RESUMO: A concentração de corticosterona plasmática - CORT, relação heterófilo:linfócito - H:L, atividade enzima catalase - CAT, concentração glutationa total - GSH e níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARS foram avaliadas em 48 poedeiras Hy Line Brown, 79 semanas de idade, submetidas ao jejum alimentar por 10 dias consecutivos. Coletou-se sangue no dia zero, dois, quatro, seis, oito e 10 do período de jejum alimentar, adotando-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições em cada dia de coleta, sendo cada ave uma unidade experimental. Através da análise da regressão polinomial determinou-se o momento de máximo estresse para cada metodologia. Realizou-se análise de correlação de Pearson para determinar se pode haver substituição entre os métodos. A CORT e GSH apresentaram o momento de máximo estresse aos 4,3 dias de jejum alimentar, enquanto que H:L e CAT aos 10 dias. TBARS apresentou maior concentração de malondialdeído no dia zero de jejum alimentar e a menor aos 5,5 dias, não sendo uma metodologia confiável para medir o estresse. Os baixos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre as metodologias impossibilitam a indicação de apenas um método em substituição aos demais para mensurar o estresse de poedeiras durante o período de jejum alimentar. RESUMO heterófilolinfócito heterófilo linfócito HL, HL H L, L 4 Brown 7 idade 1 consecutivos Coletouse Coletou dois quatro seis adotandose adotando casualizado coleta experimental determinouse determinou Realizouse Realizou métodos 43 3 4, 55 5 5,

ABSTRACT: Plasma corticosterone concentration (CORT), heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L), catalase activity (CAT), total glutathione concentration (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels (TBARS) were evaluated in 48 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, at 79 weeks of age, after being fasted for 10 consecutive days. Blood was collected on days zero, two, four, six, eight, and 10 of fasting, and a completely randomized design was adopted, with eight replicates on each day of collection, with each bird being an experimental unit. The time of maximum stress was determined for each method, using the polynomial regression analysis. The Pearson correlation analysis was also performed to determine whether the methods were interchangeable. CORT and GSH concentrations indicated that the time of maximum stress occurred at 4.3 days of fasting, whereas, the H:L and CAT activity indicated that the time of maximum stress occurred at 10 days of fasting. The malondialdehyde concentration detected by the TBARS method was highest at day zero and lowest at day 5.5 of fasting, but this method was not a reliable measure of stress. The low Pearson correlation coefficients observed among the methods made it impossible to designate only one of the tested methods as a replacement for the others, to measure the stress in laying hens during fasting. ABSTRACT CORT, , (CORT) heterophillymphocyte heterophil lymphocyte HL, HL H L (H:L) CAT, (CAT) GSH, (GSH) (TBARS 4 HyLine Hy Line 7 age 1 two four six fasting adopted collection unit interchangeable 43 3 4. whereas 55 5 5. others (CORT (H:L (CAT (GSH

El trabajo se propone aproximar algunas consideraciones conceptuales que puedan aportar al entendimiento de las fases por las que el turismo fue visto como apto para un proceso de desarrollo que tuviera impacto en Arica y su región. Se registran las formas en que se fue configurando una imagen de ciudad turística y cómo paulatimanente se fue incorporando el paisaje del interior a ese mundo de representaciones. Asimismo, se presenta cómo se estableció una política sectorial de promoción del turismo por medio de obras y acciones desde la Junta de Adelanto, hasta la consideración como actividad económica capaz de configurar las relaciones entre la ciudad y el interior del departamento, bajo la idea de polo de desarrollo, noción que aparece revisada tanto en su configuración teórica como en su aplicación a nivel nacional e internacional. También se examina cómo la idea de un sistema territorial que involucrara a la ciudad y la región llevó a la consideración de una estrategia de desarrollo social y económico que involucrara a los asentamientos humanos menores, acompañando a los sectores tradicionalmente productivos, con una estrategia turística que apeló con una dimensión identitaria a la configuración patrimonial y a su rol en el territorio.

This paper intends to approximate some conceptual considerations, which may contribute to understanding the phases by which tourism was seen as a suitable policy for a development process that would impact Arica and its region. It also presents how the city's image as a touristic one was formed and how the interior landscape of the region was gradually incorporated into the world of touristic representations of the region. Likewise, it presents a sectorial policy that promotes tourism through construction works and actions from the Junta de Adelanto Board, considering tourism as an economic activity capable of configuring the relations between the city and the interior of the department. This area was promoted under the idea of a development pole, a notion that revised both its theoretical configuration and its application at a national and international level. The idea of how a territorial system, involving the city and the region, led to the consideration of a social and economic development strategy involving minor human settlements is also examined. It appealed within a dimension of the identity of the patrimonial configuration within the territory as a whole.

Abstract In this paper we develop a conceptual framework for a collaborative research project called Literacy Practices and their Potential for Transformation. We first explain our theoretical and methodological approach, describing how we constructed a relevant framework over three years of exploratory work. We then analyze four different experiences currently being conducted in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We have identified this set of practices because, taken together, they allow us to a) show the notion of a potential for transformation when linked to reading and writing practices, b) to describe and analyze the central role of reading and writing in very different spaces, organizations and institutions with a common potential to question the established order and transform it, and c) to make visible how these practices appealed to different formats, supports, disciplines, and languages, and in doing so reshaped the very meaning of reading and writing. We conclude by underscoring the scope of our study insofar as the analysis of specific experiences leads us to insights on the transformational potential of reading and writing practices, and point out some of the limitations of our study and possible lines of further research.

Resumen En este escrito desarrollamos el marco conceptual de un proyecto de investigación colaborativa denominado Prácticas de Lectura y Escritura con Potencial (Trans)Formativo, para lo cual explicamos primero la perspectiva que se asumió al inicio del proyecto y sus transformaciones a lo largo de tres años de trabajo exploratorio. A continuación, analizamos cuatro prácticas (trans)formativas, ubicadas en ámbitos diversos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hemos identificado estas prácticas porque, tomadas en su conjunto, nos permiten: a) mostrar la noción de potencial transformativo cuando se lo piensa ligado a prácticas de lectura y escritura; b) describir y analizar la centralidad que ocupan el leer y el escribir en espacios, organizaciones e institucionalidades muy diferentes entre sí, pero que tienen en común un potencial para interpelar el orden dado y transformarlo, y c) hacer visible cómo estas prácticas fueron apelando a diversos formatos, soportes, disciplinas y lenguajes, y al hacerlo, reconfiguraron el mismo sentido de leer y escribir. En la sección final subrayamos los alcances de nuestro estudio en tanto los análisis de experiencias singulares nos permiten arribar a conclusiones en relación con el potencial transformativo de la lectura y la escritura. Asimismo, dejamos planteadas algunas limitaciones del estudio realizado e interrogantes para desarrollo futuro.

Abstract Arapaima is a widely-distributed fish of enormous economic importance in the Amazon region. In the present study, a total of 232 specimens were sampled, 121 from five sites in the Amazon basin and 111 from five sites in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. The analyses investigated fragments of the Cytochrome b, Control Region, Cytochrome Oxidase I, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and seven loci microsatellites. The analyses revealed the existence of two mitochondrial lineages within the general area, with no haplotypes shared between basins, and genetic variability significantly higher in the Amazon than in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. Two divergent, but sympatric mitochondrial lineages were found in the Amazon basin, but only a single lineage in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. The existence of these two mitochondrial lineages indicates that past events, probably occurring during the Pleistocene, resulted in the separation of the populations of this species and molded its evolutionary history, which is reflected directly in its mitochondrial DNA. The analysis of the arapaima population structure identified distinct levels of diversity within the distribution of the species, indicating specific geographic regions that will require special attention for the development of conservation and management strategies.

RESUMO A Família Lutjanidae compreende 21 gêneros e 135 espécies, distribuídas ao longo dos oceanos Atlântico, Índico e Pacífico. As relações filogenéticas dos Lutjaninae são incertas. Além disso, a espécie Lutjanus alexandrei, endêmica da costa nordeste do Brasil, não foi inclusa em nenhuma hipótese filogenética até o presente. Assim, realizamos uma análise integrando DNA mitocondrial e nuclear para espécies de Lutjaninae do Atlântico Ocidental, direcionada para a controversa relação entre Lutjanus, Rhomboplites e Ocyurus. Além disso, alocamos filogeneticamente L. alexandrei e datamos sua origem. As árvores filogenéticas baseadas em 4.4 kb de 11 espécies corroboraram a sinonímia entre os monotípicos e Lutjanus. Para a datação de L. alexandrei, outro banco de nuclueotídeos foi analisado (3.0 kb; 40 espécies), validando geneticamente a espécie e a colocando como irmã de L. apodus, da qual se separou entre 2.5 - 6.5 Mya, o que provavelmente foi provocado pela faixa enlameada na região costeira, influenciada pelas descargas dos rios Amazonas e Orinoco, que funciona como barreira. Este trabalho representa a mais robusta análise multiloci direcionada para a sinonimização dos três gêneros de Lutjaninae e a primeira hipótese filogenética a propor um posicionamento e origem para L. alexandrei.

ABSTRACT Lutjanidae comprises 21 genera and 135 species widespread throughout Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Nonetheless, the phylogenetic relationships of Lutjaninae remain uncertain. Furthermore, phylogenetic hypotheses for Lutjanus alexandrei, an endemic species from northeastern Brazilian coast, in Lutjanidae are absent so far. Therefore, we carried out multiloci analyses, combining both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences in Lutjaninae species from Western Atlantic focusing on the controversial relationships among Lutjanus, Rhomboplites, and Ocyurus. Besides, we determined the phylogenetic position and dated the origin of L. alexandrei. The phylogenetics trees based on the 4.4 kb for 11 species corroborated the synonym among Lutjanus and the putative monotypic genera. For the dating of L. alexandrei, another nucleotide dataset (3.0 kb; 40 species) validated the genetic identity of this species that diverged from the sister taxon L. apodus between 2.5 - 6.5 Mya, probably as a result of the barrier caused by the muddy outflow from Orinoco and Amazon rivers along the coastal zone. This report is the most robust multiloci analysis to confirm the synonymy of the three genera of Lutjaninae from Western Atlantic and the first reliable inference about the phylogenetic relationships and origin of L. alexandrei.

Abstract Capuchin monkeys are currently represented by four species of Cebus and eight of Sapajus. This group is taxonomically complex and several questions still need to be clarified. In the current study, using mtDNA markers and a larger sample representation than in previous studies, we seek to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the capuchin lineages and their historical biogeography. All 12 species of capuchins were analyzed for the mitochondrial Control Region and Cytochrome b to test two biogeographical hypotheses: “Reinvasion of the Amazon (ROA)” and “Sympatric Evolution (SEV)”. The phylogenetic relationships among distinct lineages within genera is consistent with an evolutionary diversification pattern probably resulting from an explosive process of diversification and dispersal between 2.0 Ma and 3.0 Ma. Also, the analyses show that the ancestral capuchins were distributed in a wide area encompassing the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. Our results support the SEV hypothesis, showing that the current syntopic distribution of Cebus and Sapajus can be explained by a sympatric speciation event in the Amazon. We also indicate that the recently proposed species taxonomy of Cebus is not supported, and that S. cay and S. macrocephalus are a junior synonym of S. apella.

Abstract The melanocortin-1 receptor gene is the most widely-used marker for the investigation of the genetic determination of melanic plumage patterns. Studies of a number of wild bird species have shown an association between non-synonymous mutations of the MC1R gene and the presence of melanic variants. The genus Antilophia (Pipridae) includes only two manakin species (A. galeata and A. bokermanni), which are distinguished primarily by the differences in the pattern of melanic coloration of the plumage of the mantle in the adult males. In A. galeata, this plumage is black, while in A. bokermanni, it is predominantly white. This study investigates the possible association between mutations of the MC1R marker and the variation in plumage coloration observed in the two species. The MC1R sequences of the two species was analyzed, and the observed nucleotide variation was compared. Six polymorphic sites were identified, representing seven distinct genotypes. Five of these polymorphic mutations were non-synonymous, but were not related to the different phenotypes. Neutral evolution and the absence of any systematic association between the variants of the MC1R and plumage coloration in the Antilophia species indicate that alternative mechanisms regulate the expression of the coloration of the plumage in the adult males.

RESUMO O Pargo Lutjanus purpureus, lutjanídeo mais importante economicamente no Brasil, é vendido, entre outras formas, como filés congelados. Durante a transformação em filés, há a remoção das características morfológicas distintivas, podendo favorecer a substituição por espécies menos valorizadas. Além disso, não há legislação nacional que exija a inserção do nome específico no rótulo. Porém, de acordo com uma Instrução Normativa (IN N° 29 /2015 MAPA) que correlaciona os nomes comuns e específicos dos produtos destinados ao comércio nacional, no Brasil somente L. purpureus e L. campechanus podem ser denominados “Pargo”. Assim, a ferramenta DNA barcode foi usada para identificar os filés vendidos no norte do Brasil, rotulados como “Pargo”, com o auxílio de sequências dos bancos de dados públicos e banco controle. Os resultados mostraram que entre os 142 filés examinados, 78% foi identificado como L. purpureus e 22% como Rhomboplites aurorubens, um lutjanídeo com baixo valor comercial no país, revelando fraude comercial. O método de identificação molecular, utilizado com êxito neste estudo para autenticar filés de lutjanídeos, pode também ser utilizado pelas autoridades de vigilância no controle de qualidade de produtos processados derivados de peixes em geral, para garantir os direitos dos consumidores.

ABSTRACT The Caribbean Red Snapper (Pargo) Lutjanus purpureus is the most economically important snapper in Brazil, which is sold, among other forms, as frozen fillets. During the process of transformation into fillets there is the removal of the distinctive morphological traits, being able to favor the substitution by less valued species. In addition, there is no national legislation requiring the insertion of the specific name on the product label. However, according to a Normative Instruction (IN N ° 29/2015 MAPA) that correlates the common and specific names of the products destined to the national trade, in Brazil only L. purpureus and L. campechanus can be denominated “Pargo”. Thus, the DNA barcode tool was used to identify the fillets sold in north of Brazil, labeled “Pargo”, with the aid of sequences from the public and control databases. The results showed that among 142 fillets examined, 78% was identified as L. purpureus and 22% as Rhomboplites aurorubens, a snapper with low commercial value in the country, revealing commercial fraud. The molecular identification method successfully used in this study to authenticate fillets snappers may also be used by surveillance authorities in the quality control of processed fish products, towards ensuring consumer rights.

Abstract In the present study, we investigated the possible existence of new lineages of peripatids through comparisons between known Neotropical species and specimens obtained from two locations in Pará, a state in eastern Brazilian Amazonia using a molecular approach based on sequences of the mtDNA genes COI, 16Sr RNA, and 18S RNA. The analyses included also sequences of Asian and African taxa for a more systematic understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the group. The analysis of the COI, 16S rRNA and 18S RNA sequences permitted the identification of three distinct lineages (A, B and C) based on two different phylogenetic approaches (Bayesian methods and ML). The three lineages presented here are completely distinct from all other peripatid taxa so far defined by molecular data. The presence of specimens of three independent onychophoran lineages occurring in sympatry in the Amazon basin was confirmed in all the analyses, providing consistent support for the phylogenies presented in this study. These findings reinforce the importance of the Amazon region in the diversification of Neotropical peripatids, and indicate that onychophoran diversity is much greater than previously thought, given that the number of taxa found at a single site was equivalent to the total number of allopatric species described for the entire region.

ABSTRACT Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is the vector responsible for the transmission of the viruses that cause zika, yellow and chikungunya fevers, the four dengue fever serotypes (DENV - 1, 2, 3, 4), and hemorrhagic dengue fever in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The present study investigated the genetic differentiation of the 15 populations of this vector in the Brazilian state of Maranhão, based on the mitochondrial ND4 marker. A total of 177 sequences were obtained for Aedes aegypti, with a fragment of 337 bps, 15 haplotypes, 15 polymorphics sites, haplotype diversity of h = 0.6938, and nucleotide diversity of π = 0.01486. The neutrality tests (D and Fs) were not significant. The AMOVA revealed that most of the variation (58.47%) was found within populations, with FST = 0.41533 (p < 0.05). Possible isolation by distance was tested and a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.3486; p = 0.0040) was found using the Mantel test. The phylogenetic relationships among the 15 haplotypes indicated the existence of two distinct clades. This finding, together with the population parameters, was consistent with a pattern of genetic structuring that underpinned the genetic differentiation of the study populations in Maranhão, and was characterized by the presence of distinct lineages of Aedes aegypti.

ABSTRACT In the present study, a novel set of eight EPIC primers were developed for Lutjanus purpureus and assayed in five other marine teleosts including three lutjanids, one scianid and one anablepid. Most of the genomic regions used in this study presented genetic diversity indexes equal or greater than the intragenic regions commonly used in population genetics studies. Moreover, six out of eight markers showed cross-amplification with other taxa. Thus, the primers described here may be used to elucidate questions at the intraspecific level for a large number of taxa.

Abstract Hybridization has been reported increasingly frequently in recent years, fueling the debate on its role in the evolutionary history of species. Some studies have shown that hybridization is very common in captive New World primates, and hybrid offspring have phenotypes and physiological responses distinct from those of the "pure" parents, due to gene introgression. Here we used the TA15 Alu insertion to investigate hybridization in the genus Saimiri. Our results indicate the hybridization of Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis with S. sciureus macrodon, and S. b. boliviensis with S. ustus. Unexpectedly, some hybrids of both S. boliviensis peruviensis and S. b. boliviensis were homozygous for the absence of the insertion, which indicates that the hybrids were fertile.

O tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, é a espécie de peixes mais popularmente usada para a aquicultura no Brasil, mas não há nenhum estudo comparando a variação genética entre as populações nativas e de cultivo desta espécie. No presente estudo foram analisadas sequências de DNA mitocondrial para avaliar a diversidade genética entre duas populações selvagens, um plantel de produção de alevinos, e uma amostra de estoques de piscicultura, todos da região de Santarém, no oeste do estado do Pará. Níveis similares de diversidade genética foram encontrados em todas as amostras e, surpreendentemente, o plantel mostrou expressiva representação da diversidade genética registrada em populações selvagens. Estes resultados contrastam consideravelmente com os do estudo anterior de estoques cultivados nos estados do Amapá, Pará, Piauí, Rondônia, que registrou apenas dois haplótipos, indicando uma longa história de endogamia nas matrizes utilizadas para a produção de alevinos. Os resultados dos dois estudos mostram dois cenários distintos de aquicultura do tambaqui na Amazônia, que devem ser melhor avaliados, a fim de garantir o sucesso da expansão da atividade na região, e no resto do Brasil, já que o tambaqui e seus híbridos agora são cultivados em todo o país.

The tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is the most popular fish species used for aquaculture in Brazil but there is no study comparing genetic variation among native and farmed populations of this species. In the present study, we analyzed DNA sequences of the mitochondrial DNA to evaluate the genetic diversity among two wild populations, a fry-producing breeding stock, and a sample of fish farm stocks, all from the region of Santarém, in the west of the Brazilian state of Pará. Similar levels of genetic diversity were found in all the samples and surprisingly the breeding stock showed expressive representation of the genetic diversity registered on wild populations. These results contrast considerably with those of the previous study of farmed stocks in the states of Amapá, Pará, Piauí, and Rondônia, which recorded only two haplotypes, indicating a long history of endogamy in the breeding stocks used to produce fry. The results of the two studies show two distinct scenarios of tambaqui farming in the Amazon basin, which must be better evaluated in order to guarantee the successful expansion of this activity in the region, and the rest of Brazil, given that the tambaqui and its hybrids are now farmed throughout the country.

Kaempfer's Woodpecker (Celeus obrieni) is the only species of the genus Celeus endemic to Brazil. The description of this taxon as a subspecies of the Rufous-headed Woodpecker (Celeus spectabilis) was based on a single specimen. While C. obrieni and C. spectabilis are now considered separate species based on morphological and limited molecular evidence, no study has critically tested the reciprocal monophyly and degree of evolutionary independence between these taxa with several specimens. Herein, fragments of the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of three recently-collected specimens of C. obrieni were analyzed to evaluate the degree of evolutionary differentiation of this taxon with respect to C. spectabilis. The results confirm the reciprocal monophyly between the specimens of C. obrieni and C. spectabilis. The genetic divergence values for the two taxa also support their classification as independent species, given that they are greater than the values recorded among other closely-related but separate species of the same genus. Estimates of the divergence time between C. obrieni and C. spectabilis indicate that cladogenesis occurred in the mid-Pleistocene, during a period of major climatic fluctuations and landscape change, consistent with the hypothesis of a corridor of open bamboo dominated forests and woodland stretching.

Para o presente estudo utilizou-se a região controle mitocondrial para investigar os padrões filogeográficos e a estrutura populacional de Lutjanus purpureus e para avaliar a similaridade genética entre L. purpureus e L. campechanus. Para a análise inicial foram obtidas sequências de 810 pares de bases (pb) da região controle para 239 espécimes de L. purpureus de quatro localidades da costa brasileira. Os resultados mostraram a presença de uma população panmítica caracterizada por altos valores de diversidade genética. Utilizou-se um segmento de 299 pb da porção hipervariável para comparar L. purpureus e L. campechanus. Dos 414 indivíduos analisados foram identificados 275 haplótipos. A árvore filogenética e a rede de haplótipos não mostraram subestruturação filogeográfica entre as duas espécies, com intensa mistura de indivíduos. Considerando a grande similaridade morfológica, os dados moleculares apresentados, aqui indicam que apenas uma única espécie de pargo vermelho existe ao longo do atlântico ocidental.

The present study focus on the mitochondrial control region to investigate phylogeographic patterns and population structure in Lutjanus purpureus, and to evaluate the genetic similarity between L. purpureus and L. campechanus. For the initial analysis, 810 base pairs sequence from control region were obtained from 239 specimens of L. purpureus collected from four localities off the Brazilian coast. The results revealed the presence of a single panmictic population characterized by high values of genetic diversity. The 299 base pairs hypervariable portion were used for the combined analysis of L. purpureus and L. campechanus, being 275 haplotypes identified in the 414 specimens. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network did not indicate phylogeographic substructuring between the two species, but rather an intense intermingling of individuals. Considering their marked morphological similarity, the molecular data presented here indicate that only one species of red snapper exists in the western Atlantic.