Abstract This study evaluated the effects of broiler age (A) and levels of replacement (L) of control diet (CD) on the utilization of energy and nutrients of whole corn germ. 720 one-day-old broilers (b) were allocated at completely randomized design to six treatments and six replicates, in three assays: pre-starter (1-8 days, 10 b/cage), starter (15-22 days, 6 b/cage), and grower (28-35 days, 4 b/cage) phases. The treatments were: CD and four test diets (L): 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 g kg-1 of the CD replaced by WCG levels. The data were adjusted to the response surface model. The stationary points for apparent energy metabolizable (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) were: 4173 and 3591 kcal kg-1, respectively, and coefficients of gross energy (AMCGE), crude protein (AMCCP), dry matter (AMCDM), and ether extract (AMCEE) were: 49.3, 40.4, 72.6, and 61.3%, respectively; and Ileal digestibility coefficient of crude protein (IDCCP), dry matter (IDCDM), digestibility crude protein values (DCP), and digestibility dry matter value (DDM) were: 78.0, 57.96, 8.50, and 56.17%, respectively. The EP for AMEn was at 18 days of age, 28 g kg-1 WCG. There was a correlation between A and L on digestibility and metabolisability of nutrient’s WCG. (A (L (CD germ 72 onedayold one day old b (b replicates assays prestarter pre 1 8 (1- b/cage, bcage b/cage , cage 1522 15 22 (15-2 2835 35 (28-3 phases 100 150 200 250 30 kg1 kg kg- model (AME (AMEn 417 359 kg1, 1, respectively AMCGE, AMCGE (AMCGE) AMCCP, AMCCP (AMCCP) AMCDM, AMCDM (AMCDM) AMCEE (AMCEE 493 49 3 49.3 404 40 40.4 726 72.6 613 61 61.3% IDCCP, IDCCP (IDCCP) IDCDM, IDCDM (IDCDM) DCP, DCP (DCP) DDM (DDM 780 78 0 78.0 5796 57 96 57.96 850 50 8.50 5617 56 17 56.17% 2 nutrient s 7 (1 152 (15- 283 (28- 20 25 41 (AMCGE (AMCCP (AMCDM 49. 40. 72. 61.3 (IDCCP (IDCDM (DCP 78. 579 5 9 57.9 85 8.5 561 56.17 ( (15 (28 61. 57. 8. 56.1 (2 56.

Abstract Although there are reports that polyphenol resveratrol (Rsv) may cause muscle hypertrophy in basal conditions and attenuate muscle wasting in catabolic situations, its mechanism of action is still unclear. Our study evaluated the ex vivo effects of Rsv on protein metabolism and intracellular signaling in innervated (sham-operated; Sham) and 3-day sciatic denervated (Den) rat skeletal muscles. Rsv (10-4 M) reduced total proteolysis (40%) in sham muscles. Den increased total proteolysis (~40%) in muscle, which was accompanied by an increase in the activities of ubiquitin-proteasome (~3-fold) and lysosomal (100%) proteolytic systems. Rsv reduced total proteolysis (59%) in Den muscles by inhibiting the hyperactivation of ubiquitin-proteasome (50%) and lysosomal (~70%) systems. Neither Rsv nor Den altered calcium-dependent proteolysis in muscles. Mechanistically, Rsv stimulated PKA/CREB signaling in Den muscles, and PKA blockage by H89 (50μM) abolished the antiproteolytic action of the polyphenol. Rsv reduced FoxO4 phosphorylation (~60%) in both Sham and Den muscles and Akt phosphorylation (36%) in Den muscles. Rsv also caused a homeostatic effect in Den muscles by returning their protein synthesis rates to levels similar to Sham muscles. These data indicate that Rsv directly inhibits the proteolytic activity of lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, mainly in Den muscles through, at least in part, the activation of PKA/CREB signaling. (Rsv situations unclear shamoperated operated (sham-operated 3day day 3 (Den 104 10 4 (10- M 40% 40 (40% ~40% (~40% ubiquitinproteasome ubiquitin proteasome ~3fold 3fold fold ~3 (~3-fold 100% 100 (100% systems 59% 59 (59% 50% 50 (50% ~70% 70 (~70% calciumdependent calcium dependent Mechanistically PKACREB CREB H H8 50μM μM (50μM FoxO ~60% 60 (~60% 36% 36 (36% through part 1 (10 (40 ~40 (~40 ~ (100 5 (59 (50 ~70 7 (~70 ~60 6 (~60 (36 (1 (4 ~4 (~4 (5 ~7 (~7 ~6 (~6 (3 ( (~

BACKGROUND The parasite Giardia duodenalis infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Giardia is genotyped into eight assemblages (A-H). Zoonotic assemblages A and B have already been identified in humans and wild and domestic animals (non-human primates and cats) from Brazilian Amazon and in the world. Due to its zoonotic/zooanthroponotic nature, surveillance initiatives and the definition of Giardia assemblages are important in order to characterise the epidemiological scenario and to implement further control measures. OBJECTIVES Determine assemblages of G. duodenalis in sloths from the Brazilian Amazon Region. METHODS Faecal parasitological examination of sloths from Amazonas State. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the beta giardin (BG), and genes from multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. FINDINGS Here, we identified, by microscopy, Giardia in two northern sloths (Bradypus tridactylus). These two samples were submitted to molecular assays and it was revealed that both were infected by G. duodenalis assemblage A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they belong to assemblage A within sequences from humans and wild and domestic animals. CONCLUSION Therefore, besides showing, by the first time, the current presence of this parasite in sloths, our findings reveals that this wild animal species would be part of the zoonotic/zooanthroponotic scenario of this parasite in the Brazilian Amazon. hosts AH. AH H . (A-H) nonhuman non human cats world zoonoticzooanthroponotic zoonotic zooanthroponotic nature measures G Region State PCR (PCR BG, BG , (BG) MLST (MLST scheme Here microscopy Bradypus tridactylus. tridactylus tridactylus) Therefore showing time (A-H (BG

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the expression levels of surface markers of activation (CD38 and HLA-DR), inhibition (PD-1, TIGIT and CD57) and co-stimulation (CD28 and CD127) on CD4+ T cells of children/adolescents with vertical HIV infection (HI patients) and HIV-uninfected (HU) controls vaccinated with the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MCC). METHODS: HI patients (n=12), aged 8-17 years, were immunized with two MCC injections, while HU controls (n=9), aged 5.3-10.7 years, received a single MCC dose (as per national recommendation at the time of this study, a single MCC vaccine dose should be given for healthy children and youth aged 1-18 years). The HI patients were categorized according to the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment. Blood samples were obtained before vaccination, after priming, and after the administration of a booster dose of vaccine to determine the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers and the expression levels of surface markers on CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. The levels of serum cytokines, IL-4 and CXCL-13 were also measured using Luminex kits. RESULTS: The co-expression of the TIGIT-HLA-DR-CD38 molecules increased in the CD4+ T cells of HI patients/no-cART who also showed a lower frequency of CD127+CD28+ CD4+ T cells than HI patients/cART and HU group subjects. There were significant negative correlations between the frequency of exhausted CD4+ T cells and the SBA response. IL-4 levels were higher in HI patients/cART and positively correlated with SBA titers but negatively associated with the expression of exhaustion markers. Moreover, the CXCL-13 levels were positively correlated with the exhausted CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that the co-expression of exhaustion markers and/or loss of co-stimulatory molecules influence the SBA response in HI patients.

Abstract Morus nigra L. has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. We evaluate the chemical composition and antidiabetic properties of the hexane (Hex-Mn) and chloroform (Chlo-Mn) fractions obtained by partition of the crude ethanolic extract from the leaves in rats. Chemical composition analysis of Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In vivo and in vitro studies were carried out to compare the antidiabetic activities of the Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn fractions. Most of the compounds identified in Hex-Mn were α-linolenic acid, stigmast-5-en-3-ol and linolenic acid ethyl ester, while in Chlor-Mn, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid were mainly identified. Only Hex-Mn treatment reduced both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Additionally, Hex-Mn preserved body weight gain, preserved the hepatic glycogen content, and also reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite levels, as well as restored the superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, digestion of complex carbohydrates and intestinal glucose absorption was prevented by Hex-Mn treatment. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of Hex-Mn may be explained, at least in part, by the insulin sensitivity increase, antioxidant properties and reduction in carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine.

Ananas comosus, popularly known as pineapple, has well defined plant anatomy and numerous pharmacologically active phytochemicals. Some of these are responsible for the species antimicrobial potential, which has been widely studied given the bacterial resistance to the currently used antibiotics. Considering this, it is defined that the main characteristic of a drug is the absence of toxic effects, thus, there is a need to seek data regarding the toxicity of A. comosus, collaborating for its possible use as a drug. Comparing hydroalcoholic extracts from the crown leaves, skin and pulp of the infructescence, it was possible to determine that the three tested extracts are non-toxic, being the one with the lowest toxicity to Artemia salina Leach (leaves extract with LC50 equal to 994 μg/mL) and to lamb's blood (pulp extract with percentage of haemolysis equal to 0.83%). Studies concerning principles and methodologies similar to those used here have found comparable results stating the low toxicity of the plant. These results contribute to the research that promotes the use of pineapple as a phytotherapeutic agent and reaffirms its presence in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Ananas comosus, conocido popularmente como piña, tiene una anatomía de planta bien definida y numerosos fitoquímicos farmacológicamente activos. Algunos de éstos son responsables del potencial antimicrobiano de la especie, que ha sido ampliamente estudiado dada la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos actualmente utilizados. Teniendo esto en cuenta, se define que la característica principal de un medicamento es la ausencia de efectos tóxicos, por lo tanto, es necesario buscar datos sobre la toxicidad de A. comosus, colaborando para su posible uso como fármaco. Comparando extractos hidroalcohólicos de las hojas de la corona, cáscara y pulpa de la infrutescencia, fue posible determinar que los tres extractos probados no son tóxicos, siendo el de menor toxicidad para Artemia salina Leach (extracto de hojas con CL50 igual a 994 μg/mL) y a sangre de cordero (extracto de pulpa con porcentaje de hemólisis igual a 0,83%). Los estudios sobre principios y metodologías similares a los utilizados aquí han encontrado resultados comparables que indican la baja toxicidad de la planta. Estos resultados aportan a las investigaciónes que promueven el uso de la piña como agente fitoterapéutico y reafirman su presencia en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil.

Solid phase extraction (SPE) is one of the main sample preparation techniques. However, the cost of cartridges and the strong retention of hydrophobic compounds in traditional solid phases are limiting factors for their use. This paper describes the application of lab-made SPE cartridges with low retention material as solid phase, Si(PDAS) - poly(dimethyl-co-alkylmethylsiloxane) thermally immobilized on silica, in the determination of pesticide residues in surface water samples. The extraction method of three pesticides: carbendazim, diurom and methyl parathion in water samples was developed, optimized and validated using Si(PDAS) cartridges and HPLC-UV for quantification. The optimized method required a small organic solvent volume for the elution of pesticides from Si(PDAS), producing a concentration factor of 1000 times and allowing limits of detection like those obtained with hyphenated techniques. The validated method for extraction of pesticides in water samples presented: accuracy, with pesticide recoveries between 70-110%; precision, with RSD < 20%, and; high detectability, resulting in LOQ < 0.4 µg L-1 for all compounds. Si(PDAS) cartridges showed similar efficiency to those commercial C18 for the extraction of pesticides in surface water samples, with additional advantages such as ease, simplicity and low cost of preparation, up to six times cheaper than commercial cartridges.

RESUMO Memora nodosa, popularmente conhecida como "caroba", é amplamente encontrada em regiões de Cerrado no Brasil. Na Medicina Tradicional, as folhas e as raízes são utilizadas para o tratamento de úlceras externas e as raízes para dores abdominais. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do extrato etanólico das raízes da Memora nodosa (EMN) na mucosa gástrica de camundongos. No modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por indometacina, o tratamento dos animais com EMN nas doses de 100, 300 e 1000 mg/kg, v.o., foi capaz de reduzir o índice de lesão. Nos modelos de úlcera gástrica induzida por etanol e por estresse o tratamento com EMN na dose de 300 mg/kg foi capaz de proteger a mucosa gástrica em 69 e 43%, respectivamente. Após sete dias de restrição alimentar, os animais tratados com EMN (300 mg/kg v.o.) mostrou uma redução no índice de lesão de 65% quando comparado ao grupo controle. A administração intraduodenal de EMN (300 mg/kg) não alterou os parâmetros de secreção ácida gástrica. O tratamento com EMN (300 mg/kg v.o.) não alterou os níveis de glutationa (GSH), mas foi capaz de aumentar o muco gástrico aderido, quando comparado ao grupo controle lesado. Esses resultados mostram que o EMN possui atividade gastroprotetora provavelmente devido ao aumento de muco gástrico aderido à mucosa gástrica.

ABSTRACT Memora nodosa is popularly known as "caroba" and widely found in the Cerrado regions of Brazil. In traditional medicine, the leaves and stems are used for the healing of external ulcer and the roots for abdominal pain. This study investigated the effect of ethanolic roots extract of Memora nodosa (EMN) on the gastric mucosa of mice. In the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model, the treatments of the animals with EMN at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o., markedly reduced the index of lesions. In the gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol and cold restraint-stress the previous treatment with EMN at dose of 300 mg/kg showed 69% and 43% of protection, respectively. Seven days after food-restriction, the animals treated with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) showed reduction in the index of lesion by 65% as compared to control group. The intraduodenal administration of EMN (300 mg/kg) did not alter the gastric acid secretion parameters. The treatment with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) did not alter glutathione levels (GSH), but showed an increase of adhered gastric mucus as compared to the control group with lesion. These results showed that EMN has gastroprotective activity probably due with an increase of adhered gastric mucus.

Contextualização: A medida das pressões respiratórias estáticas máximas (pressão inspiratória (PImáx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx)) refletem a força dos músculos respiratórios. Essas medidas são simples, não invasivas e têm valores diagnóstico e prognóstico estabelecidos. Este é o primeiro estudo que avaliou pressões respiratórias máximas com a população brasileira realizado de acordo com as recomendações propostas pela American Thoracic Society e European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT). Objetivo: Estabelecer equações de referência, valores médios e limites inferiores de normalidade para a PImáx e a PEmáx para cada faixa etária e gênero, conforme as recomendações da ATS/ERS e da SBPT. Método: Foram recrutados 134 brasileiros residentes em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, com idade entre 20-89 anos, com prova de função pulmonar e índice de massa corporal dentro da normalidade. Foi utilizado um manovacuômetro digital que operacionalizou a variável pressão média máxima. Para a PImáx e a PEmáx, foram realizadas, pelo menos, cinco manobras, considerando o efeito aprendizado. Resultados: Foram avaliados 74 mulheres e 60 homens. As equações propostas foram: PImáx=63,27-0,55 (idade)+17,96 (sexo)+0,58 (peso), r2=34% e PEmáx=-61,41+2,29 (idade)-0,03 (idade2)+33,72 (sexo)+1,40 (cintura), r2=49%. Conclusão: As equações resultantes deste estudo poderão ser utilizadas na prática clínica para cálculo de valores preditos para PImáx e PEmáx na população brasileira.

Background: The maximum static respiratory pressures, namely the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), reflect the strength of the respiratory muscles. These measures are simple, non-invasive, and have established diagnostic and prognostic value. This study is the first to examine the maximum respiratory pressures within the Brazilian population according to the recommendations proposed by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) and the Brazilian Thoracic Association (SBPT). Objective: To establish reference equations, mean values, and lower limits of normality for MIP and MEP for each age group and sex, as recommended by the ATS/ERS and SBPT. Method: We recruited 134 Brazilians living in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, aged 20-89 years, with a normal pulmonary function test and a body mass index within the normal range. We used a digital manometer that operationalized the variable maximum average pressure (MIP/MEP). At least five tests were performed for both MIP and MEP to take into account a possible learning effect. Results: We evaluated 74 women and 60 men. The equations were as follows: MIP=63.27-0.55 (age)+17.96 (gender)+0.58 (weight), r2 of 34% and MEP= - 61.41+2.29 (age) - 0.03(age2)+33.72 (gender)+1.40 (waist), r2 of 49%. Conclusion: In clinical practice, these equations could be used to calculate the predicted values of MIP and MEP for the Brazilian population.