador, completed in 2015. The original data (interviews and measurements) were collected between October 2014 and March 2015 from 4817 adults employing a two-stage probabilistic cluster sample, with stratification of primary sampling units. Our analysis, using 20 of the 118 primary variables included in the original survey, focused on point estimation of prevalence rates and means, related to both traditional biological risk factors and nontraditional ones, such as insufficient hydration, strenuous working conditions and exposure to toxic agents. A separate analysis was performed to estimate prevalence of chronic kidney disease from nontraditional causes. Corresponding confidence intervals were calculated with proper weighting. RESULTS The general prevalence of chronic kidney disease in El Salvador was 12.8% (men 18.0%; women 8.7%). Of the chronically ill kidney patients, 13.1% were between 20 and 40 years of age. Among biological risk factors, the most frequent was high blood pressure (37.0%). Among nontraditional risk factors, high levels of sugary drink consumption (81.0%), insufficient hydration (65.9%) and high levels of exposure to agrochemicals in the work environment (12.6%) were also observed. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease from nontraditional causes was 3.9% (men 6.1%; women 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS Chronic kidney disease has reached epidemic proportions in El Salvador. The data confirm a health tragedy that, although especially striking older men, also takes a severe toll on young men and women. The results confirm findings of previous research in several Salvadoran agricultural communities. The relatively high level of population exposure to agrochemicals is important and alarming, especially in rural areas, meriting health-impact studies that include and go beyond possible impact on chronic kidney disease.