Abstract The objective of this article is to introduce and explain the conceptualization, the rise, and the transformations of the ethnology of Amerindian peoples in a country that has never had overseas colonies in the Americas. In German ethnology, which can be considered a former hegemonic anthropology, the ethnology of Amerindian peoples traditionally appears in the form of various Americanisms with regional differentiations. The main point is that its historical transformations only become intelligible when connected with the more comprehensive context of the discipline in Germany since the end of the 19th century. During almost 150 years far-reaching changes can be observed in the relations with Latin-American anthropologies: initially a hegemonic position (until the 1930s), then a considerable decline to a relative invisibility, but since the 1970s a growing Latin-American thematic and theoretical influence, which allows us to diagnose an inversion in the traditionally asymmetrical relations between a European and various Latin-American anthropologies. conceptualization rise Americas anthropology differentiations th century 15 farreaching far reaching LatinAmerican Latin American anthropologies until 1930s, 1930s s , 1930s) invisibility influence 1

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e explicar a conceituação, o surgimento e as transformações da etnologia indígena no contexto de um país que nunca teve colônias ultramarinas nas Américas. Na etnologia alemã, que pode ser considerada uma antropologia ex-hegemônica, a etnologia indígena se manifesta tradicionalmente em vários americanismos com especializações regionalistas. O argumento principal é de que suas transformações históricas só se tornam mais inteligíveis quando conectadas com o contexto mais abrangente da disciplina na Alemanha desde o final do século XIX. No decorrer de quase um século e meio, podem ser constatadas transformações profundas nas relações com as antropologias latino-americanas: inicialmente, uma posição hegemônica (até a década de 1930), depois, um declínio considerável até uma relativa invisibilidade, mas, a partir da década de 1970, uma crescente influência temática e teórica latino-americana que permite diagnosticar uma inversão nas relações tradicionalmente assimétricas entre uma antropologia europeia e as diversas antropologias latino-americanas. conceituação Américas alemã exhegemônica, exhegemônica ex hegemônica, ex-hegemônica regionalistas XIX meio latinoamericanas latino americanas latino-americanas inicialmente 1930, 1930 , 1930) depois invisibilidade mas 1970 latinoamericana americana latinoamericanas. americanas. 193 197 19 1

Abstract Objective Many genes and signaling molecules are involved in orthodontic tooth movement, with mechanically and hypoxically stabilized HIF-1α having been shown to play a decisive role in periodontal ligament signaling during orthodontic tooth movement. Thus, this in vitro study aimed to investigate if genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A (Hypoxia-inducible factor α-subunits) influence the expression pattern of HIF-1α protein during simulated orthodontic compressive pressure. Methodology Samples from human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were used and their DNA was genotyped using real time Polymerase chain reaction for the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in HIF1A . For cell culture and protein expression experiments, six human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell lines were selected based on the patients’ genotype. To simulate orthodontic compressive pressure in fibroblasts, a 2 g/cm2 force was applied under cell culture conditions for 48 hours. Protein expression was evaluated by Western Blot. Paired t-tests were used to compare HIF-1α expression with and without compressive pressure application and unpaired t-tests were used to compare expression between the genotypes in rs2057482 and rs2301113 (p<0.05). Results The expression of HIF-1α protein was significantly enhanced by compressive pressure application regardless of the genotype (p<0.0001). The genotypes in the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 were not associated with HIF-1α protein expression (p>0.05). Conclusions Our study confirms that compressive pressure application enhances HIF-1α protein expression. We could not prove that the genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A affect HIF-1α protein expression by periodontal ligament fibroblasts during simulated orthodontic compressive force. movement HIF1α HIFα HIF 1α α Thus HIFA A Hypoxiainducible Hypoxia inducible αsubunits subunits α-subunits rs rs230111 rs205748 experiments patients gcm2 gcm g cm2 cm g/cm 4 hours Blot ttests t tests p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) p<0.0001. p00001 p<0.0001 0001 (p<0.0001) p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) rs23011 rs20574 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0000 p<0.000 000 (p<0.0001 p>0.0 (p>0.05 rs2301 rs2057 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.000 p>0. (p>0.0 rs230 rs205 p<0 (p<0. (p<0.00 p>0 (p>0. rs23 rs20 p< (p<0 p> (p>0 rs2 (p< (p> (p

Los cambios del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial de la Argentina impulsa el desarrollo de la autonomía en niños y adolescentes. En este trabajo, estructuramos un modelo que describe la autonomía en la atención de la salud infantil. Hicimos un análisis bibliográfico enfocado en I) concepto de autonomía relacionado con el valor absoluto del individuo autónomo y II) el proceso de desarrollo de toma idónea de decisiones en función de la edad. Resumimos nuestros hallazgos mediante el desarrollo de un modelo conceptual en el niño, el pediatra y los padres. La relación pediatra-niño se fundamenta en formas de orientación y cooperación con diversos niveles de actividad y pasividad. La autoridad de los padres influye sobre el grado de autonomía en función del nivel de respeto e igualdad moral del niño. Al aplicar el modelo para facilitar el diálogo entre pediatras, niños, padres y otros, se considerarán las circunstancias contextuales, existenciales, conceptuales y socio-éticas.

The changes initiated by the new National Civil and Commercial Code in Argentina underline the pediatric task to empower children's and adolescents' developing autonomy. In this paper, we have framed a model describing autonomy in child healthcare. We carried out a literature review focusing on i) the concept of autonomy referring to the absolute value of the autonomous individual, and ii) the age-driven process of competent decisionmaking development. We summarized our findings developing a conceptual model that includes the child, the pediatrician and the parents. The pediatrician-child relationship is based on different forms of guidance and cooperation, resulting in varying levels of activity and passivity. Parental authority influences the extent of autonomy, based on the level of respect of the child's moral equality. Contextual, existential, conceptual, and social-ethical conditions shall be considered when applying the model to facilitate dialogue between pediatricians, children, parents and other actors.

Neste artigo, é apresentada a tradução de um texto pouco conhecido do antropólogo Curt Nimuendajú (1883-1945) sobre sua primeira viagem aos Ticuna, originalmente publicado em 1930, na Alemanha. Na apresentação, são oferecidas informações sobre a história do artigo e sua contextualização científica.

The article presents a translation of a little-known text of Curt Nimuendajú (1883-1945) about his first travel to the Ticuna Indians. The text was originally published in Germany in 1930. The introduction offers some information about the history of this article as well as about its scientific context.

Este artigo trata de um ramo da antropologia que cresceu consideravelmente nos últimos quinze anos. Desde o início dos anos 80, vários autores negaram, repetidas vezes, a existência de uma subdisciplina com esse nome, alegando a falta de teorias, métodos e assuntos específicos que podiam caraterizá-la. Até hoje, não se conseguiu encontrar uma resposta adequada a esta questão. Os atuantes (ou praticantes) deste ramo da antropologia aplicada, no entanto, não parecem se preocupar muito com isto: para eles, a antropologia do desenvolvimento é um conjunto de profissionais que fazem qualquer trabalho ligado às questões do "desenvolvimento". Nem por isso, nos últimos dez anos, a antropologia do desenvolvimento começou a se distinguir, progressivamente, dos outros domínios da disciplina pelo enfoque em temas científicos especiais e em certos tipos de trabalho prático.

This paper is about a field of anthropology which grew considerably in the last fifteen years. Since the early Eighties, several authors have repeatedly denied the existence of a subdiscipline called development anthropology, alleging a lack of theories, methods, and specific subjects which could characterize it. Up to this date, no one has found an adequate answer to this problem. The practitioners of this field of applied anthropology, however, do not seem to be very concerned about this: for them, development anthropology is any group of professionals which practice some kind of work which has to do with questions of "development". Nevertheless, in recent ten years, development anthropology began gradually to distinguish itself from other fields of the discipline by its focus on special scientific topics and on special kinds of practical work.