ABSTRACT Since the industrial revolution, human activities have emitted approximately 2,500 Gt of CO2, increasing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 by 50 % compared to pre-industrial levels. To better understand the potential for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through proper management of degraded pasture areas, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified 23 publications reporting carbon sequestration values for pastures managed under different conditions in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. From this dataset, 17 publications considered to be in line with the research premises were selected to estimate the potential for soil carbon sequestration (SEQ) through pasture recovery in the southern region of Brazil, using conservative and regenerative agricultural management practices. Results show that managed pastures can sustain carbon sequestration rates of around 2.50 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 over approximately 20 years. However, due to the numerous variables influencing SEQ rates, the limited number of publications, and the lack of data for some variables among them, a more extensive analysis of publications and data is needed to establish causal and preponderance relationships regarding the effect of each variable on the found SEQ rates. Under current pasture occupation conditions in Brazil’s south region, it is estimated these areas could sequester between 0.433 and 1.273 Gt CO2 at the end of 20 years if managed under appropriate practices. These numbers are not representative to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration from legacy emissions and significantly mitigate physical impacts of climate change, reinforcing the importance of prioritizing the reduction of global GHG emissions as the primary mitigation strategy. On the other hand, from the perspective of mitigating the national agricultural sector’s annual GHG emissions, this potential cannot be considered negligible. Carbon sequestration by soils under agricultural management can play a vital role in mitigating climate change, integrating the set of necessary solutions and actions for a Paris Agreement goals compatible trajectory of limiting global warming to between 1.5 and 2 °C by the end of the century. revolution 2500 500 2,50 CO 5 preindustrial pre levels (GHG Brazil dataset 1 (SEQ practices 250 2.5 ha1 ha ha- yr1 yr yr- However them Brazils s 0433 0 433 0.43 1273 273 1.27 change strategy hand sectors sector negligible 15 1. century 2,5 25 2. 043 43 0.4 127 27 1.2 2, 04 4 0. 12

RESUMO: A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta capaz de estimar o potencial de emissões e apontar as fases críticas de um determinado produto ou processo em todo o seu ciclo de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi resumir os principais resultados das pesquisas e estudos de caso em ACV relacionados à bovinocultura leiteira nacional e internacional, de 2008 a 2014, e realizar uma análise crítica das categorias de impacto abordadas com maior frequência pela literatura: mudança climática, acidificação, eutrofização, uso da terra e demanda de energia. De todas as fases, a produção de leite na fazenda é onde ocorre a maior parte das emissões. Os resultados apontam que os pontos críticos da bovinocultura leiteira são as emissões entéricas, produção e uso de fertilizante, uso de esterco, produção e transporte de concentrado, e a baixa produtividade animal. Em geral, a categoria de mudança climática foi contraditória com as demais categorias, razão pela qual não deve ser considerada sozinha em avaliações de impacto ambiental. No Brasil, a intensificação na produção à base de pasto apresenta-se como uma estratégia de redução de impactos, uma vez que diminui a necessidade do uso de insumos de base não renovável e aumenta o sequestro de carbono via fotossíntese.

ABSTRACT: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool able to estimate the potential environmental emissions and point out the critical stages of a product or process throughout its life cycle. The aim of this study was to summarize the main results of national and international LCA dairy cattle researches and case of studies, from 2008 to 2014, and critically analyze the most frequent impact category addressed in literature: climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land use and energy demand. Of all stages, dairy farm holds the majority of emissions. The results show that the critical points of cattle milk production are the enteric emissions, production and use of synthetic fertilizers, manure application, production and transport of concentrate, and the low animal productivity. In general, climate change had a trade-off with the other impact categories, reason why it should not be taken into consideration by itself in environmental impact assessments. In Brazil, the intensification in grass-based production should be the most effective strategy in decreasing impacts, once it can reduce the necessity of non-renewable inputs and increase carbon sequestration via photosynthesis.

A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida na alimentação do brasileiro, sendo boa fonte de vitaminas e de sais minerais. É largamente produzida no sistema convencional. No entanto, o cultivo hidropônico vem ganhando espaço no mercado, conquistando a confiança dos consumidores, cada vez mais exigentes com a qualidade dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de duas cultivares de alface, nos sistemas de cultivo hidropônico e convencional, para a produção de massa fresca (MF) e massa seca (MS), fotossíntese, teores de antocianinas e de clorofilas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: um no sistema de cultivo hidropônico (CH) e outro em cultivo convencional (no solo) (CC), realizados em ambientes protegido e desprotegido, respectivamente, no município de Florianópolis, SC. A cultivar Mimosa Verde (MV) apresentou maior peso de massa fresca, em comparação com Mimosa Roxa (MR), em ambos os sistemas de produção, e ambas as cultivares apresentaram melhor desempenho no sistema hidropônico (287,7 g MV e 139,1 g MR), em relação ao convencional (129,7 g MV e 111,8 g MR). A cultivar MV apresentou menores teores médios de clorofila total (7,7 mg g-¹ MF), quando comparada com MR (11,8 mg g-¹ MF) e ambas apresentaram teores médios mais elevados dessa variável no cultivo hidropônico. Para a cultivar MR, os teores de antocianinas, no cultivo convencional, foram superiores (88,24 mg g-¹ MF) aos do cultivo hidropônico (36,89 mg g-¹ MF). Os melhores resultados para a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, com relação à densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos, foram observados no cultivo hidropônico, para ambas as cultivares. Também se observou variação nos teores de clorofila, que foram maiores no ambiente protegido do sistema hidropônico, e antocianinas, que foram maiores no cultivo convencional.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most commonly consumed leaf vegetable in the Brazilian diet, and it is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is widely grown in the conventional farming system. However, the hydroponic farming system has been gaining importance in the market, wining confidence from consumers, who are becoming increasingly more demanding on food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two lettuce cultivars on hydroponic and conventional farming systems for the production of fresh mass (FM) and dry mass (DM), photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. The following two experiments were carried out: hydroponics farming (HF) and conventional farming (CF), performed in protect and unprotect environments, respectively, in Florianópolis, SC. Mimosa Verde cultivar (MV) showed greater fresh mass than Mimosa Roxa (MR), in both farming systems and the two cultivars presented better performance in the hydroponic system (287.7 g MV and 139.1 g MR) than the conventional system (129.7 g MV and 111.8 g MR). Mimosa Verde cultivar presented lower average contents of total chlorophyll (7.7 mg g-¹ FM) than Mimosa Roxa (11.8 mg g-¹FM), and both cultivars displayed higher means for this variable in the hydroponic farming system. Mimosa Roxa presented higher contents of anthocyanin in the conventional system (88.24 mg g-¹ FM) than the ones in the hydroponic system (36.89 mg g-¹ FM). The best results for CO2 net assimilation rate regarded to photosyntheticaly active photon flux density were found in the hydroponic system, for both lettuce cultivars. Variation in the contents of chlorophyll were also found. Those variations were higher in the protected system than in the hydroponic system and contents of anthocyanin were higher in the conventional system.