Abstract Intratumoral similarities and differences between large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) and small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) are determined partially by the Notch signaling pathway, which controls the switch from neuroendocrine to slight/non-neuroendocrine cell fate. LCNECs are divided into two subgroups according to genomic alterations: type I LCNECs exhibit a neuroendocrine profile characterized by achaete‐scute homolog 1 (ASCL1)high/delta-like protein 3 (DLL3)high/NOTCHlow and type II LCNECs show the pattern ASCL1low/DLL3low/NOTCHhigh. Here, we used immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and digital analysis to examine the role of the Notch ligand DLL3 as an immunomarker of the neuroendocrine state and ASCL1 as a regulator of cell-cell interactions in SCLCs and LCNECs. High DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was associated with atypical submicroscopic characteristics involving nuclear size, chromatin arrangement, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, and was characteristic of type I LCNECs with similarity to SCLCs, whereas low DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was found in both SCLCs and type II LCNECs. In patients diagnosed at an early stage who did not have metastasis and who underwent chemotherapy, DLL3high and ASCL1high SCLCs and type I LCNECs were associated with a better prognosis and a lower risk of death. The present findings suggested that DLL3/ASCL1 are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in patients with SCLCs or LCNECs.

RESUMO Toxoplasmose é uma zoonose determinada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii de ampla distribuição geográfica, que acomete animais homeotérmicos, sendo os felídeos os seus hospedeiros definitivos, e outros mamíferos e aves os seus hospedeiros intermediários. Em relação à espécie de ave latino-americana Cairina moschata, há poucos relatos no Brasil da exposição desses animais a esse protozoário. Mediante o exposto, este estudo teve como objetivo relatar pela primeira vez a exposição de C. moschata à infecção por esse parasito no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, determinando a frequência sorológica de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em aves dessa espécie. Foram capturados, nos arredores do Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro, 67 espécimes de C. moschata, sendo esses animais, no momento da captura, triados pelo gênero e pelo tipo de pena. Amostras de sangue desses animais foram obtidas por venopunção para obtenção do soro. As amostras de soro foram submetidas à RIFI para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii. De forma geral, a frequência de positividade evidenciada foi de 58,21% (n=39), sendo observada associação estatística significativa (P<0,05) entre animais com plumagem de adultos e soropositividade. A exposição dos patos a T. gondii nos arredores do zoológico pode indicar a contaminação dessa área com oocistos do protozoário.

ABSTRACT Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis determined by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii with wide geographic distribution, which affects homeothermic animals, with felids being their definitive hosts and other mammals and birds being their intermediate hosts. Regarding the Latin American bird species Cairina moschata, there are few reports in Brazil of the exposure of these animals to this protozoan. Based on the above, this study aimed to report for the first time the exposure of C. moschata to infection by this parasite in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, determining the serological frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies in birds of this species. Sixty-seven specimens of C. moschata were captured in the vicinity of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo, and these animals at the time of capture were sorted by gender and type of feather. Blood samples from these animals were obtained by venipuncture to obtain the serum. The serum samples were subjected to IFAT for anti-T. gondii IgG. In general, the frequency of positive results was 58.21% (n=39), with a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the animals with adult plumage and seropositivity. The exposure of ducks to T. gondii in the vicinity of the Zoo may indicate contamination of this area with protozoan oocysts.

Abstract Angiogenesis (budding of new blood vessels) is involved in several processes, including the development of embryos and growth of tumors. Schinus terebinthifolia leaves express an antitumor lectin (SteLL). This work hypothesized that SteLL can interfere with the formation of a vascular network from preexisting vessels. To test this hypothesis, the effect of SteLL on the angiogenesis process was assessed using an in vivo model of yolk sac membrane of Coturnix japonica embryos. SteLL was isolated with purification factor of 46.6. As expected, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for native basic proteins confirmed the homogeneity and PAGE in presence of dodecyl sodium sulphate revealed a single 14-kDa polypeptide band. The fractal analysis by box counting and information dimension measurements indicated that SteLL at 1.35 mg/mL significantly decreased by ca. 12% the angiogenesis within the C. japonica yolk sac membrane regarding the control. The inhibition of the vascular network formation in the yolk sac membrane resulted in decreased blood supply to the embryos. Consequently, the area of embryos was significantly reduced by 9.2% regarding the control, which corroborated with the antiangiogenic activity of SteLL. The findings implicate SteLL as an antiangiogenic agent and add to the panel of biological activities of this lectin.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) and sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) structures are involved in heart cell Ca2+ homeostasis. Previous studies have shown discrepancies in their function and expression in heart failure. The goal of this study was to evaluate heart function and hypertrophied muscle Ca2+-handling protein behavior under pressure overload. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Aortic stenosis (AoS), induced by a clip placed at the beginning of the aorta, and Control (Sham). After 18 weeks, heart function and structure were evaluated by echocardiogram. Myocardial function was analyzed by isolated papillary muscle (IPM) at basal condition and Ca2+ protein functions were evaluated after post-pause contraction and blockage with cyclopiazonic acid in IPM. Ca2+-handling protein expression was studied by western blot (WB). Echocardiogram showed that AoS caused concentric hypertrophy with enhanced ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction inferred by dilated left atrium and increased relative wall thickness. IPM study showed developed tension was the same in both groups. AoS showed increased stiffness revealed by enhanced resting tension, and changes in Ca2+ homeostasis shown by calcium elevation and SERCA2a blockage maneuvers. WB revealed decreased NCX1, SERCA2a, and phosphorylated phospholambam (PLB) on serine-16 in AoS. AoS had left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction compared to Sham; this could be related to our findings regarding calcium homeostasis behavior: deficit in NCX1, SERCA2a, and phosphorylated PLB on serine-16.

Mechanisms involved in cardiac function and calcium (Ca2+) handling in obese-resistant (OR) rats are still poorly determined. We tested the hypothesis that unsaturated high-fat diet (HFD) promotes myocardial dysfunction in OR rats, which it is related to Ca2+ handling. In addition, we questioned whether exercise training (ET) becomes a therapeutic strategy. Male Wistar rats (n=80) were randomized to standard or HFD diets for 20 weeks. The rats were redistributed for the absence or presence of ET and OR: control (C; n=12), control + ET (CET; n=14), obese-resistant (OR; n=9), and obese-resistant + ET (ORET; n=10). Trained rats were subjected to aerobic training protocol with progressive intensity (55-70% of the maximum running speed) and duration (15 to 60 min/day) for 12 weeks. Nutritional, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters were determined. Cardiac function and Ca2+ handling tests were performed in isolated left ventricle (LV) papillary muscle. OR rats showed cardiac atrophy with reduced collagen levels, but there was myocardial dysfunction. ET was efficient in improving most parameters of body composition. However, the mechanical properties and Ca2+ handling from isolated papillary muscle were similar among groups. Aerobic ET does not promote morphological and cardiac functional adaptation under the condition of OR.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes concentrações e princípios de prebióticos e do butirato de sódio, visando substituir a colistina como promotor de crescimento. Foram utilizados 120 leitões, desmamados aos 22 dias de idade, com peso médio inicial de 5,475 ± 0,719kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, em seis tratamentos, que corresponderam ao uso dos seguintes aditivos dietéticos: T1) colistina (40ppm); T2) β-glucanos/mananoligossacarídeos (0,2%); T3) butirato de cálcio (0,1%); T4) β-glucanos/mananoligossacarídeos (0,1%) + frutoligossacarídeos (0,01%) + galactoligossacarídeos (0,09%); T5) β-glucanos/mananoligossacarídeos (0,1%) + frutoligossacarídeos (0,03%) + galactoligossacarídeos (0,07%); e T6) β-glucanos/mananoligossacarídeos (0,1%) + frutoligossacarídeos (0,05%) + galactoligossacarídeos (0,05%). Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para nenhum dos parâmetros de desempenho em nenhuma das fases avaliadas. Para a incidência e a intensidade de diarreia, os resultados apontam que os tratamentos com os aditivos alternativos apresentaram efeitos semelhantes aos do grupo tratado com colistina. Foi encontrada diferença significativa para perfil dos ácidos graxos propiônicos (0,23% colistina e 0,32%, 0,36%, 0,37% aditivos) e ácidos totais (0,67% colistina e 0,97% aditivos) no ceco. A suplementação com diferentes composições e concentrações de prebióticos e do ácido butírico pode substituir a colistina de forma viável no controle da diarreia e na modulação da produção volátil de ácidos graxos no ceco.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess different prebiotic concentrations and principles, in addition to calcium butyrate, aiming to replace colistin as a growth promoter. The sample consisted of 120 piglets weaned at 22 days old with mean initial weight of 5.475 ± 0.719kg. The animals were assigned to random blocks in six treatments corresponding to the use of the following dietary additives: T1) colistin (40 ppm); T2) β-glucan/mannan-oligosaccharides (0.2%); T3) calcium butyrate (0.1%); T4) β-glucan/mannan-oligosaccharides (0.1%) + fructooligosaccharides (0.01%) + galactooligosaccharides (0.09%); T5) β-glucan/mannan-oligosaccharides (0.1%) + fructooligosaccharides (0.03%) + galactooligosaccharides (0.07%); and T6) β-glucan/mannan-oligosaccharides (0.1%) + fructooligosaccharides (0.05%) + galactooligosaccharides (0.05%). The results showed no difference among treatments for the performance parameters in any of the phases evaluated. For diarrhea incidence and intensity, the results indicated that the treatments with alternative additives had similar effects as the group treated with colistin. A significant difference was found for the profile of propionic acid (0.23% colistin and 0.32%, 0.36%, 0.37% additives) and total fatty acids (0.67% colistin and 0.97% additives) values in the caecum. The supplementation with different compositions and concentrations of prebiotics and butyric acid may viably replace colistin in controlling diarrhea and modulating volatile fatty acid production in the caecum.

Abstract A new genus, Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca gen. nov., and species, Nhambikuara cerradensis Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca sp. nov., of the highly diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina are described. Nhambikuara cerradensis sp. nov. is the type species for the genus, and Euptychia mima Butler, 1867 is also transferred to the new genus, as Nhambikuara mima (Butler, 1867) comb. nov., from the genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution and natural history of species of the genus are also discussed.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41AD7568-3490-4F63-A019-32D5592A8C44

RESUMO As plantas produzem uma grande variedade de metabólitos secundários que frequentemente são relacionados a mecanismos de proteção da planta contra predadores e patógenos. As espécies tóxicas são aquelas capazes de produzirem compostos que podem causar alterações metabólicas prejudiciais ao homem e aos animais. A toxicidade apresentada por uma espécie vegetal pode estar relacionada a fatores associados ao indivíduo, à planta, ao modo de exposição e a questões ambientais. A intoxicação, aguda ou crônica, causada por plantas é difícil de ser diagnosticada assim como a associação entre os sintomas e o consumo e/ou contato com algumas espécies é difícil de ser estabelecida. No âmbito da saúde pública, as intoxicações causadas por plantas possuem impacto expressivo. No Brasil foram registrados 1026 casos em 2012, sendo que a maior parte deles ocorreu com crianças de 0 a 4 anos, de acordo com os dados do SINITOX. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico de espécies vegetais, brasileiras e exóticas aclimatadas, citadas como tóxicas apesar de serem utilizadas com fins ornamentais e medicinais.

ABSTRACT Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which are frequently related to a plant’s protective mechanism against predators and pathogens. Toxic species are those capable of producing compounds that can cause metabolic changes harmful to humans and animals. The toxicity of plant species can be associated with aspects related to the individual, the plant, the manner of exposure, and to environmental issues. Acute or chronic intoxication caused by plants is difficult to diagnose and the association between the symptoms and the consumption of and/or contact with plants is hard to establish. In the public health sector, intoxications caused by plants have a wide impact. In Brazil, 1,026 cases were registered in 2012, most of which occurred with children between the ages of 0 to 4 years, according to data reported by SINITOX. The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliographic survey of Brazilian or acclimatized exotic plant species, which have been reported as toxic even though they are used for ornamental or medicinal purposes.

Because histopathological changes in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are consistent with alveolar and vessel cell damage, we presume that this interaction can be characterized by analyzing the expression of proteins regulating nitric oxide (NO) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) synthesis. To validate the importance of alveolar-vascular interactions and to explore the quantitative relationship between these factors and other clinical data, we studied these markers in 23 cases of SSc nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (SSc-NSIP). We used immunohistochemistry and morphometry to evaluate the amount of cells in alveolar septa and vessels staining for NO synthase (NOS) and PAI-1, and the outcomes of our study were cellular and fibrotic NSIP, pulmonary function tests, and survival time until death. General linear model analysis demonstrated that staining for septal inducible NOS (iNOS) related significantly to staining of septal cells for interleukin (IL)-4 and to septal IL-13. In univariate analysis, higher levels of septal and vascular cells staining for iNOS were associated with a smaller percentage of septal and vascular cells expressing fibroblast growth factor and myofibroblast proliferation, respectively. Multivariate Cox model analysis demonstrated that, after controlling for SSc-NSIP histological patterns, just three variables were significantly associated with survival time: septal iNOS (P=0.04), septal IL-13 (P=0.03), and septal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; P=0.02). Augmented NOS, IL-13, and bFGF in SSc-NSIP histological patterns suggest a possible functional role for iNOS in SSc. In addition, the extent of iNOS, PAI-1, and IL-4 staining in alveolar septa and vessels provides a possible independent diagnostic measure for the degree of pulmonary dysfunction and fibrosis with an impact on the survival of patients with SSc.

Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de níveis crescente de minerais orgânicos sobre a qualidade externa e interna de ovos e a resistência de ossos da tíbia de poedeiras semi-pesadas. Foram utilizadas 256 aves, com idade inicial de 30 semanas, distribuídas em 64 gaiolas perfazendo quatro aves por gaiola em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusão de minerais inorgânicos ou níveis crescentes de orgânicos na dieta basal das poedeiras, resultando em quatro tratamentos. Foram avaliados peso do ovo (g), gravidade específica, peso (g) e espessura (mm) da casca, altura do albúmen (mm), unidade Haugh, peso da gema (g) e do albúmen (g) e resistência óssea (kg). Houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as médias para peso do ovo e do albúmen. O fornecimento de dietas suplementadas com minerais orgânicos, em nível intermediário resultou na produção de ovos mais pesados, com maior peso de albúmen, e na manutenção das demais características de qualidade externa e interna dos ovos e de resistência óssea.

The effect of increasing levels of organic minerals on the external and internal quality of eggs and tibia bone strength of brown-egg laying hens was studied. A total of 256, 30-week old was equally distributed in 64 cages in a total of four birds per cage in a completely randomized experimental design. The dietary treatments consisted of inorganic or increasing levels of organic minerals in the diets of laying hens, resulting in four treatments. Egg weight (g), specific gravity, shell weight and thickness (mm), albumen height (mm), Haugh unit, yolk weight and albumen (g) and bone strength (kg) were evaluated. A significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment means for egg weight and albumen was found. Intermediate inclusion levels of organic minerals resulted in the production of heavier eggs, with higher albumen weight and maintenance of the other characteristics of internal and external quality of eggs and bone strength.

Among the most common features of highly invasive tumors, such as lung adenocarcinomas (AD) and squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC), is the massive degradation of the extracellular matrix. The remarkable qualitative and quantitative modifications of hyaluronidases (HAases), hyaluronan synthases (HAS), E-cadherin adhesion molecules, and the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) may favor invasion, cellular motility, and proliferation. We examined HAase proteins (Hyal), HAS, E-cadherin, and TGF-β profiles in lung AD subtypes and SqCC obtained from smokers and non-smokers. Fifty-six patients, median age 64 years, who underwent lobectomy for AD (N = 31) and SqCC (N = 25) were included in the study. HAS-1, -2 and -3, and Hyal-1 and -3 were significantly more expressed by tumor cells than normal and stroma cells (P < 0.01). When stratified according to histologic types, HAS-3 and Hyal-1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in tumor cells of AD (P = 0.01) and stroma of SqCC (P = 0.002), respectively. Tobacco history in patients with AD was significantly associated with increased HAS-3 immunoreactivity in tumor cells (P < 0.01). Stroma cells of SqCC from non-smokers presented a significant association with HAS-3 (P < 0.01). Hyal, HAS, E-cadherin, and TGF-β modulate a different tumor-induced invasive pathway in lung AD subgroups and SqCC. HAases in resected AD and SqCC were strongly related to the prognosis. Therefore, our findings suggest that strategies aimed at preventing high HAS-3 and Hyal-1 synthesis, or local responses to low TGF-β and E-cadherin, may have a greater impact in lung cancer prognosis.

This a case of study made by means of a qualitative approach which aims to know how the ostomy interferes with the experience of sexuality in women. It was conducted during the first half of 2010. The population was composed by ten women with an ostomy in a stomatherapy service at a Hospital in Southern Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews carried out at these women's house. The analysis was made by using the technique of content analysis. The analysis produced two categories: Difficulties and changes in life after surgery and Experience of sexuality. From the results, we conclude saying that it is important that health professionals implement educational strategies with these women and their partners in order to help them to overcome their difficulties, making them able to experience their sexuality pleasently.

Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa que objetivou conhecer como a estomização interfere na vivência da sexualidade de mulheres portadoras de estomia. Realizou-se no primeiro semestre de 2010. A população foi composta por dez mulheres portadoras de estomias, cadastradas em um Serviço de Estomaterapia de um Hospital do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados deu-se por entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas no domicílio dessas mulheres. A análise dos dados foi realizada pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo gerando duas categorias: Dificuldades e mudanças ocorridas no viver após a cirurgia e Vivências da sexualidade. Concluiu-se ser importante que os profissionais da saúde implementem estratégias educativas junto a estas mulheres e seus companheiros auxiliando-as a superarem suas dificuldades, tornando-as capazes de vivenciar sua sexualidade de forma prazerosa.

Se trata de un estudio con un enfoque cualitativo con el fin de saber cómo la estomización interfiere en la experiencia de la sexualidad de las mujeres con ostomía. Se llevó a cabo en el primer semestre de2010. La muestra se compuso de diez mujeres que se han inscrito en un Servicio de ostomía de un hospital del interior de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La recolección de datos fue realizada por entrevistas semiestructuradas en el domicilio de estas mujeres. El Análisis de los datos se realizó mediando la técnica de análisis de contenido generando dos categorías: dificultades y cambios en la vida después de la cirugía y la experiencia de la sexualidad. De ello se concluye que es importante que los profesionales de la salud implementen estrategias educativas con estas mujeres y sus parejas para ayudarles a superar sus dificultades haciéndolas capaces de experimentar su sexualidad de una manera agradable.

O controle químico é o principal método utilizado no manejo das plantas daninhas em canaviais, sendo utilizados, em sua grande maioria, herbicidas em pós-emergência, os quais podem causar intoxicação à cana-de-açúcar, o que muitas vezes ocasiona redução da produtividade de colmos. No entanto, para diminuir as injúrias de herbicidas em cana-deaçúcar, podem-se reduzir as doses abaixo das recomendadas, desde que aplicadas em condições ambientais adequadas para ainda obter controle satisfatório das comunidades infestantes. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência e a intoxicação de doses que variaram de zero até a recomendada - dos herbicidas aplicados em mistura no tanque {(diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA} em três estádios de desenvolvimento do cultivar de canade-açúcar RB867515, bem como da planta daninha Brachiaria brizantha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram alocados em esquema fatorial (6 x 3), sendo o fator A composto por doses de 0,0; 50,0; 62,5; 75,0; 87,5; e 100,0% da recomendada dos herbicidas: diuron + hexazinone (1,20 kg ha-1) e MSMA (1,44 kg ha-1), aplicados em associação no tanque do pulverizador. O fator B foi composto por épocas de aplicação dos produtos, realizadas quando a cultura se encontrava com duas a três folhas, quatro a cinco folhas e seis a sete folhas completamente expandidas ou quando B. brizantha apresentava duas a quatro folhas, seis folhas a um perfilho ou um a quatro perfilhos. Aos 7, 21, 35 e 49 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas, foram realizadas avaliações visuais de intoxicação da cultura e controle de B. brizantha. A estimativa da produtividade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar ocorreu aos 12 meses após o plantio. Considerando todas as situações avaliadas, o controle de B. brizantha variou entre 50 e 100%; nas maiores doses, os herbicidas apresentaram as melhores eficiências de controle. Constatou-se que o melhor controle de B. brizantha, considerando todo o ciclo da cana-de-açúcar, ocorreu com aplicação dos herbicidas nos estádios de duas a quatro folhas da planta daninha. Observou-se aumento da intoxicação com o acréscimo das doses de {(diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA} em todas as épocas avaliadas, sendo os maiores níveis de injúrias constatados na fase de maior desenvolvimento da cultura, assim como a menor produtividade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar.

Chemical control is the main method used for weed management in sugarcane, with herbicides being usually applied in post-emergence. In some cases, serious toxicity is reported following herbicide application. To reduce the problem of injuries caused by herbicides to sugarcane, the doses used may be reduced to below those recommended in the label, with satisfactory control of the weed community still being obtained, when applied under appropriate environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and toxicity caused by doses ranging from zero to those recommended in the label of the herbicide mixture {(diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA} applied on the sugarcane variety RB867515, as well as on the weed species Brachiaria brizantha. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were allocated in a factorial design (6 x 3), with factor A being the herbicide (0.0, 50.0, 62.5, 75.0, 87.5 and 100.0% of the commercial dose): diuron + hexazinone (1,20 kg ha-1) and MSMA (1,44 kg ha-1), applied in combination; and factor B, the times of application ofthese herbicides, as follows: two to three leaves; four to five leaves and six to seven fully-expanded leaves, corresponding to the two- to four- leaf stages , 6 leaves to one tiller and one to four tillers of the weed species, respectively. At 7, 21, 35, and 49 days after herbicide application, visual analyses of intoxication and control of B. brizantha were carried out, as well as crop yield estimation, 12 months after planting. Considering the situations evaluated, the control of B. brizantha ranged between 50 and 100%, with higher control levels at the higher herbicide doses. The best control of B. brizantha throughout the crop cycle was found to occur when treatments were applied at the two- to- four-leaf stage of the weed species. Toxicity to the crop increased as the doses of {(diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA} increased in all evaluation times, with higher toxicity being observed when the herbicide mixture was applied at the most active growth stages of the crop, leading to lower crop yields.

O presente estudo investiga as ideias de corpo humano que são transmitidas e percebidas por professores de Educação Física (EF), em aulas do Ensino Fundamental, em escolas da região sul da cidade de São Paulo. Para isso, 15 professores responderam, por escrito, às seguintes questões: Que ideias sobre o corpo humano transmite nas suas aulas de EF? Você percebe reações de seus alunos a essas ideias? Os resultados obtidos por meio da análise de conteúdo das respostas revelaram que os professores, quando transmitem ideias de corpo restritas à dimensão física, percebem que as reações de seus alunos se direcionam para aspetos concretos do corpo e para aspetos relacionados ao comportamento dos organismos; quando transmitem ideias de corpo num enfoque na sua dimensão social, percebem que seus alunos demonstram autonomia em termos de aspetos socioculturais e, finalmente, quando transmitem ideias de corpo com um foco psicológico, percebem que seus alunos relacionam as atividades físicas aos aspetos cognitivos. De entre os professores pesquisados, apenas um transmite aos seus alunos ideias de corpo humano por meio dos saberes físico, social e psíquico inter-relacionados.

The present study investigates the ideas of the human body transmitted and grasped by the teachers of Physical Education in Basic Education classes. It was carried a research with Physical Education teachers using the following questions: What ideas about the human body are you transmitting in your Physical Education classes? Do you perceive the reactions of your students to these ideas? The analyses of the answers were methodologically followed in these moments: a) reading of the descriptions, b) elaboration of the units of meaning; c) ideographic analysis; d) nomothetic analysis. Results showed that teachers of Physical Education when transmitting ideas of restricted body in the physical dimension, they realized that the reactions of their students were directed to the concrete aspects of the body and to the aspects related to the behavior of the organisms; when they transmitted ideas of body focusing in the social dimension, they realized that their students demonstrated autonomy in social and cultural aspects. Finally, when they transmitted ideas of body in more including ways, they realized that their students related the physical activities to cognitive aspects. The results also showed that among the researched teachers, only one transmitted to the students the idea of the human body through inter-related physical, social and psychological knowledge.

The effects of different levels of supplementation of dairy cows fed to the sugar-cane base on the intake behavior of these encourage were studied. The levels of concentrate supplementation were defined by the balance of the diets to contain sufficient nutrients for maintenance and production of 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg.day-1 of milk. The experiment was driven in the Paulistinha farm, in Macarani - BA city, in the period of July to september of 2006. 16 cows crossbred Holstein x zebu used distributed in a design entirely at random, where these animals were observed by two consecutive days and made an average of the results obtained for each animal, arriving to 32 observations and eight repetitions for treatment. The times spent with feeding, rumination and leisure, the time of total mastication, the number of cakes ruminates, the number of mastications merícicas a day and the time of rumination for cake didn't differ among the treatments (p>0.05), while for the number of mastications merícicas for cake presented a quadratic behavior and for the feeding efficiencies and rumination had a lineal increment with the increase of the concentrate level.

Foram estudados os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação de vacas leiteiras alimentadas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o comportamento ingestivo destes animais. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada foram definidos pelo balanceamento das dietas para conter nutrientes suficientes para mantença e produção de 6, 9, 12 e 15 kg.dia-1 de leite. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Paulistinha, na cidade de Macarani-BA, no período de julho a setembro de 2006. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, onde estes animais foram observados por dois dias consecutivos e feito uma média dos resultados obtidos para cada animal, chegando a 32 observações e oito repetições por tratamento. Os tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio, o tempo de mastigação total, o número de bolos ruminais, o número de mastigações merícicas por dia e o tempo de ruminação por bolo não diferiram entre os tratamentos (p>0,05), enquanto que para o número de mastigações merícicas por bolo apresentou um comportamento quadrático e para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação houve um acréscimo linear com o aumento do nível de concentrado.