O estudo avaliou os atributos essenciais e derivados da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na perspectiva dos usuários e profissionais de 35 Unidades de Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brasil. Os dados de 73 profissionais e 386 usuários foram coletados em entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Para os profissionais, o resultado foi satisfatório no escore geral (7,54), escore essencial (7,28) e escore derivado (8,02), exceto no atributo acesso de primeiro contato. Os usuários avaliaram como insatisfatório todos os atributos. As divergências encontradas revelaram que as demandas da população não são atendidas nesse nível de atenção à saúde. Se a população não acessa os serviços, não se beneficia de nenhum dos outros atributos dessa modalidade de atenção.

This study assessed the essential and derivative attributes of primary health care from the perspective of health service users and professionals from 35 primary health facilities in São José de Ribamar in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Data were collected from 73 professionals and 386 service users through interviews based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The health professionals rated all attributes except first-contact care as satisfactory (overall score = 7.54, essential attributes score = 7.28, and derivative attributes score = 8.02), while the service users rated all attributes as unsatisfactory. The differences in perceptions between health professionals and service users reveal that the population’s health needs are not being met at this level of care. If the population fails to access services, it fails to benefit from any of the other attributes of this level of care.

El estudio evaluó los atributos esenciales y derivados de la Atención Primaria de la Salud desde la perspectiva de los usuarios y profesionales de 35 Unidades de Salud en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de São José de Ribamar, estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos de 73 profesionales y 386 usuarios se colectaron en entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool. Para los profesionales el resultado fue satisfactorio en el Puntaje General (7,54), Puntaje Esencial (7,28) y Puntaje Derivado (8,02), excepto en el atributo acceso del primer contacto. Los usuarios evaluaron como insatisfactorios todos los atributos. Las divergencias encontradas revelaron que las demandas de la población no se atienden en ese nivel de atención de la salud. Si la población no tiene acceso a los servicios, no se beneficia de ninguno de los demás atributos de esa modalidad de atención.

O estudo avaliou os atributos essenciais e derivados da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na perspectiva dos usuários e profissionais de 35 Unidades de Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brasil. Os dados de 73 profissionais e 386 usuários foram coletados em entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Para os profissionais, o resultado foi satisfatório no escore geral (7,54), escore essencial (7,28) e escore derivado (8,02), exceto no atributo acesso de primeiro contato. Os usuários avaliaram como insatisfatório todos os atributos. As divergências encontradas revelaram que as demandas da população não são atendidas nesse nível de atenção à saúde. Se a população não acessa os serviços, não se beneficia de nenhum dos outros atributos dessa modalidade de atenção.

This study assessed the essential and derivative attributes of primary health care from the perspective of health service users and professionals from 35 primary health facilities in São José de Ribamar in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Data were collected from 73 professionals and 386 service users through interviews based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The health professionals rated all attributes except first-contact care as satisfactory (overall score = 7.54, essential attributes score = 7.28, and derivative attributes score = 8.02), while the service users rated all attributes as unsatisfactory. The differences in perceptions between health professionals and service users reveal that the population’s health needs are not being met at this level of care. If the population fails to access services, it fails to benefit from any of the other attributes of this level of care.

El estudio evaluó los atributos esenciales y derivados de la Atención Primaria de la Salud desde la perspectiva de los usuarios y profesionales de 35 Unidades de Salud en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de São José de Ribamar, estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos de 73 profesionales y 386 usuarios se colectaron en entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool. Para los profesionales el resultado fue satisfactorio en el Puntaje General (7,54), Puntaje Esencial (7,28) y Puntaje Derivado (8,02), excepto en el atributo acceso del primer contacto. Los usuarios evaluaron como insatisfactorios todos los atributos. Las divergencias encontradas revelaron que las demandas de la población no se atienden en ese nivel de atención de la salud. Si la población no tiene acceso a los servicios, no se beneficia de ninguno de los demás atributos de esa modalidad de atención.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi traduzir, adaptar e investigar propriedades psicométricas da Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) em uma amostra de crianças brasileiras. Após tradução, adaptação transcultural, retrotradução e equivalência semântica, realizada por juízes da área, a versão brasileira da CHEXI foi respondida por pais e professores de 408 crianças, idades entre 4 e 7 anos, também avaliadas com a Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia e SNAP-IV. Elevados índices de consistência interna foram encontrados. A análise fatorial exploratória gerou dois fatores para a versão brasileira: um fator mais geral de funções executivas e um específico de inibição. As pontuações nas subescalas de planejamento, regulação e, marginalmente, memória de trabalho da CHEXI explicaram de modo significativo o indicador de desatenção da SNAP-IV, enquanto a pontuação na subescala de inibição explicou o indicador de hiperatividade/impulsividade. Os resultados fornecem bons parâmetros psicométricos para a CHEXI, além de contribuir para a realização de estudos com funções executivas e indicadores de TDAH no país.

Abstract The aim of the study was to translate, adapt and investigate psychometric properties of Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) for a sample of Brazilian children. After translation, cultural adaptation, back-translation and semantic equivalence performed by area judges, the Brazilian version of CHEXI was answered by parents and teachers of 408 children aged between 4 and 7 years, also evaluated with the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and SNAP-IV. High internal consistency indices were found. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors for the Brazilian version: a more general factor of executive functions and one specific factor of inhibition. The scores on the subscales of planning, regulation and marginally working memory in CHEXI explained significantly the inattention indicator of SNAP-IV, while the score on the inhibition subscale explained the indicator of hyperactivity/impulsivity. The results provide good psychometric parameters for CHEXI, besides contributing to the studies with Executive functions and ADHD signs in Brazil.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue traducir, adaptar e investigar las propiedades psicométricas del Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) en una muestra de niños brasileños. Después de la traducción, adaptación transcultural, retro-traducción y equivalencia semántica realizada por jueces del área, la versión brasileña de la CHEXI fue respondida por padres y maestros de 408 niños de edad comprendida entre 4 y 7 años, también evaluados con la Escala de Madurez Mental Columbia y SNAP-IV. Se encontraron altos índices de consistencia interna. El análisis factorial exploratorio generó dos factores para la versión brasileña: un factor más general de las funciones ejecutivas y un factor específico de inhibición. Las puntuaciones en las subescalas de planificación, regulación y marginalmente memoria de trabajo de la CHEXI explicaron significativamente el indicador de falta de atención de la SNAP-IV, mientras que la puntuación en la sub-escala de inhibición explicó el indicador de hiperactividad / impulsividad. Los resultados proporcionaron buenos parámetros psicométricos para la CHEXI, además de contribuir para la realización de estudios con funciones ejecutivas e indicadores de TDAH en el país.

Objective: To investigate if verbal fluency impairment in schizophrenia reflects executive function deficits or results from degraded semantic store or inefficient search and retrieval strategies. Method: Two groups were compared: 141 individuals with schizophrenia and 119 healthy age and education-matched controls. Both groups performed semantic and phonetic verbal fluency tasks. Performance was evaluated using three scores, based on 1) number of words generated; 2) number of clustered/related words; and 3) switching score. A fourth performance score based on the number of clusters was also measured. Results: SZ individuals produced fewer words than controls. After controlling for the total number of words produced, a difference was observed between the groups in the number of cluster-related words generated in the semantic task. In both groups, the number of words generated in the semantic task was higher than that generated in the phonemic task, although a significant group vs. fluency type interaction showed that subjects with schizophrenia had disproportionate semantic fluency impairment. Working memory was positively associated with increased production of words within clusters and inversely correlated with switching. Conclusion: Semantic fluency impairment may be attributed to an inability (resulting from reduced cognitive control) to distinguish target signal from competing noise and to maintain cues for production of memory probes.

The aim of this study was to associate minor psychiatric disorders (general health) and quality of life with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients diagnosed with different TMD classifications and subclassifications with varying levels of severity. Among 150 patients reporting TMD symptoms, 43 were included in the present study. Fonseca's anamnestic index was used for initial screening while axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC-TMD) was used for TMD diagnosis (muscle-related, joint-related or muscle and joint-related). Minor psychiatric disorders were evaluated through the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). An association was found between minor psychiatric disorders and TMD severity, except for stress. A stronger association was found with mild TMD. Considering TMD classifications and severity together, only the item "death wish" from the GHQ was related to severe muscle-related TMD (p = 0.049). For quality of life, an association was found between disc displacement with reduction and social domain (p = 0.01). Physical domains were associated with TMD classifications and severity and the association was stronger for muscle and joint-related TMD (p = 0.37) and mild TMD (p = 0.042). It was concluded that patients with TMD require multiple focuses of attention since psychological indicators of general health and quality of life are likely associated with dysfunction.

OBJETIVO: Prejuízos em memória de trabalho são comuns na esquizofrenia e possíveis causas de múltiplas características do transtorno. Entretanto, poucos estudos reproduziram achados de padrões específicos de déficits em amostras brasileiras de pacientes com esquizofrenia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a memória de trabalho auditiva e visual na esquizofrenia, verificar se estas habilidades operam como dois sistemas separados, e relacionar possíveis déficits de memória de trabalho com habilidades de funções executivas. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos 20 indivíduos com esquizofrenia e 20 indivíduos saudáveis pareados quanto a sexo, idade e escolaridade. As habilidades avaliadas foram memória de trabalho auditiva e visual, atenção seletiva, controle inibitório, flexibilidade cognitiva e planejamento. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes demonstraram prejuízos em todas as medidas dos testes, exceto em tempo de reação de controle inibitório. Pacientes apresentaram significante correlação entre MT auditiva com medidas de atenção seletiva, controle inibitório, flexibilidade e planejamento. Memória de trabalho visual apresentou correlações com planejamento e flexibilidade. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que déficits em memória de trabalho e funções executivas estão presentes em pacientes esquizofrênicos na amostra brasileira avaliada. Alterações nas funções executivas podem levar a incapacidade de adequadas operações de memória de trabalho. Esses achados podem contribuir no delineamento de novos procedimentos de intervenção na esquizofrenia em populações brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: Working memory impairment is common in schizophrenia and is possibly a cause of multiple features of the disorder. However few studies have replicated such findings of impairment patterns in Brazilian samples. The main target of this study was to assess auditory and visual working memory in patients with schizophrenia, to assess if they work as separate systems, and to correlate working memory deficits with executive functions. METHOD: Twenty subjects with schizophrenia and twenty healthy subjects matched by gender, age, and schooling have participated. The abilities assessed were auditory and visual working memory, selective attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and planning. RESULTS: Patients showed declines in all measures evaluated, except for a measure reaction time of inhibitory control. Auditory working memory was correlated to selective attention, inhibition, flexibility and planning while Visual working memory to planning and flexibility. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that working memory and executive functions deficits are present in patients with schizophrenia in the Brazilian sample evaluated. Alterations in executive functions may lead to incapacity of operation of processes of working memory. These findings may contribute to delineate and develop new strategies of schizophrenia treatment in the Brazilian population.