Essential oils (EO) have diverse applications, such as antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, they are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air, light, and moisture. In addition, they are thermally unstable. In this sense, it is necessary to develop techniques to increase the lifespan of EO. In this work, EO was obtained from cloves and characterized by different techniques. The major compounds found were eugenol (83%), eugenol acetate (9%), and β-caryophyllene (8%). The EO was encapsulated by extrusion using a microfluidic device. The sodium alginate was used as wall material, and the CaCl2 solution was used as a crosslinking agent. The microcapsule presented sizes of 164.7 ± 0.3 μm, with an encapsulation yield of 64 ± 14%. Functional characteristic groups of EO were observed in the microcapsule by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The microcapsule increased the thermal decomposition of the EO from 162 to 230 °C. Release kinetics of the capsule was performed, with an equilibrium time of 72 h and release of 54% of the EO. Finally, the pure EO and encapsulated EO-microcapsules were applied in the Aedes aegypti larvae control, showing mean lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 50% (LC50) values of 74.4 and 96.9 μg mL-1 and lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 90% (LC90) of 106.2 and 133.3 μg mL-1 for pure EO and encapsulated EO, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that these microcapsules have the potential for application in the Aedes aegypti larvae control.

This work describes a green synthesis, the characterization, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs suspension was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Eucalyptus grandis, which presented a characteristic band at 407 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The AgNPs presented a spherical shape and size of 9.7 ± 0.3 nm. The nanoparticles were stable over a month, indicating that E. grandis’ extract is suitable for their preparation and stabilization. The X-ray analysis showed that the crystallinity of AgNPs corresponded to the centered face phase of silver. The antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of AgNPs were evaluated. The AgNPs presented antibacterial activity on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli at 53.9 µg mL-1. The leishmanicidal activity evaluation against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis showed that the biological response is dependent on the volume of AgNP suspension. It was demonstrated that L. infantum was more sensitive to the nanoparticle’s treatment than L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. The treatment of L infantum promastigotes with 150 µL of AgNP suspension reduced parasite growth by 67.9%, a result which was similar to the treatment with 1 (66.7%) or 2 µL (70.6%) of amphotericin B used as a positive control.

This investigation describes the synthesis of eugenol analogs presenting 1,2,3-triazole fragments and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. The alkylation of guaiacol (1) with allyl bromide afforded 1-(allyloxy)-2-methoxybenzene (2) (93% yield). The Claisen rearrangement conducted with 1 gave ortho eugenol (3) (82% yield). Alkylation procedures performed with 3 produced 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (4) (73% yield) and 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (6) (53% yield). The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions involving alkynes 4 and 6 with different benzylic azides afforded twenty-two eugenol analogs with 1,2,3-triazole functionalities (48-93% yield). We screened the compounds at 10 μmol L 1 against Leishmania braziliensis intracellular amastigotes during macrophage infection. The action of these compounds was compared with the known leishmanicidal drug amphotericin B. None of the analogs were toxic to macrophages at 10 μmol L-1. The cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50), effective concentration at 50% (EC50), and selectivity index (SI) were determined to the best compounds 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8c) and 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8h). They showed a significant leishmanicidal effect, with EC50 of 28.09 µmol L-1 (8c) and 52.03 µmol L-1 (8h). The SIs were 9.7 for 8c and > 5.7 for 8h. These compounds have the potential as new leishmanicidal agents against L. braziliensis and may represent a starting point for the development of alternative treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Benzophenones display several biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective. Furthermore, antioxidants can minimize both ultraviolet absorption and tumor development. In the present investigation, a series of twenty-six 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives were synthesized and had their antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective effects evaluated. For the compounds synthesis, 4,4’-dihydroxybenzophenone (1a) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (1b) were propargylated, affording the alkynes bis(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2a) and (2-hydroxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2b), respectively. The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between the compounds 2a/2b and several benzyl azides gave the 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives with yields ranging from 35 to 95%. The 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives at the concentration of 0.2 μg mL-1 (a no-cytotoxic concentration) exhibited a solar protection factor (SPF) comparable to positive control benzophonen-3 (BP-3). Concerning their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, the derivatives from 1b showed high in vitro antioxidant effects as well as cytotoxicity against A549 (lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), and HT-144 (metastatic melanoma) cell lines, without significant cytotoxicity to a non-cancerous cell line. Derivatives 19, 20, and 24 induced cell death and cell cycle arrest at G1/S in HT-144 melanoma cells.

New infrared emitting d-f (ruthenium(II)-neodymium(III)) heterobimetallic complexes with alkoxy(silyl) functional groups have been prepared. Visible excitation evidenced energy transfer processes from the ruthenium(II) donor to neodymium(III) acceptors leading to infrared emission. Energy transfer rates (kEnT) and efficiency of energy transfer (ηEnT) are, respectively, 0.61 × 107s-1 and 44% for RuL1-NdL3 complex. Larger values of kEnT (3.04 × 107 s-1) and ηEnT (84%) were detected for RuL2-NdL4 complex. RuL1-NdL3 and RuL2-NdL4 complexes were fully characterized by elementary analysis (EA), mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY1D), 1H{13C} heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and 1H{13C} heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were also carried out to characterize NdL3 and RuL1-NdL3 complexes. The presence of trialkoxysilyl-substituted ligands would allow further grafting onto any silica or silicated surface aiming at applications as new luminescent near infrared (NIR)-emitting biosensors or biomarkers.

Resumo Dentre as ecorregiões dulcícolas neotropicais, a Nordeste Médio-Oriental (MNCE) é uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre peixes. Suas drenagens temporárias são receptoras do projeto de transposição do São Francisco (SFR-IWT) no semiárido brasileiro. Fornecemos uma linha de base abrangente da riqueza de peixes das cinco bacias do SFR-IWT. Riqueza de espécies, espécies compartilhadas, endêmicas, ameaçadas e não-nativas foram obtidas através de amostragem, coleções ictiológicas, literatura e repositórios online (306 localidades). No total, foram registradas 121 espécies, 111 nativas e 16 (14,41%) listadas para todas as bacias. A maior riqueza de espécies nativas (78, 70,27%) foi registrada no trecho sub-médio do São Francisco (SFRE), incluindo 23 endêmicas e 61 (54,95%) nas bacias da MNCE (13 endêmicas), e 28 (25,23 %) compartilhadas entre ambas ecorregiões. Na MNCE, foram registradas 50 espécies na Jaguaribe (JAG), 39 na Piranhas-Açu, 36 na Paraíba do Norte e 32 na Apodi-Mossoró (APO). O número de espécies compartilhadas entre SFRE e cada bacia receptora variou de 24 (23,08%, JAG) a 20 (22,22%, APO). JAG contém 81,97% das espécies das bacias receptoras. Sua maior riqueza e endemismo merecem atenção especial em relação às mudanças hidrológicas em curso. Este estudo ajudará a detectar possíveis modificações na ictiofauna das principais drenagens da MNCE.

Abstract Among Neotropical freshwater ecoregions, the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga (MNCE) is a fish knowledge gap. Its temporary drainages are receptors of the São Francisco interbasin water transfer project (SFR-IWT) in the Brazilian semiarid. We provide a comprehensive baseline of fish richness of the five SFR-IWT basins. Species richness, shared, endemic, threatened and non-native species were obtained using sampling, ichthyologic collections, literature and online repositories (306 localities). In total 121, species were recorded, 111 of them native, and 16 (14.41%) listed for all basins. Higher richness of native species (78, 70.27%) was recorded in the São Francisco lower-middle stretch (SFRE), including 23 endemic, 61 (54.95%) in MNCE basins (13 endemic), and 28 (25.23%) shared between both ecoregions. In the MNCE, 50 species were recorded in Jaguaribe (JAG), 39 in Piranhas-Açu, 36 in Paraíba do Norte, and 32 in Apodi-Mossoró (APO). The number of species shared between the SFRE and each receptor basin varied from 24 (23.08%, JAG) to 20 (22.22%, APO). JAG contains 81.97% of the receptor basins’ species. Its higher richness and endemism deserve special attention regarding the ongoing hydrological changes. This study will help detect possible modifications in the ichthyofauna of the main MNCE drainages.

Ferulic acid (FERH) is known to exert leishmanicidal action against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. In this study, the ferulate anion (FER–) was intercalated into a layered double hydroxide (LDH) for FER– delivery during an antileishmania in vitro test. The LDH-FER– intercalation compound was prepared by coprecipitation and was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry, UV-Vis, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Leishmania (L.) amazonensisin vitro assays were conducted to assess the LDH-FER– potential. LDH-FER– was found to promote a dose-dependent reduction of L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes (intracellular form, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.78 µg mL-1) without exerting a deleterious effect on the host macrophages (medium cytotoxic concentration (CC50) = 212.61 µg mL-1 and selectivity index = 119.4). LDH-FER– was found to be an effective inhibitor of the amastigote form of L. (L.) amazonensis, suggesting that LDH-FER– was able to deliver FER– inside the parasitophorous vacuoles where the pH is more acidic.

This work presents the electrochemical treatment of wastewater of biodiesel production, using DSA based on IrO2 and Nb2O5. The anode was prepared by modified Pechini method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in order to evaluate structural and morphological properties and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and accelerated stability test to investigate the electrochemical behavior. The SEM image shows the typical mud-cracked layer. By the XRD measurements, the oxides onto the support were crystallized as tetragonal IrO2 and hexagonal Nb2O5. The amount of glycerin and methanol in the wastewater were 1.60 and 0.31% (w/w), respectively. The electrochemical treatment of the wastewater was evaluated by electrolysis at different current densities and time. The total organic carbon (TOC) and UV-Vis spectra were performed during the electrolysis. The UV-Vis spectra obtained during the electrolysis at 100 and 150 mA cm-2, shows the disappearance of an absorption band at 264 nm and the appearance of one at 290 nm, which the absorption increases as current and the time of the electrolysis increases. The electrochemical treatment with the proposed DSA leads to 80% of removal of TOC by electrolysis at 150 mA cm-2 during the first 6 hours of the electrochemical treatment.

We report on the synthesis of single-crystalline tellurium nanowires with different aspect-ratios prepared via facile surfactant-assisted synthesis under mild conditions. Short and long Te nanowires were synthesized by the reduction of tellurium dioxide by hypophosphorous acid with the assistance of polyoxyethylene (23) laurylether and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, respectively. We obtained uniform single-crystal Te nanowires with diameter below 30 nm and tunable length from 600 nm to 5 µm. Short and long Te nanowires showed remarkable nonlinear absorption and their third-order nonlinear optical properties were investigated by the Z-scan technique with single 80 ps laser pulses at 532 nm. For the first time, it was observed a distinguished switching behavior from saturated absorption to reverse saturated absorption as a function of the laser intensity in one-dimensional Te nanostructures. Although both short and long Te nanowires display such interesting behavior, the short ones exhibited superior optical limiting performance.

Foi desenvolvido e validado um método para determinação de três perturbadores endócrinos (estradiol, etinilestradiol e bisfenol A) e cinco produtos farmacêuticos (sulfametoxazol, trimetoprima, diclofenaco, bezafibrato e miconazol) em amostras de esgoto bruto, utilizando extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida à espectrometria de massas em alta resolução (HPLC-HRMS) com ionização por eletrospray, nos modos positivo e negativo. Foi utilizado na extração em fase sólida um cartucho de troca iônica forte (Strata SAX) e um cartucho contendo divinilbenzeno-pirrolidona, para reduzir os níveis dos alquilbenzeno-sulfonados de cadeia linear (LAS) e para concentrar os analitos de interesse das amostras de esgoto. A influência do efeito matriz na eficiência da ionização, a recuperação da EFS e a sensibilidade do método foi identificada e quantificada. O método foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação dos analitos em amostras de esgoto coletadas na entrada da estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) do Arrudas em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.

A new method for the determination of three endocrine disrupters (estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and bisphenol A) and five pharmaceuticals (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, diclofenac, bezafibrate and miconazole) in raw sewage samples using tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents and high-performance liquid chromatography-negative and positive electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) was developed and validated. The SPE procedure used both a strong ion exchange sorbent (SAX) and a modified divinylbenzene-pyrrolidone SPE sorbent to reduce the levels of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and to concentrate the analytes of interest from the sewage samples. The influence of matrix composition on the ionisation efficiency, the SPE recoveries, and the sensitivity of the method was identified and quantified. The method was successfully applied to the determination of analytes in raw sewage samples collected from the entrance of the Arrudas Sewage Treatment Plant, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) é uma planta arbórea com altura variando de 5 a 14 m, típica da vegetação secundária de terrenos arenosos, principalmente de savana. No Brasil, é encontrada nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e São Paulo. O processo de extração Soxhlet das sementes desta espécie vegetal com hexano produziu um óleo rico em triacilglicerídeos dos ácidos linolênico e linoléico e que apresenta índice de iodo igual a 182,15 g de I2 per 100 g de óleo. Descreve-se neste trabalho a produção de um biopoliol a partir do óleo de M. fistulifera Mart., empregando-se um processo de hidroxilação in situ. Ensaios univariados permitiram determinar o tempo ótimo de reação como sendo 720 min. Além disso, realizou-se ainda um planejamento fatorial 2² composto central (CCD) contendo 12 ensaios experimentais que permitiram investigar diferentes razões molares dos reagentes empregados na síntese do biopoliol, bem como avaliar sua aplicabilidade como matéria-prima na síntese de poliuretanos com característica rígida.

Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) is an arboreal plant with height varying from 5 to 14 m, typical of secondary vegetation of sandy lands, mainly savannah. In Brazil, it is found in the Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States. Soxhlet extraction of M. fistulifera seeds with hexane provided an oil rich in tryacylglycerides of linolenic and linoleic acids, presenting iodine index of 182.15 g of I2 per 100 g of oil. In this study, the synthesis of polyols from M. fistulifera oil using an in situ hydroxylation procedure is described. Univariate assays were applied to determine the optimal reaction time of 720 min. In addition, a 2² factorial central composite design was carried out containing 12 experimental assays that allowed the investigation of different molar ratios of the reagents used in polyol synthesis, as well as the applicability of polyols for the preparation of rigid polyurethanes.

Os ambientes aquáticos temporários e semi-permanentes do semiárido brasileiro tem sido mostrados como importantes sítios que possuem uma diversa fauna de peixes. Desta forma, esses ambientes devem ser capazes de sustentar, do ponto de vista trófico, populações de peixes que se alimentam em diversos níveis tróficos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o hábito alimentar de Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, Hoplias malabaricus e Prochilodus brevis em ambientes aquáticos do semiárido brasileiro, fornecendo evidências da importância desses habitats para manutenção da diversidade de consumidores como os peixes. A composição da dieta das espécies estudadas foi diversificada, já que alimentaram-se de uma variedade de classes de itens, desde microalgas até peixes. Apesar disso, alguns itens foram mais importantes para cada uma das três espécies. Estes resultados, e as altas taxas de repleção dos estômagos, indicam que um abundante e diverso conjunto de itens alimentares está disponível nos ambientes estudados, embora as espécies tendam a selecionar alguns itens em detrimento de outros. Este estudo fornece evidência de que, apesar de altamente variáveis, sistemas aquáticos intermitentes e semi-permanentes do semiárido brasileiro são capazes de sustentar, do ponto de vista trófico, consumidores de topo.

Temporary and semi-permanent aquatic habitats in semi-arid Brazil have been reported as important sites supporting a diverse fish fauna. As such, they must be able to trophically sustain fish species that feed at different trophic levels. This study aims to describe the diets of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, Hoplias malabaricus and Prochilodus brevis in aquatic systems in semi-arid Brazil, providing evidence of the importance of these habitats as supporters of large consumers like fish. The diet of the three species studied was diverse, feeding on a range of food items, from microalgae to fish. Despite that, a few items were more important to each of the study species. These results and the relatively high rates of stomach fullness indicate that a diverse and abundant food range is available in the study sites, but species seem to select some food resources. The present study provides evidence that despite being highly variable, intermittent and semi-permanent aquatic systems in semi-arid Brazil are able to trophically sustain large consumers.

O endoparasitóide solitário Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) tem uma ampla faixa de afídeos hospedeiros e a qualidade desses afídeos pode interferir nos parâmetros biológicos do mesmo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de três Macrosiphini, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) e Myzus persicae (Sulzer), e três Aphidini, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) e Aphis gossypii Glover, como hospedeiros de L. testaceipes e determinar a possível relação da preferência do parasitóide com o tamanho e a qualidade do hospedeiro. Os testes foram conduzidos em câmara climática a 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% UR e 12h fotofase. O parasitóide não ovipositou em B. brassicae e L. erysimi e as demais espécies foram adequadas nutricionalmente ao parasitóide. L. testaceipes apresentou preferência por pulgões da tribo Aphidini e esses hospedeiros apresentaram maior qualidade para o parasitóide quando comparados aos Macrosiphini. Foi encontrada relação entre tamanho, preferência e qualidade entre os Aphidini. O parasitóide apresentou preferência (76,7% de parasitismo) por R. maidis, o maior hospedeiro (tíbia posterior de 0,281 mm), e este proporcionou maior tamanho (tíbia posterior de 0,49 mm) e emergência (95,6%) ao parasitóide quando comparado a A. gossypii (55,7% de parasitismo), hospedeiro menor (0,266 mm) e que proporcionou menor tamanho (0,45 mm) e maior mortalidade ao parasitóide (72,1% de emergência). Contudo, o desenvolvimento de ovo a múmia foi menor e a longevidade foi maior em A. gossypii (6,3 e 5,4 dias respectivamente) do que em R. maidis (6,7 e 3,8 dias respectivamente), não estando relacionados ao tamanho do hospedeiro.

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) has a broad aphid host range; however the quality of these preys may interfere in its biological feature. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of three Macrosiphini, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and three Aphidini Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Aphis gossypii Glover as hosts to L. testaceipes and to determine the relation possible of host preference, of size and quality of the host. The tests were carried out in climatic chamber at 25 ± 1°C, RH 70 ± 10% and 12h photophase. The parasitoid did not oviposite in B. brassicae and L. erysimi, while the other species were nutritionally suitable to the parasitoid. L. testaceipes showed preference for aphids from tribe Aphidini and these hosts presented better quality to the parasitoid when compared to Macrosiphini. Interactions among size, preference and quality between the Aphidini were found. L testaceipes showed preference (parasitism rate 76.7%) for R. maidis, the bigger host (hind tibia with 0.281 mm). This host provided bigger size (hind tibia with 0.49 mm) and higher emergence rate (95.6%) to the parasitoid when compared to A. gossypii (parasitism rate of 55.7%). Also the smaller host A. gossypii (0.266 mm) provided smaller size hind tibia (0.45 mm) and higher mortality of the parasitoid (emergence rate 72.1%). However, the development time was shorter and the longevity was higher in A. gossypii (6.3 and 5.4 days, respectively) when compared to the host R. maidis (6.7 and 3.8 days, respectively), and not been related to host size.

Várias espécies de Orius Wolff são utilizadas no controle biológico de tripes em cultivos protegidos em regiões temperadas, entretanto algumas delas apresentam diapausa reprodutiva, comprometendo a atuação desses agentes de controle biológico. Não existem relatos sobre a biologia da espécie neotropical Orius thyestes Herring em diferentes condições ambientais. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência do fotoperíodo na reprodução e longevidade desse predador. Ninfas foram individualizadas em placas de Petri e mantidas em câmaras climatizadas a 28 ± 1°C, UR de 70 ± 10% e nos fotoperíodos de 12L:12E, 11L:13E, 10L:14E e 09L:15E. Os adultos foram acasalados em placas de Petri contendo inflorescência de Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae como substrato de oviposição e ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) como alimento. Foram avaliados os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição, fecundidade e longevidade de fêmeas e machos. Em nenhuma das condições de fotoperíodos avaliadas O. thyestes apresentou diapausa reprodutiva. O número médio de ovos por fêmea diminuiu proporcionalmente ao número de horas de luz, com diferença (P < 0,05) entre os valores obtidos em 12h e 9h de luz. A longevidade de fêmeas e machos do predador sob fotofase de 9h foi menor (P < 0,05) que as longevidades observadas nos demais fotoperíodos testados. O conhecimento sobre a biologia do inimigo natural em diferentes condições permite otimizar a criação massal e prever o desempenho do predador em diferentes fotoperíodos que podem ocorrer ao longo do ano e no interior das casas de vegetação.

Several species of Orius Wolff are used in biological control of thrips in protected cultivations in temperate regions, but some of them show reproductive diapause, compromising the efficiency of these agents of biological control. There are no reports on the biology of the neotropical species Orius thyestes Herring under different environmental conditions. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of photoperiod on reproduction and longevity of this predator. Nymphs were kept in petri dishes in climatic chambers at 28 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and under the photoperiods of 12L:12D, 11L:13D, 10L:14D e 09L:15D. The mating adults were kept in petri dishes with Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae inflorescences as oviposition substracts and eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as food. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity and longevity were evaluated and O. thyestes did not show reprodutive diapause in all photoperiod conditions established. The mean number of eggs obtained per female decreased with the reduction of the photophase, with a difference (P < 0.05) between the values obtained in 12h and 9h of photophase. Longevity of females and males under 9h photophase was shorter (P < 0.05) than in all other photoperiods tested. The knowledge of the biology of the natural enemy under different conditions allows to optimise the mass rearing and to predict the performance of the predator in different photoperiods which may occur along the year and in greenhouses.