Resumo Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre os efeitos adversos dos pesticidas vencidos no ambiente, por isso é essencial caracterizar o risco dessas substâncias químicas para organismos não alvo. Portanto, este trabalho visa estimar e comparar a toxicidade aguda (LD50) de formulações de malatião, clorpirifós e lambda-cialotrina em ratos e determinar seus resíduos no fígado e rins de ratos tratados. Este é o primeiro estudo a investigar os efeitos tóxicos dos pesticidas vencidos em ratos. A toxicidade aguda da lambda-cialotrina vencida foi maior do que a dos ratos não vencidos, enquanto o contrário foi observado em ratos tratados com malatião e clorpirifós. Todas as formulações testadas causaram sinais clínicos de toxicidade nos ratos tratados. Os dados mostraram que algumas formulações vencidas afetaram significativamente o peso corporal e os sinais vitais estimados em comparação com pesticidas não vencidos. Os dados mostraram que os resíduos mais elevados foram encontrados no fígado e nos rins dos ratos tratados com ambas as formulações de malatião, seguidos por clorpirifós; no entanto, os resíduos mais baixos foram detectados em ratos tratados com lambda-cialotrina, o que pode ser relacionado aos valores de LD50 dos inseticidas testados. Os resíduos detectados após a 10ª dose diminuíram gradualmente no final do período de recuperação, e suas perdas variaram de 80,0% a 95,4% no fígado e de 92,3% a 99,99% (indetectável). Os resultados mostram que os efeitos tóxicos das formulações vencidas e não vencidas são diferentes. Isso destaca a necessidade de eliminar cuidadosamente os compostos vencidos para evitar o seu descarte no ecossistema. ambiente alvo Portanto LD (LD50 lambdacialotrina lambda cialotrina entanto lambdacialotrina, cialotrina, LD5 testados ª recuperação 800 80 0 80,0 954 95 4 95,4 923 92 3 92,3 9999 99 99,99 indetectável. indetectável . (indetectável) diferentes ecossistema (LD5 8 80, 9 95, 92, 999 99,9 (indetectável (LD 99,

Abstract Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD50) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem. environment nontarget non target organisms Therefore LD (LD50 chlorpyrifos lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin nonexpired however lambdacyhalothrin, cyhalothrin, LD5 th period 800 80 0 80. 954 95 4 95.4 923 92 3 92. 9999 99 99.99 undetectable. undetectable . (undetectable) different ecosystem (LD5 8 9 95. 999 99.9 (undetectable (LD 99.

RESUMO O consumo de peixes tratados termicamente de forma inadequada é um risco à saúde pública devido à possível propagação das larvas de Anisakis e suas proteínas antigênicas, o agente causador da doença zoonótica anisakidose. O presente estudo demonstrou as alterações fisiológicas e histopatológicas que acompanharam a inoculação oral de extratos brutos de Anisakis Tipo II (L3) frescos e termicamente tratados em ratos Wistar albinos. Vermes nematoides foram isolados do peixe marinho Dicentrarchus labrax e foram examinados e identificados taxonomicamente usando microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. O estudo foi realizado em 6 grupos de ratos: grupo controle (I), grupo inoculado com óleo de alho (GO) (II), grupo inoculado com L3 fresco (III), grupo inoculado com L3 tratado termicamente (IV), grupo inoculado com L3 + GO fresco (V), e grupo inoculado com L3 + GO tratado termicamente (VI). Observou-se que ratos inoculados com extrato bruto L3 fresco e tratado termicamente mostraram marcadores de estresse oxidativo anormais associados à destruição da estrutura normal do baço e do timo. GO produziu um efeito protetor em grupos de ratos inoculados com extrato L3 + administração de GO através da melhoria dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo, que foi confirmada pela marcante estrutura normal da histologia dos órgãos. O cozimento de peixes infectados com L3 induziu alterações fisiológicas e histopatológicas graves quando comparado com peixes infectados não cozidos. Recomenda-se a administração de alho antes e depois da ingestão do peixe para evitar o efeito perigoso dos anisakídeos, mesmo se cozidos.

ABSTRACT The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae and their antigenic proteins, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anisakidosis. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in Wistar albino rats. Nematode worms were isolated from the marine fish Dicentrarchus labrax. They were examined and taxonomically identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: a control group (I), a garlic oil (GO) inoculated group (II), a fresh L3 inoculated group (III), a thermally treated L3 inoculated group (IV), a fresh L3 + GO inoculated group (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated group (VI). It was observed that rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 crude extracts showed abnormal oxidative stress markers associated with the destruction of normal architecture of spleen and thymus. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO administration via the amelioration of oxidative stress markers, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure of the organs’ histology. Cooking of L3 infected fish induced severe physiological and histopathological alterations compared to uncooked infected fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.

Abstract: Broiler males (n= 140) were used in a straight-run experimental design and distributed randomly among four treatment groups with seven replicates per treatment and five broilers per replicate. During 21-42 d old, the chickens were fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets containing four levels of dietary vegetable oils (DVO), of 2.7, 4, 6 and 8%. During d 25-27, 31-33, and 38-40 of age, broilers were exposed to heat stress for 4 h a day (1000-1400 h) at 34 ºC, 70-75 % relative humidity. Feeding an 8% DVO diet significantly increased body weight gain compared to the other DVO levels. The feed conversion ratio, protein conversion ratio, metabolizable energy conversion ratio and European production index were significantly enhanced due to feeding an 8% DVO diet compared to a diet containing 6% DVO. Feeding 8% DVO significantly increased the meat protein and lipid percentages, compared to the control group (2.7 % DVO), but decreased the plasma low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein and lymphocytes. Feeding 8% DVO significantly increased the mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin, and bursa weight and percentage compared to the control. In addition, 6 and 8% DVO significantly increased the plasma total antioxidant capacity compared to the control group, but decreased the malondialdehyde. Thus, broilers fed a diet containing 8% DVO have an increased tolerance to heat stress, as evidenced by increasing the productive performance, meat quality, blood hematological and biochemical traits, antioxidants and immunity.

Resumen: Pollos de engorda (n= 140) se utilizaron en un diseño experimental de cuatro tratamientos distribuidos al azar con siete repeticiones por tratamiento y cinco pollos por repetición. Durante 21 a 42 días de edad, los pollos se alimentaron con dietas iso-calóricas e iso-nitrogenadas que contenían cuatro niveles de aceites vegetales alimenticios (AVA), 2.7, 4, 6 y 8%. Durante los días 25, 27, 31-33 y 38 a 40 de edad, los pollos se expusieron a estrés calórico durante 4 h al día (1000-1400 h) a 34 oC, y 70-75 % de humedad relativa. La dieta AVA 8% significativamente incrementó la ganancia de peso corporal en comparación con los otros niveles. La conversión alimenticia, la tasa de conversión de proteína, tasa de conversión de energía metabolizable e Índice de la producción europea mejoraron significativamente debido a la alimentación con AVA 8% versus AVA 6%. Alimentación con AVA8%aumentó significativamente los porcentajes de proteína y lípidos de carne, en comparación con el grupo testigo (AVA2.7%), pero disminuyó la lipoproteína plasmática de baja densidad, lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad y los linfocitos. El nivel de AVA8% aumentó significativamente el volumen celular medio, hemoglobina celular media y peso y porciento de bursa comparado con el testigo. Además, 6% y 8% AVA aumentaron significativamente la capacidad antioxidante total plasmática en comparación con el grupo control, pero disminuyó el malondialdehído. Así, pollos de engorda alimentados con una dieta que contiene 8% de aceites vegetales, tienen una mayor tolerancia al estrés calórico.

ABSTRACT This work aimed at investigating the potential as a growth enhancer of different dietary concentrations of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) as an alternative to oxytetracyline (OTC) as antibiotic and as comparable to mannan oligosaccharide for broiler chicks. A total of 252 Hubbard broiler chicks at one day of age were distributed randomly in a straight run experimental design among six treatments, each replicated seven times, with six unsexed chicks per replicate. The basal diet was administered without supplements (control group) or supplemented with turmeric at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg diet, or with mannan oligosacride (MOS) at 1 g/kg feed or with OTC at 50 mg/kg feed. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality traits, blood biochemical constituents, antioxidant status and red blood cell (RBCs) were investigated. Turmeric supplementation at 1 g/kg feed significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European production index compared to the control group and MOS groups. The results indicated that turmeric can be used at 1 kg/t feed as a phytogenic feed additive as an alternative to OTC or MOS without negative effects on the productive and economic traits of broilers. There were no differences from using OTC and MOS, while there was an increase in the European production efficiency index and the broilers’ health status.

RESUMEN Este trabajo se realizó para investigar el potencial como promotor del crecimiento de diferentes concentraciones dietéticas de cúrcuma (Curcuma longa Linn.) como una alternativa a los antibióticos y oxitetraciclina y comparable a oligosacáridos mannan (MOS) para pollos de engorda. Un total de 252 pollos Hubbard de un día de edad se distribuyeron al azar en un diseño experimental de seis tratamientos, siete repeticiones y con seis pollos sin sexar por repetición. La dieta basal se administró sin suplementos (grupo control) o complementada con cúrcuma en dosis de 0.5, 1 y 2 g/kg de dieta, o con 1 g/kg de alimento de oligosacárido mannan, o con oxitetraciclina 50 mg/kg de alimento. Se evaluó el crecimiento, características de la canal, características de calidad de carne, constituyentes bioquímicos sanguíneos, estado antioxidante y glóbulos rojos. La suplementación de cúrcuma en 1 g/kg alimento significativamente mejoró la tasa de conversión alimenticia y el Índice de Producción Europea en comparación con el grupo control y grupo MOS. Los resultados indican que la cúrcuma puede usarse en 1 kg/t de alimento como una alternativa a oxitetraciclina o MOS sin efectos negativos sobre los rasgos productivos y económicos de pollos de engorda. No hubo diferencias de uso entre oxitetraciclina y MOS, mientras que con cúrcuma hubo un aumento en el índice de eficiencia de la producción europea y el estado de salud de los pollos.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited form of retinal ganglion cell degeneration leading to optic atrophy in young adults. Several mutations in different genes can cause LHON (heterogeneity). The ND6 gene is one of the mitochondrial genes that encodes subunit 6 of complex I of the respiratory chain. This gene is a hot spot gene. Fourteen Persian LHON patients were analyzed with single-strand conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing techniques. None of these patients had four primary mutations, G3460A, G11788A, T14484C, and G14459A, related to this disease. We identified twelve nucleotide substitutions, G13702C, T13879C, T14110C, C14167T, G14199T, A14233G, G14272C, A14290G, G14365C, G14368C, T14766C, and T14798C. Eleven of twelve nucleotide substitutions had already been reported as polymorphism. One of the nucleotide substitutions (A14290G) has not been reported. The A14290G nucleotide substitution does not change its amino acid (glutamic acid). We looked for base conservation using DNA star software (MEGALIGN program) as a criterion for pathogenic or nonpathogenic nucleotide substitution in A14290G. The results of ND6 gene alignment in humans and in other species (mouse, cow, elegans worm, and Neurospora crassa mold) revealed that the 14290th base was not conserved. Fifty normal controls were also investigated for this polymorphism in the Iranian population and two had A14290G polymorphism (4%). This study provides evidence that the mtDNA A14290G allele is a new nonpathogenic polymorphism. We suggest follow-up studies regarding this polymorphism in different populations.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a prevalência de candidíase em transplantados renais. Foram avaliados os prontuários dos pacientes transplantados no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto de fevereiro de 1968 a fevereiro de 1995. Nesse período foram transplantados 620 pacientes. Destes, 87 apresentaram 107 episódios de candidíase. Locais mais acometidos: trato urinário com 55 episódios, trato respiratório com 28, e trato gastrointestinal com 16. O agente etiológico mais freqüente foi C. albicans com 65 casos seguido de C. tropicalis com 12 e C. glabrata com 11 casos. As infecções do trato urinário mostraram incidência maior (61,7%) nos primeiros 6 meses. A maioria se apresentou clínicamente como infecção bacteriana. No trato respiratório, as infecções foram caracterizadas por recuperação do agente no escarro. No trato gastrointestinal, 9/16 episódios foram esofágicos, com epigastralgia, dor retroesternal, às vezes acompanhados de candidíase oral ou odinofagia. Nos outros episódios o agente foi recuperado nas fezes com quadro clínico de gastroenterite. Nas infecções dos tratos urinário e respiratório, houve associação da candidíase com antibioticoterapia prévia (76% e 67% respectivamente), além de infecções bacterianas concomitantes (34% e 64% respectivamente). As infecções por Candida sp tiveram prevalência geral em torno de 14,5%. A localização predominante foi no trato urinário e, em seguida, nos tratos respiratório e gastrointestinal, apresentando alto índice de associação com antibioticoterapia prévia e infecções bacterianas.

The medical records of 620 patients submitted to renal transplant from February 1968 to February 1995 were surveyed for Candida infection. Of these, 87 presented 107 episodes of candidiasis. In 42.9% the infection appeared up to 6 months after the transplant. The most frequent involved sites were: urinary tract, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. The most frequent etiological agents were: C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. Most urinary tract infections ocurred in the first 6 months (61,7%) and manifested clinically as a bacterial infection. In the respiratory tract infections were characterized by isolation of the agent in sputum. In the gastrointestinal infections, 9/16 episodes were esophageal. There were 3 deaths directly related to Candidiasis (one pulmonary and 2 disseminated cases). In the urinary tract, and respiratory tract infections there was association of candidiasis with previous antibiotic treatment (76% and 67%, respectively), and with concomitant bacterial infections (34% and 64%, respectively). The overall prevalence of Candida infections was 14.5%. The predominant location was in the urinary tract (51,0%), followed by the respiratory (26,0%) and gastrointestinal tract (15,0%), with a high rate of association with previous antibiotic treatment and bacterial infections.