In situ transesterification of crambe seeds oil was investigated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using dimethyl carbonate as acyl acceptor and lipase Novozyme 435® as the catalyst. First, the effects of solvent-to-seeds ratio, seed pretreatment, and extraction time were evaluated on the seed oil removal, comparing the results with conventional Soxhlet extraction. Then, the effects of enzyme loading (5 to 30 wt.% based on the oil mass) and reaction time (60 to 540 min) were evaluated on the simultaneous extraction and reaction. The highest oil extraction yield (ca. 26 wt.%) was achieved at the solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1 and 360 min. The oil obtained from seeds that received thermal pretreatment showed a higher concentration of minor compounds. The highest ester content (76.71 wt.%) was obtained with an enzyme loading of 20 wt.%, solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1, for 480 min. The reaction samples showed a predominance of erucate and oleate esters, with identification of the co-products formation (glycerol carbonate and glycerol dicarbonate), and ca. 5 wt.% of acylglycerols. 435 catalyst First solventtoseeds solvent removal Then ( 3 wt wt. mass 60 (6 54 min ca (ca 2 g1 g 1 g- 36 compounds 76.71 7671 76 71 (76.7 g1, 1, 48 coproducts co products dicarbonate, dicarbonate , dicarbonate) acylglycerols 43 76.7 767 7 (76. 4 76. (76 (7

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to carry out the extraction and chemical characterization of oil from crambe treated with resistance inducers during its cultivation to promote greater efficiency in the defense system of plants. For this purpose, Agromos® and Ecolife® inducers were applied at rates of 0.5 and 1.0 L hectare−1 during crambe cultivation. Crambe seed oil was obtained in a Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane as a solvent and the oils were characterized in terms of fatty acid composition and minority compound contents (phytosterol and tocopherol). The oil obtained from seeds without the application of inducers (control) was also characterized. We determine the oxidative stability of oils with inducer application that presented higher minority compound contents. Crambe seeds that received the treatment with the Agromos® resistance inducer had higher oil content. However, in general, the fatty acid profile of the obtained oils was similar and showed a predominance of erucic and oleic acids (which represent ~82% of the composition). The application of the Agromos® inducer allowed obtaining seeds that provided oil with higher contents of phytosterols and tocopherols and higher oxidative stability. ABSTRACT plants purpose Agromos Ecolife 05 0 5 0. 10 1 1. hectare1 hectare hectare− nhexane n hexane phytosterol tocopherol. tocopherol . tocopherol) control (control content However general which 82 ~82 composition. composition) 8 ~8 ~

Abstract This study aimed to produce water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour (MPF) as a source of active compounds and to use this ingredient as a partial substitute for whole milk in Greek yogurt (GY) for its nutritional enrichment. Enriched water-soluble oat extracts (EWSOE) were produced with different concentrations of MPF (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and characterized in relation to pH, titratable acidity, soluble proteins and total phenolics. Three GY formulations were prepared by partially replacing whole milk with EWSOE and the best formulation (in relation to sensory analyzes and phenolics compounds) was selected for storage study, chemical characterization, and sensory acceptance testing. MPF addition increased soluble proteins and total phenolics in EWSOE. GY formulations prepared with EWSOE had similar sensory scores. During storage, GY prepared with EWSOE containing 2% MPF exhibited changes in pH and titratable acidity and a reduction in total phenolics. Color parameters, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition did not change over 21 days of storage. The major fatty acids in GY were oleic and palmitic acids. The selected product had low lactose content (1.2%), achieved satisfactory sensory acceptance in relation to the evaluated attributes, and had lipid (~6.19%) and protein (~3.96%) contents within regulatory requirements. Additionally, EWSOE is a valuable ingredient in GY preparation, offering beneficial nutritional and functional properties. watersoluble water (MPF (GY enrichment (EWSOE 0%, 0 (0% 1 1% 15 5 1.5 2 characterization testing scores parameters cholesterol 1.2%, 12 1.2% , (1.2%) attributes ~6.19% 619 6 19 (~6.19% ~3.96% 396 3 96 (~3.96% requirements Additionally preparation properties 0% (0 1. 1.2 (1.2% ~6.19 61 (~6.19 ~3.96 39 9 (~3.96 ( (1.2 ~6.1 (~6.1 ~3.9 (~3.9 (1. ~6. (~6. ~3. (~3. (1 ~6 (~6 ~3 (~3 ~ (~

Resumo A adição de cloreto de potássio (KCl) tem sido proposta como substituto de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) em produtos cárneos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a transferência de massa (TM) de cortes de peito frango imersos em soluções salinas com diferentes formulações de NaCl e KCl, durante o tratamento osmótico. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em diferentes soluções salinas utilizando três formulações: (A) 100% NaCl, (B) 50% de NaCl e 50% de KCl, e (C) 100% KCl, sob agitação, numa proporção de 1:10 (m/m) de sal:água e temperatura da solução de aproximadamente 1 °C. A TM foi caracterizada por meio da determinação dos parâmetros de ganho de água (GA), ganho de sal (GS), ganho de massa (GM) e coeficiente de difusão aparente da água (Dap), em cortes de frango. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição do NaCl por KCl foi efetiva, visto que, com a formulação (B), a carne de frango apresentou maior absorção de sal quando comparada com a formulação (A). No final de 6 h de salga, as amostras apresentaram incremento entre 10,5% e 11,0% de GA, não apresentando diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. A formulação (B) proporcionou maior GS pelas amostras, atingindo 3,77 g sal 100 g-1 de amostra inicial e, consequentemente, maior coeficiente de difusão aparente da água na carne. A formulação (A) apresentou-se inferior quanto aos parâmetros de GS e GM, quando comparada com as demais formulações, devido ao efeito osmótico menos intenso provocado por ela.

Abstract Potassium chloride (KCl) can be used as a substitute for NaCl in meat products. The aim of this work was to study the mass transfer (MT) during osmotic treatment of chicken breast cuts immersed in salt solutions of varying amounts of NaCl and KCl. The experiments were carried out using salt solutions of three different formulations: (A) 100% NaCI, (B) 50% NaCl and 50% KCl, and (C) 100% KCl; solutions were kept under stirring, containing 1:10 (m/m) of salt; solution temperature was of about 1 °C. MT was characterized by evaluating water gain (WG), salt gain (SG), weight gain (WG) and apparent diffusion coefficient of water (Dap) of chicken parts. The results showed that substitution of NaCI for KCI was effective, since with formulation (B) chicken meat showed higher salt absorption in comparison to the formulation (A). At the end of 6 hours of curing the samples showed an WG increase between 10.5% and 11.0%, with no significant differences between the treatments. Samples treated with formulation (B) had higher SG values, totaling 3.77 g salt 100 g -1 of initial sample and consequently led to a higher apparent diffusion coefficient of water in the meat. Treatment with formulation (A) led to lower WG and GS parameters when compared with the other formulations due to less intense osmotic effect caused by this.

Abstract The present work aimed to develop and characterize HPMC-films (HFs) based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with the addition of lactase for later application in the reduction of lactose in whole milk. The HFs were produced by the casting technique, with the addition of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g of lactase per 100 g of filmogenic solution. All the formulations presented a high capacity of film formation, but the thickness and time of disintegration increased according to the added lactase concentration. Regardless of the formulation developed, HFs in whole milk, a reduction in the lactose content (~ 80%) occurred, classifying the product as zero lactose. Thus, the HPMC-films with the addition of lactase can be considered as a good alternative for solubilization in foods which have a high concentration of lactose.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de etila como solvente na extração de óleo de semente de macaúba (OSM), utilizando extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU). Verificou-se que o aumento na remoção de OSM pode ser obtido com o uso de maiores quantidades de solventes, maior temperatura e tempo de extração. Com isso, obteve-se o rendimento máximo de óleo (40,61%) proporcionado pela EAU a 60 °C, 45 min, e utilizando a razão solvente para grão de 12 (mL g-1), o qual foi superior ao obtido por n -hexano, nas mesmas condições experimentais. A EAU foi favorável na extração de óleo (p < 0,05) e apresentou rendimento próximo ao relatado pela extração clássica; no entanto, na EAU, utiliza-se menor tempo de extração e volume de solvente. O ácido láurico corresponde a ~44% da composição do OSM. Os óleos apresentaram baixos teores de ácidos graxos livres (<0,80%) e os fitoesteróis, campesterol e β-sitosterol, foram identificados no OSM com maiores teores no óleo obtido pela EAU.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of ethyl acetate as a solvent in the extraction of macauba kernel oil (MKO) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). It was shown that more MKO oil could be extracted with the use of larger amounts of solvent, higher temperatures and longer extraction times. Thus the maximum oil yield (40.61%) was obtained by UAE at 60 °C for 45 min, using a solvent to kernel ratio of 12 (mL g-1), obtaining a higher yield than that obtained with n-hexane under the same experimental conditions. UAE was favorable for this oil extraction (p < 0.05), presenting a yield close to that reported for classical extraction but with a shorter extraction time and smaller solvent volume. Lauric acid corresponded to ~44% of the MKO composition. The oils presented low free fatty acid contents (<0.80% wt), and the phytosterols, campesterol and β-sitosterol, were identified in the MKO with higher levels in the oil obtained by UAE.