ABSTRACT Ryegrass and turnip are weeds that cause high yield losses when infesting barley, thus requiring adequate management. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of different herbicide treatments and weed control in the barley crop, cultivar BRS Cauê. Two field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments used were: pendimethalin (800 g·ha-1), sulfentrazone + diuron (175 + 350 g·ha-1), and imazaquim (150 g·ha-1 of a. e.) applied pre-emergence; and iodosulfuron (3.5 g·ha-1), pyroxsulam (18 g·ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (3.96 g·ha-1), 2,4-D (670 g·ha-1 of a. e.), clodinafop-propargyl (48 g·ha-1), bentazon + imazamox (600 + 28 g·ha-1), saflufenacil (49 g·ha-1), bentazon (720 g·ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g·ha-1), and imazamox (42 g·ha-1) applied post-emergence, with two controls (one weeded and the other infested). The use of the herbicide imazaquim caused high levels of phytotoxicity in barley. Gas exchange was less responsive to herbicide applications in relation to barley phytotoxicity and productivity. Clodinafop-propargil showed the best control of ryegrass, while the herbicides iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfurom-methyl, 2,4-D, bentazon + imazamox, saflufenacil, bentazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, and imazaquim showed high efficiency in the control of turnip species. Imazaquim caused reduction of up to 74.7% in barley grain yield. On the other hand, iodosulufuron and piroxsulam allowed the highest grain yields of the barley cultivar, BRS Cauê, by promoting partial control of ryegrass and total control of turnip species, followed by clodinafop-propargyl and metsulfuron-methyl, which controlled ryegrass and turnip, respectively, allowing an increase in yield grain in relation to the infested control.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la interferencia y determinar el nivel de daño económico (NDE) de escoba dura infestando diferentes cultivares de soja. Los tratamientos fueron cultivares de soja (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA y SYN 13561) y las densidades de escoba dura (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22 y 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18 y 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15 y 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44 y 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20 y 47; e 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29 y 30 plantas m-2), respectivamente, para cada cultivar. Los cultivares NS 6909, NA 5909 y Brasmax Lança son más competitivos que DM 5958, Brasmax Elite y SYN 13561. Los valores de NDE varían de 0,55 a 0,95 plantas m-2 para los cultivares NS 6909, NA 5909 y Brasmax Lança, que mostraron mejor competitividad. Los valores más bajos de NDE varían de 0,26 a 0,61 plantas m-2 para los cultivares DM 5958, Brasmax Elite y SYN 13561, los cuales mostraron menor competitividad con la maleza.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the interference and threshold level (TL) of Sida rhombifolia, the arrowleaf sida, competing with different soybean cultivars. The treatments comprised different soybean cultivars (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA, and SYN 13561) and densities of arrowleaf sida plants per square meter (m-2) (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22, and 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, and 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44, and 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20, and 47; 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29, and 30, respectively) for each cultivar. Cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança were more competitive than DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561. The TL values varied from 0.55 to 0.95 plants m-2 for cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança, which exhibited greater competitiveness with arrowleaf sida. The lowest values of TL varied from 0.26 to 0.61 plants m-2 for cultivars DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561, which had less competitiveness with weed.

ABSTRACT The identification of the application stage and correct dose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is important so that wheat is not harmed. In view of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D doses applied at different development stages of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, the application stages (before tillering, tillering, first node and booting) were allocated and the doses of 2,4-D (0, 349, 698, 1047 and 1396 g.ha–1) were allocated in factor B. The variables evaluated were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application of the treatments (DAT), photosynthetic activity, CO2 internal concentration, stomatal conductance, efficient water use and carboxylation efficiency. The number of spikes·m–2, spike length and number of full and sterile grains were determined in the preharvest. Thousand grain mass, grain yield and hectoliter weight were determined after harvest. The results demonstrate that the herbicide caused phytotoxicity to wheat, being greater in increasing doses and mainly before tillering, causing grain sterility and decreased productivity. The other yield components did not present difference when increasing the dose and application in different stages as well as the physiological variables. The increase of the 2,4-D doses applied before tillering and in the booting stage caused linear decrease in wheat grain yield.

RESUMO O uso de glifosato associado com outros herbicidas torna-se uma alternativa importante para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes do milho, pois ele aumenta o espectro de controle, minimiza problemas com resistência e tolerância de plantas daninhas ao herbicida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficiência, a seletividade e os efeitos nos componentes de rendimento de grãos do milho resistente ao glifosato pelo uso dessa substância associada ou não a outros herbicidas aplicados em pré- e pós-emergência. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatros repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na utilização do glifosato em combinação com os herbicidas: atrazina, [atrazina + simazina], [atrazina + óleo], [atrazina + S-metolacloro], aplicados em pré- e/ou pós-emergência e o [nicosulfuron + mesotriona] somente em pós-emergência, além das testemunhas capinada e infestada. Avaliaram-se as variáveis: fitotoxicidade ao milho, controle de plantas daninhas, altura de inserção de espigas, número de fileiras e de grãos por espiga, peso de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos. Os herbicidas ocasionaram baixa fitotoxicidade ao milho, inferior a 6%, controle superior a 88, 95 e 95% para papuã, nabo e girassol, respectivamente, e não influenciaram negativamente nos componentes relacionados ao rendimento de grãos da cultura. Os herbicidas testados são seletivos ao híbrido Forseed 2A521 PW e efetivos no controle de papuã, nabo e girassol. O manejo das plantas daninhas com capina ou herbicidas proporcionou aumento de cerca de 43% na produtividade de grãos do híbrido de milho Forseed 2A521 PW. O uso de glifosato em mistura de tanque com herbicidas aplicados em pré- ou pós-emergência incrementou, aproximadamente, 14% a produtividade de grãos de milho.

ABSTRACT The application of glyphosate associated with other herbicides is an important alternative for weed control in maize, to increase control spectrum and to minimize problems with resistance and tolerance from some species to the product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy, selectivity and effects on the grain yield components of glyphosate-resistant maize as a function of its application, associated or not with other pre- and postemergence herbicides. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted in the use of glyphosate combined with the herbicides: atrazine, [atrazine + simazine], [atrazine + oil], [atrazine + S-metolachlor], applied pre- and/or postemergence and [nicosulfuron + mesotrione] only postemergence, plus two controls, one weeded and one infested. The evaluated variables were maize phytotoxicity, weed control, ear insertion height, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, one thousand grain mass and grain yield. Herbicide treatments caused low phytotoxicity to maize, less than 6%; control greater than 88, 95 and 95% for alexandergrass, turnip and sunflower, respectively, and did not affect grain yield components. The tested herbicides are selective to the hybrid Forseed 2A521 PW and effective in weed control. Weed control with weeding or herbicide increased maize Forseed 2A521 PW yield by 43%. The association of glyphosate with pre- or postemergence herbicides increased maize grain yield by approximately 14%.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze health personnel’s socio-cognitive reconstruction about chronic psychiatric clients, contextualizing it with their time in the institution and the care process. Method qualitative study conducted in 2013 with 159 participants at two hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, applying a structural approach to social representations, using the free evocations technique and the software Group of Programs for the Analysis of Evoked Responses (Ensemble de Programmes Permettant L’analyze des Évocations, EVOC). Approved by the research ethics committee (opinions 13/2009 and 53/2010). Results 795 words were evoked, the minimum frequency was 9, the mean was 17. The ranking of mean orders of evocation was 2.99. Five dimensions were constructed: imagery; positive affectivity; institutional care; mixed affectivity; and need. Conclusion the study afforded an understanding of mental health personnel’s social representations about clients who have aged in asylum spaces, victims of stigmatizing, exclusionary care.

RESUMEN Objetivo ananalizar la reconstrucción socio-cognitiva de los profesionales de salud acerca del cliente con enfermedad psiquiátrica crónica, contextualizando con su permanencia institucional y el proceso asistencial. Método estudio cualitativo, con enfoque estructural de las representaciones sociales, realizado en 2013, en dos hospitales de Río de Janeiro-Brasil, con 159 participantes. Aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, dictámenes 13/2009 y 53/2010. Se utilizó la técnica de evocaciones libres y el análisis con el software Ensemble de Programmes Permettant L’analyse des Évocations. Resultados fueron evocadas 795 palabras, la frecuencia mínima fue 09, la media fue de 17. El rango del orden promedio de evocación fue de 2.99. Se construyeron cinco dimensiones, a saber: imagética; afectividad positiva; asistencial-institucional; afectividad mixta; necesidad. Conclusión el alcance del objetivo posibilitó la comprensión de la representación social que los profesionales de salud mental poseen respecto a los clientes que envejecieron en los espacios manicomiales, víctima de una asistencia estigmatizante y excluyente.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a reconstrução sociocognitiva dos profissionais de saúde acerca do cliente com enfermidade psiquiátrica crônica, contextualizando com a sua permanência institucional e o processo assistencial. Método estudo qualitativo, com abordagem estrutural das representações sociais, realizada em 2013, em dois hospitais do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil, com 159 profissionais. Projeto aprovado pelo Comité de Ética em Pesquisa, pareceres nº 13/2009 e 53/2010. Utilizou-se a técnica de evocações livres e a análise com o software Ensemble de Programmes Permettant L’analyse des Évocations . Resultados foram evocadas 795 palavras, com frequência mínima 9 e média 17. O rang das ordens médias de evocação alcançou 2.99. Foram construídas cinco dimensões, a saber: imagética; afetividade positiva; assistencial-institucional; afetividade mista; necessidade. Conclusão compreendeu-se a representação social dos profissionais de saúde mental sobre os clientes que envelheceram nos espaços manicomiais, vítimas de uma assistência estigmatizante e excludente.