The nature of light has always intrigued humanity. Among the texts of ancient Greeks that have survived to our days, there are frequent mentions of light and its nature. The first known book on optics is attributed to Euclid in the 3rd century BCE. The phenomenon of refraction, although known for millennia, resisted a mathematical explanation until the modern age. W. Snellius (Snell) was the first to present the correct equation that related the angles of incidence, refraction, and the speeds of light in each medium during refraction, but he did not publish his results. The publication was made by René Descartes. This result is now known as Snell-Descartes’ law or the law of refraction. Descartes treated light as a particle in his deduction. Huygens, in the 17th century, also deduced this law but treated light as a wave. These results differed in terms of the speed of light in more refractive media. The measurement of speed became possible only in the 18th century and corroborated Huygens’ result, indicating the wave nature of light. Interestingly, in 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by treating light as a particle (quantum of light). But if light also exhibits corpuscular behavior, shouldn’t it be possible to derive Snell-Descartes’ law by treating it this way? In this work, we will demonstrate that it is possible to derive this law from the corpuscular hypothesis of light. Besides its strong didactic appeal, the work engages in an interesting discussion of the current understanding of science regarding the nature of light. humanity days rd BCE refraction millennia age W Snell (Snell incidence SnellDescartes Snell-Descartes deduction Huygens th media Interestingly 1905 quantum . light) behavior shouldnt shouldn t way appeal 190 19 1

A natureza da luz sempre intrigou a humanidade. Entre os textos dos antigos gregos que sobreviveram até nossos dias, é frequente menções sobre a luz e sua natureza. O primeiro livro conhecido sobre óptica é atribuído a Euclides no século III a.C. O fenômeno da refração, embora conhecido há milênios, resistiu a uma explicação matemática até a idade moderna. W. Snellius (Snell) foi o primeiro a apresentar a equação correta que relacionasse os ângulos de incidência, refração e velocidades da luz em cada meio em uma refração, mas não publicou seus resultados. A publicação foi feita por René Descartes. Esse resultado é conhecido hoje como lei de Snell-Descartes ou lei da refração. Descartes tratou a luz como partícula em sua dedução. Huygens, no século XVII, também deduziu essa lei, mas tratando a luz como onda. Esses resultados diferiam quanto à velocidade da luz em meios mais refringentes. A medida da velocidade só foi possível no século XIX e corroborou o resultado de Huygens indicando a natureza ondulatória da luz. O interessante é que Einstein, em 1905, explica o efeito fotoelétrico tratando a luz como partícula (quantum de energia). Mas se a luz possui também um comportamento corpuscular, não deveria ser possível obter a lei de Snell-Descartes tratando-a dessa forma? Nesse trabalho, mostraremos que é possível obter essa lei partindo da hipótese corpuscular da luz. Além do forte apelo didático, o trabalho faz uma interessante discussão sobre a história do entendimento atual da ciência sobre a natureza da luz. humanidade dias aC C a.C milênios moderna W Snell (Snell incidência SnellDescartes dedução XVII onda refringentes Einstein 1905 quantum energia. energia . energia) tratandoa forma didático 190 19 1

Resumen El cerrado se caracteriza como un importante bioma brasileño, estructurando en su interior cuencas hidrográficas estratégicas tanto para el territorio nacional como internacional. A pesar de su importancia, el bioma ha sido cada vez más afectado por actividades antropogénicas. En este sentido, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y comprender las características físico-hídricas del suelo de una fitofisonomía de Cerrado Ralo presente en el Chapadão do Diamante (Serra da Canastra-MG), proporcionando la base necesaria para la valoración y el desarrollo de futuras formas de manejo en áreas similares. Para ello, se utilizó un simulador de lluvia y un infiltrómetro de anillos concéntricos para la prospección de datos de campo. Los resultados demostraron una alta capacidad de infiltración en el área de estudio, sin mostrar volúmenes significativos de escorrentía superficial incluso bajo precipitaciones de alta intensidad (57,35 mm), exponiendo valores elevados de velocidad de infiltración básica (VIB) de 626,56 mm/h. En general, estos valores están asociados a la dinámica de los elementos paisajísticos, destacando la relevancia de los procesos biológicos, como la acción de la vegetación y la pedofauna, en la modulación de la capacidad del suelo para retener, infiltrar y almacenar agua. brasileño internacional importancia antropogénicas sentido físicohídricas físico hídricas Serra CanastraMG, CanastraMG Canastra MG , Canastra-MG) similares ello campo estudio 57,35 5735 57 35 (57,3 mm, mm mm) VIB (VIB 62656 626 56 626,5 mmh h mm/h general paisajísticos biológicos pedofauna retener agua Canastra-MG 57,3 573 5 3 (57, 6265 62 626, 57, (57 6 (5 (

Abstract The Cerrado is characterized as an important Brazilian biome, forming strategic hydrographic basins within its territory that are significant both nationally and internationally. Despite its importance, the biome has been increasingly impacted by anthropogenic activities. In this context, this study aims to analyze and understand the physical-hydraulic characteristics of the soil in a sparse Cerrado physiognomy located in the Chapadão do Diamante (Serra da Canastra-MG), providing the necessary foundation for the assessment and development of future management strategies for similar areas. For field data prospecting, a rain simulator and a concentric ring infiltrometer were used. The results demonstrated a high infiltration capacity in the study area, with no significant surface runoff even under high-intensity precipitation (57.35 mm), revealing high values of basic infiltration velocity (BIV) at 626.56 mm/h. Overall, these values are associated with the dynamics of landscape elements, emphasizing the importance of biological processes, such as the role of vegetation and soil fauna, in modulating the soil's ability to retain, infiltrate, and store water. internationally activities context physicalhydraulic physical hydraulic Serra CanastraMG, CanastraMG Canastra MG , Canastra-MG) areas prospecting used area highintensity intensity 57.35 5735 57 35 (57.3 mm, mm mm) BIV (BIV 62656 626 56 626.5 mmh h mm/h Overall elements processes fauna soils s retain infiltrate water Canastra-MG 57.3 573 5 3 (57. 6265 62 626. 57. (57 6 (5 (

Resumo O cerrado caracteriza-se como importante bioma brasileiro, estruturando em seu interior bacias hidrográficas estratégicas tanto para o território nacional como internacional. Apesar de sua importância, o bioma vem sendo cada vez mais suprimido por atividades antrópicas. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e compreender as características físico-hídricas do solo de uma fitofisionomia de Cerrado Ralo presente no Chapadão do diamante (Serra da Canastra-MG), gerando embasamento necessário para valoração e surgimento de futuras formas de manejo a áreas semelhantes. Para tal utilizou-se para prospecção de dados de campo um simulador de chuvas e um infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos. Os resultados demostraram para área de estudos alta capacidade de infiltração, não exibindo volumes escoados superficialmente mesmo sob precipitações de alta intensidade (57,35mm), expondo altos valores de velocidade de infiltração básica (VIB) 626,56 mm/h. No geral, os valores estão associados a dinâmica dos elementos paisagísticos, destacando a relevância dos processos biológicos, como a ação da vegetação e da pedofauna na modulação da capacidade do solo em reter, infiltrar e armazenar a água. caracterizase caracteriza se brasileiro internacional importância antrópicas sentido físicohídricas físico hídricas Serra CanastraMG, CanastraMG Canastra MG , Canastra-MG) semelhantes utilizouse utilizou concêntricos 57,35mm, 5735mm mm 57,35mm 57 35mm (57,35mm) VIB (VIB 62656 626 56 626,5 mmh h mm/h geral paisagísticos biológicos reter água Canastra-MG 5 (57,35mm 6265 62 626, 6

RESUMO Entre outubro de 2016 e outubro de 2017, 63 urólitos felinos foram analisados na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), usando-se tanto análise química quanto espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). O tipo de mineral mais encontrado foi o estruvita (53,9%), seguido pelo urato (39,7%), oxalato de cálcio (30,1%) e fosfato de cálcio (25,3%). Cálculos contendo xantina, cistina e sílica não foram observados. Urólitos classificados como simples comprometeram um total de 34/63. Entre os 42 animais presentes no estudo, 26 eram machos e 16 eram fêmeas. Dos animais comprometidos, 14,4% eram de raças puras, sendo observadas as raças Persa, Himalaio, Siamês e Angorá. Gatos com idade entre 25-72 meses foram mais frequentemente diagnosticados com urólitos. Os sinais clínicos variaram entre sinais sistêmicos e urinários, sendo anorexia, vômito, hematúria e disúria os mais encontrados. Todos os pacientes eram castrados, e 34 deles não tinham acesso à rua. Histórico familiar era desconhecido em quase 100% dos casos. Os resultados observados no presente estudo servem como base para comparações futuras relacionadas à epidemiologia da litíase urinária no Brasil, especialmente em espécies felinas.

ABSTRACT Between October 2016 and October 2017, 63 feline uroliths were analyzed at Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) by using both chemical analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The most frequent mineral type found was struvite (53.9%), followed by urate (39.7%), calcium oxalate (30.1%) and calcium phosphate (25.3%). Calculus containing xanthine, cystine and silica were not observed. Uroliths classified as simple, comprised a total of 34/63. Amongst the 42 animals present in the study, 26 were male and 16 were female. Pure breed animals comprised 14.4% of the total, and the breeds observed within the study were the Persian, Himalayan, Siamese, and Angora. Cats between 25-72 months old were more frequently diagnosed with uroliths. The clinical signs varied between systemic and urinary signs and the most found were anorexia, vomiting, hematuria and dysuria. All patients were either spayed or neutered and 34 patients had no outdoor access. Familial information was unknown in almost 100% of the cases. The results observed in the present study serve as a basis for future comparisons related to the epidemiology of urinary lithiasis in Brazil, especially for the feline species.

RESUMO A lagoquilascaríase é uma doença zoonótica causada por um parasita nematoide do gênero Lagochilascaris (família Ascarididae), sendo a ingestão de roedores contaminados a principal fonte de infecção. Os principais sinais clínicos são disfagia e presença de nódulos ulcerados em região cervical. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso de lagoquilascaríase em um felino doméstico, na cidade de Caxias do Sul/RS. Um felino, macho, sem raça definida, adulto jovem, apresentou letargia, desidratação, fístulas bilaterais em cavidade orofaringe, globo ocular direito com exoftalmia, opacidade de córnea, prolapso de terceira pálpebra e lesão cutânea ulcerada periocular em região superior medial. O diagnóstico foi realizado por meio da visualização e identificação microscópica do parasita Lagochilascaris minor e de exame coproparasitológico com presença de ovos. O tratamento baseou-se no uso de doramectina e de medidas sanitárias. De acordo com a literatura atual, existem poucos relatos de lagoquilascaríase em felinos com apresentação clínica semelhante a este caso, visto que o mais comum consiste na formação de abscesso na região de pescoço. Além disso, é o primeiro caso descrito no município, contribuindo, assim, para a epidemiologia da doença.

ABSTRACT Lagoquilascariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by a nematode parasite of the genus Lagochilascaris (Family Ascarididae), with the ingestion of contaminated rodents being the main source of infection. The main clinical signs are dysphagia and the presence of ulcerated nodules in the cervical region. The objective was to describe a case of lagaroquilascariasis in a domestic cat, in the city of Caxias do Sul / RS. A young adult male feline, without defined breed presented lethargy, dehydration, bilateral fistulas in the oropharynx cavity, right eyeball with exophthalmos, corneal opacity, third eyelid prolapse and periocular ulcerated skin lesion in the upper medial region. The diagnosis was made through the visualization and microscopic identification of the parasite Lagochilascaris minor and coproparasitological examination with the presence of eggs. Treatment was based on the use of doramectin and sanitary measures. According to the current literature, there are few reports of lagoquilascariasis in felines with clinical presentation similar to this case, since the most common is the formation of an abscess in the neck region. Morover, it is the first case described in the municipality, thus contributing to the epidemiology of the disease.

Seminal studies stated that bean proteins are efficient neuronal tracers with affinity for brain tissue. A low molecular weight peptide fraction (<3kDa) from Phaseolus vulgaris (PV3) was previously reported to be antioxidant, non-cytotoxic, and capable of reducing reactive oxygen species and increasing nitric oxide in cells. We evaluated the effects of PV3 (5, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 µg/kg) on behavior and the molecular routes potentially involved. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments were performed before testing Wistar rats: i) in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) to assess the anxiolytic-like effect; ii) in the open field (OF) to evaluate locomotion and exploration; and iii) for depression-like behavior in forced swimming (FS). Catecholaminergic involvement was tested using the tyrosine hydroxylases (TH) enzyme inhibitor, α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (AMPT). Brain areas of chronically treated groups were dissected to assess: i) lipid peroxidation (LPO); ii) carbonylated proteins (CP); iii) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) and argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. Acute treatment with PV3 increased the frequency and time spent in the EPM open arms, suggesting anxiolysis. PV3 increased crossing episodes in the OF. These PV3 effects on anxiety and locomotion were absent in the chronically treated group. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments reduced the immobility time in the FS test, suggesting an antidepressant effect. TH inhibition by AMPT reverted acute PV3 effects. PV3 decreased LPO and CP levels and SOD and CAT activities, whereas nNOS and ASS were reduced in few brain areas. In conclusion, PV3 displayed central antioxidant actions that are concomitant to catecholaminergic-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.

There is increasing evidence that neurofilament light chain (NF-L) can be considered as a biomarker for neuro-axonal damage. This polypeptide can be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood, where it can be quantified. The concentration of NF-L is elevated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and psychiatric disorders. We aimed to investigate the NF-L levels in the CSF from treated MS patients and the relationship with depression or anxiety. The study involved three groups: control group (individuals without inflammation), the relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)-untreated group, and the RRMS-Fingo group (RRMS patients who were treated with fingolimod). MS disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, and depression and anxiety were evaluated by a neuropsychologist, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Individual CSF samples were collected to measure NF-L levels. The results of the statistical analysis on levels of NF-L in the CSF of control subjects, RRMS-untreated patients, and RRMS-Fingo patients were significant. The relationship between depression and anxiety in RRMS-Fingo patients and NF-L levels was not statistically significant. In conclusion, MS events such as anxiety and depression appear to contribute to the onset of clinical relapses, subclinical cases, and neurodegeneration.

Abstract The use of creep feeding for preweaning piglets is important to improve the performance of the piglets. The objective of this experiment was evaluate the effect of using or altering the position of piglet’s creep feeder during lactation on piglet’s performance and on behavior of piglets and sows kept in a hot climate environment. Forty-five sows and their litters at 10 days of lactation were randomly distributed into three treatments: front feeder (FF) - near the side of the sow’s head; back feeder (BF) - near the side of the rump of the sow; and no feeder (NF). All piglets were weighed individually to evaluate the average weight, weight gain and coefficient of variation of the weight. Behavior assessments of the piglets and sows were recorded in 3 period. At 15 and 21 d, piglets of the FF treatment were heavier (P ≤ 0.0001) than piglets of the other treatments. At 10-21d piglets of FF treatment had 76.2% less belly nosing behavior than the NF piglets (P=0.015). The treatments had no impact on behavior of the sows. The creep feeders positioned in the front of the farrowing crate increased piglet growth rate and decreased frequency of belly nosing behavior.

Every year, billions of dollars are invested in research and development for space applications, including new systems, new technologies, and new materials. DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) is a promising material for use in these applications, but its use faces a technological barrier, since it is severely etched by atomic oxygen and ozone. In this study, SiOx-DLC thin films were deposited as a top layer of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates to increase resistance against corrosion by atomic oxygen and ozone as well as meet the requirements for use in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The corrosion resistance of the films was evaluated using oxygen plasma, and the tribological and mechanical properties were investigated. The SiOx-DLC top layer reduced the corrosion rate two orders of magnitude and increased the critical load from 16.2 ± 1.5 N to 18.4 ± 0.4 N.

RESUMO Avaliações com o intuito de mensurar marcadores de eficiência na performance esportiva do cavalo Crioulo são escassas e de fundamental importância no que tange às possíveis especificidades da raça. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e determinar os padrões de frequência cardíaca, velocidade, concentração de lactato e gasto energético de equinos da raça Crioula durante provas credenciadoras ao Freio de Ouro. Tais variáveis foram avaliadas durante a realização das etapas funcionais da competição. Observaram-se flutuações superiores da variável frequência cardíaca (FC) durante a realização das etapas de Andadura, Figura, Volta sobre Patas e Esbarradas (And/fig/VSP) (203bpm) e menores valores na etapa Paleteada II (185bpm) (P<0,05). Em relação à velocidade, o maior valor atingido foi registrado na etapa de Paleteada II (39,7km/h). A concentração de lactato sanguíneo aferida se mostrou elevada em todas as fases da competição, sendo o maior valor observado na etapa de Paleteada II (14,5mmol/L) (P<0,05) e o menor durante a etapa de Mangueira I (9,3mmol/L). Superior gasto energético foi atribuído à etapa de And/Fig/VSP (853,28kcal/kgPV/min). Portanto, todas as etapas funcionais podem ser classificadas como anaeróbias, por apresentarem concentrações de lactato sanguíneo acima de 4mmol/L, e demandam alto gasto energético pelos competidores.

ABSTRACT Evaluations of athletic performance markers of Crioulo breed horses are scarce yet fundamentally important regarding possible unique characteristics of this breed. This study aimed to evaluate and determine heart rate, speed, blood lactate and energy expenditure patterns of Crioulo breed horses during qualifying tests in the functional phases of the “Freio de Ouro” championship. Higher values of heart rate during the phases “andadura, figura, voltas sobre patas, esbarradas” (And/Fig/VSP) (203bpm) and lower values at “Paleteada II” (185bpm) (P<0.05) were noticed. Regarding speed variable, the maximum value was registered at “Paleteada II” (39.7km/h). During all the phases, blood lactate concentration was high, with the highest value found at “Paleteada II” (14.5mm/L) and the lowest during “Mangueira I” (9.3mm/L) (P<0.05). Superior energy expenditure was noticed in the “And/Fig/VSP” phase (853.28Kcal/kgPV/min). Thus, all functional phases can be classified as anaerobic, as blood lactate concentrations remained above 4mmol/L, with high energy demand of the horses.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiotherapy. The efficacy of the therapeutic measures to prevent OM is limited and disease prevention is not fully observable. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent with a described anti-inflammatory potential. It is clinically used to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy-associated xerostomia. This study investigated the protective effect of amifostine on an experimental model of OM. Hamsters were divided into six groups: saline control group (5 mL/kg), mechanical trauma (scratches) of the right cheek pouch; 5-FU (60 and 40 mg/kg, ip, respectively, administered on days 1 and 2); amifostine (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) + 5-FU + scratches. Salivation rate was assessed and the animals were euthanized on day 10 for the analysis of macroscopic and microscopic injury by scores. Tissue samples were harvested for the measurement of neutrophil infiltration and detection of inflammatory markers by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. 5-FU induced pronounced hyposalivation, which was prevented by amifostine (P<0.05). In addition, 5-FU injection caused pronounced tissue injury accompanied by increased neutrophil accumulation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) tissue levels, and positive immunostaining for TNF-α, IL-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Interestingly, amifostine prevented the inflammatory reaction and consequently improved macroscopic and microscopic damage (P<0.05 vs 5-FU group). Amifostine reduced inflammation and protected against 5-FU-associated oral mucositis and hyposalivation.

Abstract: The vibrational modes with nonzero frequency are localized in harmonic lattice with disordered masses. In our work, we investigated numerically the propagation of vibrational energy in harmonic lattice with long-range correlated disordered masses, which are randomly distributed with power law spectrum S ( k ) ∝ k − α. For α = 0, a standard uncorrelated disordered mass distribution was observed and for α > 0 its distribution exhibits intrinsic long-range correlations. Our procedure was done by the numerical solution of the classical equations for the mass displacement and velocities. Energy flow was investigated after injection of an initial wave-packet with energy E0 and the dynamics of the vibrational energy wave-packet was analyzed. We also investigated the dynamics of a pulse pumped at one side of the lattice. Our calculations suggest that vibrational modes with nonzero frequency propagate within harmonic lattice with correlated disordered masses distribution.

The heptapeptide Bj-PRO-7a, isolated and identified from Bothrops jararaca (Bj) venom, produces antihypertensive and other cardiovascular effects that are independent on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, possibly relying on cholinergic muscarinic receptors subtype 1 (M1R). However, whether Bj-PRO-7a acts upon the central nervous system and modifies behavior is yet to be determined. Therefore, the aims of this study were: i) to assess the effects of acute administration of Bj-PRO-7a upon behavior; ii) to reveal mechanisms involved in the effects of Bj-PRO-7a upon locomotion/exploration, anxiety, and depression-like behaviors. For this purpose, adult male Wistar (WT, wild type) and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) received intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (0.9% NaCl), diazepam (2 mg/kg), imipramine (15 mg/kg), Bj-PRO-7a (71, 213 or 426 nmol/kg), pirenzepine (852 nmol/kg), α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (200 mg/kg), or chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg), and underwent elevated plus maze, open field, and forced swimming tests. The heptapeptide promoted anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and increased locomotion/exploration. These effects of Bj-PRO-7a seem to be dependent on M1R activation and dopaminergic receptors and rely on catecholaminergic pathways.

ABSTRACT We addressed a major challenge in the in vitro clonal propagation of Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus urophylla and E. benthamii by using an ex vitro adventitious rooting strategy in a mini-incubator. Mini-incubators were placed in four environments for rooting. A shade house with no fogging system and a greenhouse with no ventilation but with a fogging environment had the best performance in terms of rooting, root growth and survival of microcuttings. Daily recording of the temperature within each mini-incubator in each environment allowed the verification of negative correlations between the maximum average temperature and the survival, adventitious rooting and root growth. The ideal maximum air temperature for the efficient production of clonal plants was 28.4°C (± 5.5°C), and the minimum was 20.3°C (± 6.2°C). E. benthamii was more sensitive to higher temperatures than C. citriodora and E. urophylla. Nevertheless, placing mini-incubators in the shade house with no fogging system resulted in a stable and uniform performance among the three species, with 100.0% survival and 81.4% rooting. Histological sections of the adventitious roots revealed connection with the stem vascular cambium. Therefore, our experimental system demonstrated the potential of mini-incubators coupled with the proper environment to optimize the adventitious rooting performance of microcuttings.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi realizado em suínos do município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, com o objetivo de caracterizar epidemiologicamente a leptospirose suína em criações não tecnificadas do semiárido brasileiro. Para isso, foi realizado diagnóstico sorológico da infecção pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), sendo as amostras submetidas a uma coleção de 24 variantes de leptospira, e foram obtidas informações, por meio de visitas às criações e entrevistas com os proprietários, abordando variáveis referentes a criador, características gerais da propriedade, manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário, com o propósito de realizar análise de fatores de risco. Obteve-se uma prevalência de 78,6% (324/412) de suínos soropositivos. As amostras foram positivas para 15 sorovares, com predominância do sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, seguido do Pomona, Shermani e Tarassovi. Os animais foram positivos a até oito sorovares. Os títulos variaram de 100 a 12.800, sendo as maiores titulações contra o sorovar Pomona. Em todas as 20 propriedades trabalhadas (100%) existiam animais reagentes, e a prevalência da infecção em cada propriedade variou de 25% a 100%. Os fatores de risco que estavam associados à leptospirose foram o sistema de confinamento dos animais e o saneamento ruim das instalações de criação. O uso de água tratada na dessedentação dos animais se mostrou fator de proteção. Os resultados mostraram que a Leptospira spp. encontrava-se bastante disseminada nas criações de suínos de Mossoró, com grande variação de sorovares circulantes, representando um problema na produção animal e riscos para a saúde pública.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted in pigs of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, with the objective of epidemiological characterization of swine leptospirosis in herds reared under poor technical and sanitary conditions in the Brazilian semiarid. Serological diagnosis of infection was carried out by means of microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and the samples were submitted to a collection of 24 Leptospira serovars. Information about, variables referring to the farm owner, general property characteristics, productive, reproductive and health management were obtained, by means of visits to the farms and interviews, in order to perform an analysis of risk factors. A prevalence of 78.6% (324/412) of seropositive pigs was observed. The samples were positive to 15 serovars, with predominance of serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, followed by Pomona, Shermani and Tarassovi. The animals were positive for up to eight serovars. The titles ranged from 100 to 12,800, and the highest titers were observed to serovar Pomona. In all the 20 examined herds there were reactor animals, and the prevalence in each herd ranged from 25% to 100%. The risk factors that were associated with leptospirosis were the confinement system of animals and bad sanitation of breeding facilities. The use of treated water for watering the animals showed a protective factor. The results showed that Leptospira spp. was found to be quite widespread in swine farms of Mossoró, with wide variation of circulating serovars, representing a problem in animal production and risks to public health.

Resumen Presenta la colección de la colección herpetológica de los Colegios Integrado Tapajós/Facultad Amazonia, con la lista completa de especies de reptiles depositados en ella. La colección herpetológica actualmente alberga 3.349 ejemplares, tiene carácter científico y didáctico. La colección completa está organizada y cumple con los requisitos mínimos exigidos para este tipo de muestras biológicas. Representa una excelente base de datos para el estudio de la herpetofauna amazónica. Las ciudades con las muestras más representativas depositadas son Santarém y Belterra, Pará, Brasil, la mayoría de los ejemplares provienen de expediciones científicas y puede considerarse una representativa muestra de la dinámica regional. Sin embargo, se necesita una mayor inversión estructural, para el mantenimiento y crecimiento de la colección, para que continúe en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

Abstract It shows the collection of the herpetological collection of the Tapajos Integrated Colleges/College Amazon, with complete list of species of reptiles and amphibians deposited in the collection. The herpetological collection currently houses 3.349 specimens, has scientific and didactic collection. The entire collection is properly tumbled and packaged as minimum requirements for collections. He represents an excellent database for the study of amazon herpetofauna. The cities with the most representative specimens of deposits in the collection are Santarem and Belterra, Pará, Brazil; most copies come from scientific expeditions and be can considered a regional dynamic collection because it is to the community. However, greater investments are needed structural, for the maintenance and growth of, the collection so that it continues in of continue with the performance of their duties.

Resumo Apresenta-se o acervo da coleção herpetológica das Faculdades Integradas do Tapajós/Faculdade da Amazônia, com lista completa das espécies de répteis depositados na coleção. A coleção herpetológica abriga atualmente 3.349 espécimes, possui coleção científica e didática. Todo o acervo está devidamente tombado e acondicionado conforme exigências mínimas para coleções. E representa uma excelente base de dados para o estudo da herpetofauna amazônica. As cidades com maior representatividade de depósitos de espécimes na coleção são Santarém e Belterra, Pará, Brasil. Grande parte dos exemplares é oriunda de expedições científicas e pode ser considerada uma coleção regional dinâmica, pois se encontra à disposição da comunidade. Entretanto, são necessários maiores investimentos de ordem estrutural, para a manutenção e crescimento do acervo, para que este continue no desempenho de suas funções.