Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a Preventive Oral Health Exam for Elderly People (EDePAM), using the e-Delphi technique, to diagnose oral health problems in people 65 or older. The e-Delphi technique was used with experts in multiple stages, and in a final workshop, where an agreement on an examination protocol was reached for diagnosing dental caries, oral mucosa lesions, periodontal diseases, and masticatory function disorders. Quantitative analyses of all the rounds of the e-Delphi method were conducted. It was agreed that the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) should be used together with a modified version of the Nyvad criteria to detect and assess caries lesions. It was also agreed that an assessment was needed of the different factors involved in determining caries risk, namely socioeconomic level, access to fluoride, level of dependence/functionality, salivary flow, history of head and neck cancer treatment, use of medications that decrease salivary flow, diet, use of removable dental prostheses, exposure of root surfaces, and caries history. Furthermore, patients would be required to undergo an examination of the oral mucosa, where any existing lesion should be described in terms of its clinical appearance, location, and risk potential. It was also agreed that an assessment of masticatory function should be performed using the Leake index, together with chewing-gum combined with a color scale to categorize masticatory performance. The number of pairs of occluding antagonist teeth was considered as the best predictor of masticatory function. The 2018 classification by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) / European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) was accepted as the standard to assess periodontal status, and it was agreed that this assessment should include an evaluation of clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. The novel EDePAM was considered as appropriate for conducting a functional assessment of oral health by providing a comprehensive diagnosis of oral diseases.

Abstract Introduction: to avoid rapid body mass fluctuations and the associated effects on health and performance, some combat sports federations have made changes to regulations. Objective: the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the Rapid Weight Gain on sporting success in elite Olympic wrestling athletes under the new weigh-in procedure. Methods: the body mass of 75 athletes was recorded during the Pan-American Olympic wrestling Championship (Lima, 2018), corresponding to 29 % of the total universe of competitors (n = 255). Of these, 29 were Greco-Roman style, eight freestyle, and 38 women´s wrestling. The official weigh-in was carried out between 8: 00 and 8: 30 hours. As for the second weigh-in, this was done with the same official weigh-in scale, immediately before the first match (between 10: 00 and 11: 00 hours). Rapid Weight Gain after weigh-in was compared between medalist and non-medalist athletes. Results: when analyzing the difference between medalists and non-medalists, no significant differences were found in Greco-Roman athletes (t = 0.114; p = 0.910; r = 0.022), in freestyle (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0.486; r = 0.000), in women´s wrestling (Mann-Whitney U = 163.0; p = 0.774; r = 0.124), and in all competitors (Mann-Whitney U = 641.5; p = 0.855; r = 0.037). Conclusions: no significant differences were found between medalist and non-medalist athletes in any of the Olympic wrestling styles.

Resumen Introducción: para evitar fluctuaciones rápidas del peso corporal y los efectos asociados sobre la salud y rendimiento, algunas federaciones de deportes de combate han realizado cambios de reglamento. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la ganancia rápida de peso en el éxito deportivo en atletas de élite de la lucha olímpica bajo la nueva modalidad de pesaje. Métodos: se registró el peso corporal de 75 atletas durante el Campeonato Panamericano de Lucha Olímpica (Lima, 2018), correspondiente al 29 % del universo total de competidores (n = 255). De estos, 29 fueron de estilo grecorromano; 8, de estilo libre y 38, de lucha libre femenina. El pesaje oficial se realizó entre las 8: 00 y las 8: 30 horas. En cuanto al segundo pesaje, se hizo con la misma balanza oficial inmediatamente antes de la primera lucha (entre las 10: 00 y las 11: 00 horas). La ganancia de peso rápida después del pesaje se comparó entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas. Resultados: al analizar la diferencia entre medallistas y no medallistas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los atletas de grecorromana (t = 0,114; p = 0,910; r = 0,022), en los de estilo libre (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0,486; r = 0,000), en los de lucha libre femenina (Mann-Whitney U = 163,0; p = 0,774; r = 0,124) ni en todos los competidores (Mann -Whitney U = 641,5; p = 0,855; r = 0,037). Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas en ninguno de los estilos de lucha olímpica.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze kinetic and metabolic features of two hybridomas for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) production for blood typing. Two lines of hybridomas, ED7 and ED9, were evaluated to produce anti-A and anti-AB, respectively. Experiments with ED7 and ED9 lines were conducted in a 500mL spinner flask and 2L bioreactor, using two different basal culture media, both with 10 % v/v addition of fetal bovine serum. The results revealed the necessity of additional supplementation of the culture media to meet the nutritional demands of the cells. Through nutritional balance and cultivation in better controlled conditions in the bioreactor, it was possible to raise the maximum specific growth rate µmax in 8.2 % and the productivity of anti-A in 148 % with the line ED7. For the ED9 line the µmax decreased 9.5% but the productivity of anti-AB increased 33.3%.

BACKGROUND: The geographical distribution of the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) includes the southern-central Neotropics. Despite its wide distribution, currently there is no dietary information on its southern distribution range. From June to September 2011, we quantified the diet and prey availability of the Chilean flamingo in the marine wetland of Caulín (41°48' S, 73°37' W), southern Chile. RESULTS: The prey availability related to both plankton and benthos were four species of copepods, four polychaetes, one foraminifera, and two amphipods. The diet of the Chilean flamingo was composed of foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii), copepods (Harpacticus sp.) and polychaetes. The most abundant prey items from feces of flamingos were Ammonia beccarii and Harpacticus sp. The diameter of A. beccarii consumed by flamingos ranged between 400 and 900 µm, while its width varied between 100 and 300 µm. The width of Harpacticus sp. consumed ranged between 160 and 260 µm. The similarity between flamingo diet and prey availability was 0.553. The diversity of prey organisms in the benthos was higher than that observed from plankton and feces of birds. A. beccarii was preferred over other prey consumed by flamingos. This preference is not related to the size of Harpacticus sp. but to their ability to swim and escape from flamingos. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary similarity of the Chilean flamingo versus the availability of prey in the environment (plankton and benthos) was 55%, indicating that the Chilean flamingo is a partially selective predator.

Recently, MUTYH mutations have been reported to predispose to the development of polyposis. However, polyposis caused by mutations in MUTYH has been characterized as an autosomal recessive hereditary disease, different from the autosomal dominant pattern observed in polyposis caused by APC mutations. We report a 41-year-old female consulting for anemia. Colonoscopy detected multiple sessile polyps and a cecal carcinoma. The patient was operated and in the surgical piece, the tumor invaded serosa and there was lymph node involvement. Approximately 100 polyps were found. The patient received 5-fluorouracil, as adjuvant therapy. The patient had a sister (of a total of 12 brothers) with a colorectal carcinoma. The genetic study identified a homozygous mutation of the MUTYH gene, called c.340T > C, that produces an amino acid change of tyrosine for histidine called p.Y114H. The sister with colorectal cancer was a heterozygous carrier of this mutation.

During january 2011 we recorded morphometric and behavioral data of Cinclodes antarcticus in Gonzalo island, Diego Ramirez, southern Chile. The bill length was significantly higher in males compared to females. C. antarcticus is a commensal bird of seabird and marine mammal colonies of the Patagonia.

Durante enero 2011 se registraron datos morfométricos y conductuales de Cinclodes antarcticus en isla Gonzalo, Diego Ramírez, sur de Chile. La longitud del pico fue significativamente mayor en machos respecto de hembras. C. antarcticus es un ave comensalista de colonias reproductivas de aves y mamíferos marinos de la Patagonia austral.

Pinus radiata is a conifer of recognized economic value. Studies at genetic and molecular level to support breeding programs of radiata pine have been conducted with difficulty due to its large and complex genome. The development of molecular markers has allowed performing studies on genetic variation, identification of clones and construction of linkage maps. In order to increase the genetic molecular markers in P. radiata, two inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and twelve selective amplifications of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) primer combinations were tested, using a first-generation full-sib family of 86 individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were visualized by capillary electrophoresis and polymorphism was detected by presence or absence of a particular fragment in one P. radiata parental. A total of 18 polymorphic fragments were found for two ISSR primers tested, with an average segregation distortion of 33 %. SAMPL markers yielded 85 polymorphic fragments with eight primer combinations, with an average of 22.3 % segregation distortion. Both methodologies showed a good reproducibility, with easy implementation and useful for genetic analysis on P. radiata.

Pinus radiata es una conífera de reconocido valor económico, en la cual los estudios a nivel genético y molecular, han sido conducidos con dificultad en programas de mejoramiento debido a su genoma complejo y de gran tamaño. El desarrollo de marcadores moleculares ha permitido realizar estudios de variación genética, validar clones y construir mapas de ligamiento. Para lograr incrementar la disponibilidad de marcadores moleculares en P. radiata, se examinaron dos marcadores ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) y 12 combinaciones de partidores SAMPL (selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci), usando una familia F1 de 86 hermanos completos de primera generación. Los productos de PCR (polymerase chain reaction) se visualizaron mediante electroforesis capilar y la selección de fragmentos polimórficos se efectuó a base de la presencia o ausencia de un fragmento en uno de los parentales de la familia de P. radiata. Un total de 18 fragmentos polimórficos fueron encontrados para los dos partidores ISSR, con una distorsión de segregación promedio de 33 %. Los marcadores SAMPL generaron 85 fragmentos polimórfcos empleando ocho combinaciones, con un promedio de 22,3 % de distorsión de segregación. Ambas metodologías mostraron buena reproducibilidad, fácil implementación y utilidad para análisis genético en P. radiata.

The development of laparoscopic colorectal surgery began 20 years ago; however it took several years before gaining its acceptance by the international surgical community. The first report in Chile was published in 1995. However, were necessary many years, until the middle of this decade, to know the first prospective series experiences. Out of these reports, no reliable data exist regarding the development of laparoscopic co-lorectal surgery in Chile, related to the number of centers performing laparoscopic colorectal surgery or the number of procedures performed. For record these data, a standardized questionnaire was send to colorectal chairmans of all hospitals that had reported to be developing laparoscopic colorectal surgery in our country. Ten of 15 hospitals responded to the survey. Most of the procedures performed were hemicolectomies, principally for cancer and diverticular disease. The average conversion rate was 7% and hospital stay was 5 days. Morbidity and mortality rates were 12% and 0.4% respectively. In the last year was seen an increase in the number of laparoscopic procedures in relation to the previous period. In conclusion, laparoscopic colorectal surgery is a recent technique in Chile, which is being implemented progressively, with good overall results.

El desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal (CLCR) se inició en la década de los 90, sin embargo, pasaron varios años antes de lograr su aceptación por la comunidad quirúrgica internacional. En Chile, los primeros relatos en congresos datan del año 1995 y las primeras experiencias de series prospectivas fueron publicadas 10 años más tarde. Fuera de estos reportes, no existe información fidedigna en relación al desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal en Chile, relacionados con el número de centros que la realizan, la formación actual de los cirujanos colorrectales en esta técnica ni en cuanto al número de procedimientos realizados. Para conocer estos datos se envió una encuesta estandarizada a los jefes de equipo de los centros que habían comunicado estar desarrollando la CLCR en nuestro país. Diez de 15 centros respondieron la encuesta. La mayor parte de los procedimientos corresponden a hemicolectomías, siendo las principales indicaciones el cáncer y la enfermedad diverticular. La tasa de conversión promedio fue de 7% y la estadía hospitalaria de 5 días. La morbilidad y mortalidad fue de 12% y 0,4% respectivamente. En el último año se ha visto un aumento del número de procedimientos laparoscópicos en relación al período previo. En conclusión, La CLCR es una técnica de reciente incorporación en Chile, que está siendo implementada en forma progresiva, con buenos resultados globales.

We evaluated the composition and seasonal variation in the diversity of an aquatic bird assemblage related to a mussel farm in southern Chile. Observations were carried out during spring 2008, and the summer, autumn and winter of 2009. Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus, followed by kelp gull Larus dominicanus and imperial cormorant P. atriceps were the dominant species. We identified five dietary groups, of which piscivorous birds had the greatest representation. Finally, we discuss the need to evaluate the potential impacts generated by the intensive mussel farming on various components of the marine ecosystem in southern Chile.

Between 2007 and 2009, we studied the diversity of seabirds and marine mammals inhabiting San Pedro Bay (Purranque, coastal area of the Osorno province). We assessed composition, diversity and abundance of these vertebrates that included 18 species of seabirds, with Spheniscus magellanicus and Puffinus griseus as the most abundant. Two species of penguin, a gull and a tern breed in the area. Marine mammal assemblages were composed of seven species, from which Otaria flavescens and Lagenorhynchus australis were the most abundant. A species of sea lion and an otter breed in the area. These results show the potential of this area for biological conservation and the development of special interest tourism initiatives, which promote conservation. Based on this information, we recommend establishing long-term study programs that will provide guidance to the local community, in terms of planning, regulation and assessment of tourism activities that can be developed.

Entre los años 2007 y 2009, se estudió la diversidad de aves y mamíferos marinos que habitan bahía San Pedro (comuna de Purranque, provincia de Osorno). Evaluamos la composición, diversidad y abundancia de estos vertebrados, que presentó 18 especies de aves marinas, de las cuales Spheniscus magellanicus y Puffinus griseus fueron las más abundantes. Dos especies de pingüinos, una gaviota y un gaviotín se reproducen en la bahía. El ensamble de mamíferos marinos estuvo compuesto por siete especies, de las cuales Otaria flavescens y Lagenorhynchus australis fueron las más abundantes. Una especie de lobo marino y nutria de mar se reproducen en la bahía. Los resultados demuestran el potencial que posee esta bahía para la conservación de biodiversidad marina y el desarrollo del turismo de intereses especiales que promuevan la conservación. A partir de esta información, recomendamos establecer un programa de estudios a largo plazo que asesore a la comunidad local en la planificación, regulación y evaluación de las actividades de turismo a desarrollar.

Background: Hemorrhoidal disease is very common and approximately 10% of the patients require surgery. Within the different surgical techniques, the Longo procedure or PPH (procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids) has gained importance. Aim: To evaluate the patients' perception of PPH hemorrhoidectomy in a medium term follow-up. Material and Methods: All patients undergoing PPH hemorrhoidectomy between January 2007 and January 2009 were identified. A survey was designed to assess the presence of specific symptoms before and after surgery, and applied to all patients. Results: Fifty-seven patients completed the survey, with a follow-up ranging from 8 to 31 months. Ninety-four percent of patients referred improvement of bleeding, 85% of hemorrhoidal prolapse and 68% of soiling after the intervention. On a scale of 1 to 7, 88% of patients rated the procedure with a score over 5, and 87% would recommend the use of this technique to other patients suffering from the disease. Conclusions: Most patients favorably assess PPH hemorrhoidectomy in terms of postoperative resolution of the symptoms, functional status and overall satisfaction in a medium-term follow-up.

Introducción: La patología hemorroidal es una condición muy frecuente en la población general y aproximadamente un 10% de los afectados requerirá cirugía. Existen distintas técnicas para su abordaje, siendo la operación de Longo o PPH (procedimiento para el prolapso y las hemorroides) una alternativa que ha cobrado relevancia. Existe poca evidencia de los resultados desde el punto de vista de la satisfacción de los pacientes. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es dar a conocer la evaluación y percepción de los pacientes operados de hemorroides con la técnica de PPH en un seguimiento a mediano plazo. Material y Métodos: Se identificaron todos los pacientes operados con la técnica de PPH entre enero de 2007 y enero de 2009. Se aplicó una encuesta diseñada para consignar la presencia de algunos síntomas antes y después de la cirugía. Resultados: 57 pacientes completaron la encuesta, con un seguimiento promedio de 17,6 meses (extremos 8-31). Un 94% de los pacientes refirió la desaparición del sangrado, el 85% del prolapso hemorroidal y un 68% del ensuciamiento (soiling) tras la intervención. En una escala de evaluación de 1 a 7, el 88% de los pacientes calificó el procedimiento con nota > 5 y el 87% recomendaría el uso de esta técnica a otros pacientes afectados por esta patología. Conclusión: El uso de la técnica de PPH es evaluada favorablemente por la mayoría de los pacientes en relación a la resolución de sus síntomas, al estado funcional y al grado de satisfacción en un seguimiento postoperatorio a mediano plazo.

The lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is important in the physiology and dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which has described the presence of a third head in the lateral pterygoid muscle (THLPM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of THLPM and its relationship with the TMJ disc through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was evaluated 178 MRI of the TMJ of healthy individuals, in images that presented THLPM, and these were defined and measured at the surface inserted into the disc. The prevalence of THLPM was 20.22% (n = 36). Insertion of THLPM was made entirely on the TMJ disc, the average area of insertion was 4.14mm (SD 1.35) in women and 4.67 (SD 2.68) in men, but these differences were not significant. We concluded that the LPM has a complex structure, and that a THLPM could contribute in the development of TMJ disc function alterations and anterior disc displacement.

El músculo pterigoideo lateral (MPL) tiene importancia en la fisiología y en la disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), se ha descrito la presencia de una tercera cabeza en el músculo pterigoideo lateral (TCPL). El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar mediante resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) la prevalencia de la TCPL y su relación con el disco de la ATM. Se evaluaron 178 RNM de ATM de individuos sanos. En las imágenes que presentaron TCPL éstos fueron delimitados y se midió la superficie inserta en el disco. La prevalencia de la TCPL fue del 20,22% (n=36). La inserción de la TCPL se realizó completamente en el disco de la ATM, la media del área de inserción fue de 4,14mm (DS. 1,35) en mujeres y 4,67 (DS. 2,68) en hombres, estas diferencias no resultaron significativas. Concluimos que el MPL presenta una estructura compleja y que una TCPL podría participar en el desarrollo de alteraciones en la función discal y en la presencia de desplazamiento anterior del disco.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the condylar position in the maximum mouth opening in a group of individuals with and without temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) using corrected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was analyzed the MRIs of 200 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of 100 adults (25 males and 75 females). The images protocol of the MRIs were in corrected sagittal plane T1, with the patient kept at a maximum mouth opening without pain. All the images were obtained parallel to the Frankfurt plane. The images were split by two lines parallel to the upper base of the image which was obtained parallel to the Frankfurt plane, tangential to the articular tubercle and the condyle of each TMJ, and set along the discrepancy of the condylar position on both sides and the position with regard to the articular tubercle. The discrepancy was 45% overall, the most common condylar position types were 5 and 6 on the right and left sides in both the male and female TMJ patients. In this regard, the highest mean values were found for the maximum mouth opening. Our results support the hypothesis that the condylar position is not directly related to the magnitude of the oral opening.

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar mediante resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) la posición condilar en apertura máxima en pacientes sin alteraciones de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). Se utilizaron 200 imágenes de 100 individuos adultos (25 hombres y 75 mujeres) observadas en plano sagital corregido en T1 con el paciente en apertura máxima sin dolor, la región de la ATM se dividió mediante dos líneas perpendiculares entre sí, tangentes a la cabeza mandibular y al tubérculo articular y se estableció la discrepancia de la posición condilar en ambos lados y la posición condilar con respecto al tubérculo articular. La discrepancia general fue del 45%, las posiciones condilares más frecuentes fueron los tipos 5 y 6 en los lados derecho e izquierdo en ATM de hombres y de mujeres, en esta relación se encontraron los mayores valores medios de apertura oral máxima. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis que la posición condilar no se encuentra en relación directa con la magnitud de la apertura oral.

Starting from human skulls, metric data are obtained for the sex diagnosis, age and racial affinity. The purpose of this study was to determine, by means of facial and cranial lineal dimensions, a discriminant function and to identify those more useful dimensions to predict the skin color starting from skulls. 208 skulls of the collection of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo were analyzed, belonging to individuals with racial affinity for white, black and mulatto, according to the registration. The following dimensions were determined: Right Eurion- left Eurion, Glabella-Opisthocranion, Basion - Bregma, Nasion - Prosthion, Bizigomatic, Maximum width of the Piriform Aperture and the Nasion-Spinal distance. It was carried out a statistical analysis with ANOVA one way, Bonferroni and Schaffe test and the discriminant function was calculated. The maximum width of the piriform aperture only presented statistical differences in the groups according to skin color. To the analysis for sex, to the group of males skulls the Nasion Prostión dimension was added. The discriminant function built with the maximum width of the piriform aperture, only allowed to classify 53,8% of the skulls correctly. The discriminant function calculated in this sample has a limited utility and it becomes necessary the analysis of other dimensions for Brazilian population.

Del cráneo humano se obtienen datos métricos para el diagnóstico de sexo, edad y afinidad racial. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar, por medio de dimensiones lineales faciales y craneales, una función discriminante e identificar aquellas dimensiones más útiles, para predecir el color de piel a partir de cráneos. Se analizaron 208 cráneos de la colección de la Universidade Federal de São Paulo, pertenecientes a individuos con afinidad racial para blanco, negro y mulato, de acuerdo al registro. Se determinaron las siguientes dimensiones: Biéurica, Glabela-Opistocráneo, Basion- Bregma, Nasion- Prostion, Bicigomática, ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme y la distancia Nasion-Espinal. Se realizó un análisis estadístico con ANOVA de un factor, test de Bonferroni y Schaffe y se calculó la función discriminante. Sólo el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme presentó diferencias estadísticas en los grupos según color de piel. Al análisis por sexo, al grupo de cráneos masculinos se agregó la longitud Nasión Prostión. La función discriminante construida con el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme, sólo permitió clasificar correctamente el 53,8% de los cráneos. La función discriminante calculada en esta muestra tiene una limitada utilidad y se hace necesario el análisis de otras dimensiones para población brasilera.