Abstract Symbiotic fermented kinds of milk are products with probiotic microorganisms and a simultaneous prebiotic effect. The presence of fibers or oligosaccharides causes it. This work aimed to evaluate and model fermented milk beverage production with probiotic microorganisms and in situ Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) synthesis. GOS enzymatic production was maximized through the mathematical model, and finally, the mathematical prediction was experimentally validated. For this purpose, the enzymatic kinetics of GOS production from Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase enzyme was experimentally evaluated for different initial lactose concentrations (30%, 35%, and 40% w/v) and enzyme/lactose ratio (R: 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). In addition, the fermentative kinetics of lactic acid and biomass production were evaluated using the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus. The parameters correlation for both models was then performed. A unified model determined the process conditions that maximize GOS concentration in the fermented milk beverage. According to the model, the operating values that maximized the GOS production were 40% of initial lactose, R: 0.15%, 20 min of enzymatic reaction, and 17 h of fermentative reaction. The final fermented milk drink showed a GOS content of 2.9 g/portion of 200 g, guaranteeing the recommended daily values of the prebiotic with the consumption of two servings. effect it (GOS synthesis finally validated purpose βgalactosidase β galactosidase 30%, 30 (30% 35 35% 40 w/v wv w v enzymelactose R (R 02 0 2 0.2% 04 4 0.4% 0.6%. 06 0.6% . 6 0.6%) addition acidophilus performed 015 15 0.15% reaction 1 29 9 2. gportion g portion servings 30% 3 (30 0.2 0.4 0.6 01 0.15 (3 0. 0.1 (

Resumen En este trabajo, se elaboró una metodología para medir el consumo de combustible para vehículos livianos (LDV) en Colombia, basándose en las metodologías existentes para el transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. Esta metodología se propuso como una herramienta para la evaluación de estrategias de eficiencia energética aplicadas en vehículos, así como para establecer la línea base para medición, control y regulación del consumo de combustibles fósiles con base en criterios metrológicos. Además, se analizaron las capacidades de medición dentro de Colombia y se adoptaron los procedimientos establecidos por el Código de Regulaciones Federales de los Estados Unidos de América, para medir el consumo de combustible de LDV por métodos gravimétricos. Se elaboró un modelo de incertidumbre basado en la Guía para la expresión de la incertidumbre en la medición (GUM), y se analizó la contribución de diferentes variables asociadas al proceso de medición, instrumentos, equipos y condiciones ambientales sobre la incertidumbre del mensurando.

Abstract In this study, a methodology to measure fuel consumption for light duty vehicles (LDV) in Colombia was elaborated based on existing methodologies from road transportation worldwide. This methodology was proposed as a tool for the evaluation of energy efficiency strategies applied to vehicles, as well as establishing the baseline for measurement, control, and regulation of consumption of fossil fuels based on metrological criteria. Additionally, the capacities for measurement within Colombia were analyzed, and procedures stated by the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America were adopted for measuring fuel consumption of LDV by gravimetric methods. An uncertainty model based on the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) was elaborated, and the contribution of different variables associated to the measurement process the instruments, the equipment, and the ambient conditions over the uncertainty of the measurand, were analyzed.

The potential of plants as a source of bioactive principles has been little studied. The objective of this research was to determine phytotoxic activity of methanol extracts of Dieffenbachia amoena, Neriu moleander, Raphanus sativus and Brassica napobrassica on germination and seedling vigor of Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Lactuca sativa, Solanum lycopersicum and Oryza sativa. The variables evaluated were germination percentage and seedling vigor (radicle length, RL and aerial part length, APL). An analysis of variance and Tukey's comparison of means test (P ≤ 0.05) was performed. The methanol extracts of B. napobrassica and R. sativus showed the highest phytotoxic effect in comparison with the extracts of the other species, by affecting the germination of the seeds of E. crus-galli and L. sativa (96 and 99% at the concentration of 1%, and 90 and 100% at the concentration of 5%, respectively). Both extracts inhibited the growth of RL and APL of C. album, E. crus-galli, L. sativa and O. sativa; the only exception was S. lycopersicum. Glucosinolates were detected in the extracts of the Brassica napobrassica and Raphanus sativus species.

El potencial que ofrecen las plantas como fuente de principios bioactivos ha sido poco estudiado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la actividad fitotóxica de los extractos metanólicos de Dieffenbachia amoena, Nerium oleander, Raphanus sativus y Brassica napobrassica en la germinación y vigor de las plántulas de Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Lactuca sativa, Solanum lycopersicum y Oryza sativa. Las variables evaluadas fueron porcentaje de germinación y vigor de la plántula (longitud de radícula, LR y longitud de la parte aérea, LPA). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias de Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Los extractos de B. napobrassica y R. sativus presentaron el mayor efecto fitotóxico en comparación con los extractos de las especies restantes, al afectar la germinación de las semillas de E. crus-galli y L. sativa (96 y 99% a la concentración de 1%, y 90 y 100% a la concentración de 5%, respectivamente). Ambos extractos inhibieron el crecimiento de la LR y LPA de C. album, E. crus-galli, L. sativa y O. sativa, la excepción fue S. lycopersicum. Se identificó la presencia de glucosinolatos en los extractos de las especies de Brassica napobrassica y Raphanus sativus.

Tagetes filifolia Lag. is a ruderal species widely distributed in Mexico from which is starting to make knowledge about its morphological variability as a part of a study sequence related with its possible domestication to obtain biopesticides. For acquiring more knowledge on this plant resource, 104 accessions from central-south Mexico were morphologically characterized by 11 achene traits employing a digital images technique. Five different morphologic groups were identified. Group I had accessions with small and wide achenes, group II had big and wide achenes, group III had small and long achenes, group IV had big and long achenes, and group V had big achenes but longer than group IV. The most discriminant variables were elongation index, compactness index, roundness index, minor axis length/ major axis length ratio to get the canonical root 1, and longitudinal perimeter and major axis length to get the canonical root 2. The variability in shape and size of T. filifolia achenes was grouped in 5 morphotypes, however not all morphotypes were present in all the central-south region of Mexico.

Tagetes filifolia Lag. es una especie ruderal ampliamente distribuida en México de la cual se empieza a conocer su variabilidad morfológica, como parte de una serie de estudios relacionados con su posible domesticación para obtener biopesticidas. Para ampliar el conocimiento sobre este recurso vegetal se definieron mediante 11 características del aquenio 104 recolecciones del centro-sur de México empleando una técnica digital de imágenes. Se identificaron 5 diferentes grupos morfológicos. El Grupo I presentó recolecciones con aquenios pequeños y anchos; el Grupo II, aquenios grandes y anchos; el Grupo III, aquenios pequeños y alargados; el Grupo IV, aquenios grandes y alargados, y el Grupo V, aquenios grandes pero más alargados que los del Grupo IV. Las variables más discriminantes fueron el índice de alargamiento, índice de compactación, índice de redondez, relación eje menor/ eje mayor para la raíz canónica 1, y perímetro longitudinal y longitud del eje mayor para la raíz canónica 2. La gran variabilidad de las características de la forma y tamaño de los aquenios de T. filifolia se pudo agrupar en 5 morfotipos, los cuales no estuvieron presentes en toda la región centro-sur de México.