ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Social distancing has led to lifestyle changes among older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence risk of sarcopenia (RS) and investigate its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in older Brazilian adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional observational analysis of baseline data as part of the Remobilize Study. METHODS: Participants in the study were older adults (≥ 60 years), excluding those who were bedridden or institutionalized. The data collected consisted of answers about the RS (SARC-F), functional status, walking, sedentary behavior (SB), pain, comorbidity, and life space mobility. RESULTS: A total of 1,482 older adults (70 ± 8.14 years, 74% women) participated in the study, and an RS prevalence of 17.1% was found. (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.25–19.15%). The adjusted multivariate model showed a significant association between RS and functional limitation (odds ratio [OR]: 19.05; CI 13.00–28.32), comorbidity (OR: 5.11; CI 3.44–7.81), pain (OR: 4.56; CI 3.33–6.28), total walking (OR: 0.99; CI 0.99–1.00), SB of 8–10 hours (OR: 1.85; CI 1.15–2.93), and SB of > 10 hours (OR: 3.93; CI 2.48–6.22). RS was associated with mobility during the pandemic (OR: 0.97; CI 0.96–0.98). P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, the prevalence of RS in older Brazilians was estimated at 17.1%. Moderate to severe functional limitation, comorbidities, presence of pain, walking, longer SB period, and reduced life space mobility significantly contributed to RS in older adults during the pandemic. BACKGROUND 201 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 OBJECTIVES (RS COVID-1 SETTING Crosssectional Cross sectional Study METHODS ≥ ( 6 years , years) institutionalized SARCF, SARCF SARC F (SARC-F) status SB, (SB) RESULTS 1482 1 482 1,48 70 (7 814 8 14 8.1 74 women 171 17 17.1 found 95% 95 (95 [CI 15.25–19.15%. 15251915 15.25–19.15% . 15 25 15.25–19.15%) odds OR [OR] 19.05 1905 05 13.00–28.32, 13002832 13.00–28.32 13 00 28 32 13.00–28.32) (OR 5.11 511 5 11 3.44–7.81, 344781 3.44–7.81 3 44 7 81 3.44–7.81) 4.56 456 4 56 3.33–6.28, 333628 3.33–6.28 33 3.33–6.28) 0.99 099 0 99 0.99–1.00, 099100 0.99–1.00 0.99–1.00) 810 8–1 1.85 185 85 1.15–2.93, 115293 1.15–2.93 2 93 1.15–2.93) 3.93 393 2.48–6.22. 248622 2.48–6.22 48 22 2.48–6.22) 0.97 097 97 0.96–0.98. 096098 0.96–0.98 96 98 0.96–0.98) 005 0.05 CONCLUSIONS comorbidities period 20 COVID1 (COVID-1 COVID- (SARC-F (SB 148 1,4 8. 17. 9 (9 1525191 15.25–19.15 [OR 19.0 190 1300283 13.00–28.3 5.1 51 34478 3.44–7.8 4.5 45 33362 3.33–6.2 0.9 09 09910 0.99–1.0 8– 1.8 18 11529 1.15–2.9 3.9 39 24862 2.48–6.2 09609 0.96–0.9 0.0 (COVID- 1, 152519 15.25–19.1 19. 130028 13.00–28. 5. 3447 3.44–7. 4. 3336 3.33–6. 0. 0991 0.99–1. 1. 1152 1.15–2. 3. 2486 2.48–6. 0960 0.96–0. (COVID 15251 15.25–19. 13002 13.00–28 344 3.44–7 333 3.33–6 0.99–1 115 1.15–2 248 2.48–6 096 0.96–0 1525 15.25–19 1300 13.00–2 34 3.44– 3.33– 0.99– 1.15– 24 2.48– 0.96– 152 15.25–1 130 13.00– 3.44 3.33 1.15 2.48 0.96 15.25– 13.00 3.4 3.3 1.1 2.4 15.25 13.0 2. 15.2 13. 15.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Social distancing has led to lifestyle changes among older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence risk of sarcopenia (RS) and investigate its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in older Brazilian adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional observational analysis of baseline data as part of the Remobilize Study. METHODS: Participants in the study were older adults (≥ 60 years), excluding those who were bedridden or institutionalized. The data collected consisted of answers about the RS (SARC-F), functional status, walking, sedentary behavior (SB), pain, comorbidity, and life space mobility. RESULTS: A total of 1,482 older adults (70 ± 8.14 years, 74% women) participated in the study, and an RS prevalence of 17.1% was found. (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.25–19.15%). The adjusted multivariate model showed a significant association between RS and functional limitation (odds ratio [OR]: 19.05; CI 13.00–28.32), comorbidity (OR: 5.11; CI 3.44–7.81), pain (OR: 4.56; CI 3.33–6.28), total walking (OR: 0.99; CI 0.99–1.00), SB of 8–10 hours (OR: 1.85; CI 1.15–2.93), and SB of > 10 hours (OR: 3.93; CI 2.48–6.22). RS was associated with mobility during the pandemic (OR: 0.97; CI 0.96–0.98). P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, the prevalence of RS in older Brazilians was estimated at 17.1%. Moderate to severe functional limitation, comorbidities, presence of pain, walking, longer SB period, and reduced life space mobility significantly contributed to RS in older adults during the pandemic.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O estresse oxidativo é um dos principais mecanismos associados à ruptura dos mecanismos de defesa que formam a barreira epitelial cólica e reduz o conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina principais constituintes das junções de oclusão intercelulares. O sucralfato, possui atividade antioxidante e tem sido usado para tratar diferentes formas de colite. OBJETIVO: Mensurar o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina da mucosa do cólon sem trânsito fecal, submetido à intervenção com sucralfato. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis ratos foram submetidos à colostomia do cólon esquerdo e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a eutanásia ser realizada duas ou quatro semanas após a intervenção. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com o tipo de intervenção realizada diariamente: solução salina isolada; sucralfato a 1 g/kg/dia ou sucralfato a 2g/kg/dia. A colite foi diagnosticada por análise histológica adotando escala de validação prévia. A expressão tecidual de ambas as proteínas foi identificada por imunoistoquímica. O conteúdo das proteínas foi quantificado por análise de imagem assistida por computador. RESULTADOS: O escore inflamatório foi maior nos segmentos cólicos sem trânsito fecal e os enemas com sucralfato reduziram o escore inflamatório nesses segmentos, principalmente nos animais submetidos à intervenção com sucralfato em maior concentração e por período mais longo de intervenção. Houve aumento no conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina, relacionado com a concentração de sucralfato. O conteúdo tecidual de ambas as proteínas não se modificou com a duração da intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: Enemas com sucralfato reduzem a inflamação e aumentam o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina na mucosa cólica sem trânsito intestinal.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms associated with the rupture of the defense mechanisms of the colonic epithelial barrier; it reduces the tissue content of the claudin-3 and occludin proteins, which are the main constituents of intercellular tight junctions. Sucralfate (SCF) has antioxidant activity and has been used to treat different forms of colitis. AIM: This study aimed to measure the tissue claudin-3 and occludin content of the colon mucosa without fecal transit, subjected to intervention with SCF. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were subjected to left colon colostomy and distal mucous fistula. They were divided into two groups according to euthanasia that was performed 2 or 4 weeks after the intervention. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the enema applied daily: saline alone, SCF at 1 g/kg/day, or SCF at 2 g/kg/day. Colitis was diagnosed by the histological analysis adopting the previous validate scale. The tissue expression of both proteins was identified by immunohistochemical technique. The content of proteins was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS: The inflammatory score was high in colonic segments without fecal transit, and enemas with SCF reduced the inflammatory score in these segments, mainly in those animals submitted to intervention with SCF in greater concentration and for a longer period of intervention. There was an increase in tissue content of claudin-3 and occludin, related to SCF concentration. The tissue content of both proteins was not related to the intervention time. CONCLUSION: Enemas with SCF reduced the inflammation and increased the tissue content of claudin-3 and occludin in colonic mucosa without fecal stream.

The study of characteristics of nanoscale structures and applications now has great interest of researchers from different areas. In this regard, lipid carriers can improve the bioavailability of drugs and the reduction of possible toxicological effects. Thus, the development of nanostructured systems for the agricultural sector, aimed at combating parasites may reduce extensive damage caused to livestock producers and animal health. This study aimed to prepare and characterize lipid carrier systems, such as Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), as well as evaluate the potential of cyto and genotoxicity of these systems in order to improve and produce alternatives to the use targeting these compounds in veterinary applications. Lipid nanoparticles had become spherical with an average size of 250 nm and remained stable over 120 days. The encapsulation efficiency was greater than 99% for both drugs and release tests showed a strong interaction between drugs and nanoparticles. Cyto- and genotoxicity tests show that nanoparticles made possible changes in cellular viability of the tested cells. Thus, the results showed that the nanoparticles had good colloidal characteristics without changes in its characteristics, enabling the development of carrier systems for these drugs , aiming veterinary applications.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e antioxidantes do SCF em modelo de colite de exclusão. Método: Trinta e seis ratos, foram submetidos a derivação intestinal por colostomia terminal no cólon descendente e fistula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos experimentais segundo receberem clisteres diários com SF 0,9%, SCF 1 g/kg/dia ou SCF 2 g/kg/dia. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos segundo a eutanásia ser realizada após 2 ou 4 semanas da derivação. O grau de inflamação tecidual foi avaliado por estudo histológico e a infiltração neutrofílica pela expressão tecidual de mieloperoxidase (MPO) identificada por imunoistoquímica e quantificada por morfometria computadorizada. O estresse oxidativo foi mensurado pelo conteúdo de malondialdeído (MDA). Para análise dos resultados utilizou-se os teste t de Student, e ANOVA, estabelecendo-se para todos os testes nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: A intervenção com SCF melhorou o grau de inflamação tecidual relacionando-se a concentração utilizada e ao tempo de intervenção. A intervenção com SCF reduziu os níveis teciduais de MPO, independente da concentração ou do tempo de intervenção (p < 0,01). Houve redução dos níveis de MDA nos animais irrigados com SCF, independente da concentração ou tempo de intervenção (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Enemas com SCF reduzem o processo inflamatório, infiltrado neutrofílico e estresse oxidativo no cólon excluso sugerindo que a substância possa se tornar uma opção terapêutica válida para o tratamento da colite de exclusão.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of sucralfate enemas in diversion colitis model. Method: Thirty-six Wistar rats underwent intestinal bypass by end colostomy in the descending colon and distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into 3 experimental groups according to the daily dose of enemas received containing 0.9% SF, sucralfate enemas or sucralfate enemas 1 g/kg/day or 2 g/kg/day. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to euthanasia to be performed 2-4 weeks after derivation. The tissue grade of inflammation was assessed histologically, and neutrophil infiltration by the tissue expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified by computerized morphometry. Oxidative stress was measured by tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). To compare the results the Student's t test variance was used, and also the variance by ANOVA test, establishing a level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) for both. Results: The intervention with sucralfate enemas showed improvement in the intensity of tissue inflammation related to the concentration used and the duration of the intervention. Intervention with sucralfate enemas reduced the tissue levels of MPO, independent of concentration or time of intervention (p < 0.01). There was a reduction of MDA levels in animals irrigated with sucralfate enemas, independent of concentration or duration of the intervention (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Enemas with sucralfate enemas reduce inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the excluded colon suggesting topical application of the substance to be a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of diversion colitis.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a relação entre estresse oxidativo e conteúdo tecidual de β-catenina em modelo experimental de colite de exclusão. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos Wistar foram submetidos à derivação intestinal e divididos em três grupos experimentais segundo o sacrifício ser realizado em 6, 12 e 18 semanas. Para cada grupo, cinco animais foram submetidos apenas a laparotomia (controle). A colite foi diagnosticada por estudo histológico, enquanto sua intensidade por escala de graduação inflamatória. Os níveis de estresse oxidativo foram mensurados pelo ensaio cometa, enquanto a expressão e o conteúdo tecidual de β-catenina por imunoistoquímica e morfometria computadorizada, respectivamente. Os resultados foram analisados pelos testes t de Student, Mann Whitney, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis, estabelecendo-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Nos segmentos sem trânsito fecal ocorre desenvolvimento de colite que piora com o tempo de exclusão. Segmentos sem trânsito sofrem maiores níveis de estresse oxidativo quando comparados àqueles com trânsito, piorando com o tempo de exclusão. Os níveis de estresse oxidativo encontram-se diretamente relacionados a piora da inflamação. O conteúdo total de β-catenina no cólon sem trânsito reduz após seis semanas de exclusão. O conteúdo de β-catenina no ápice das criptas cólicas diminui com o tempo, enquanto na região basal, aumenta. O conteúdo total da β-catenina encontra-se inversamente relacionado ao grau de inflamação e aos níveis de estresse oxidativo. CONCLUSÃO: Existe redução no conteúdo de β-catenina, principalmente no ápice das glândulas cólicas e aumento nas regiões basais, relacionadas à piora do estresse oxidativo.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to verify if oxidative stress is related to changes in content and pattern of β-catenin protein expression in an experimental model of diversion colitis. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were submitted to intestinal bypass. The animals were divided into three groups according to the sacrifice to take place in six, 12 and 18 weeks. For each group, five animals only underwent laparotomy (control). The presence of colitis was diagnosed by histological study, and its severity, by inflammation grading scale. Cellular oxidative stress was measured by comet assay. Tissue expression of β-catenin protein was analyzed by the immunohistochemistry and quantification of its tissue content by computerized morphometry. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t-test, median, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, adopting a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). RESULTS: Colon segments without fecal stream developed colitis, which worsened with time of exclusion. Segments without fecal stream suffer higher levels of oxidative stress when compared to those with stream, and it worsens with time of exclusion. The levels of cellular oxidative stress are directly related to the degree of inflammation. The total content of β-catenin in segments without fecal stream reduces after six weeks, and does not vary thereafter. The content of β-catenin in the apical portion of the colon crypts decreases with time, whereas in the basal region, it increases. The total content of β-catenin is inversely related to the degree of inflammation and levels of tissue oxidative stress levels. CONCLUSION: There are changes in tissue content of E-cadherin and increased expression of β-catenin in proliferative regions of colonic crypts, related with oxidative tissue stress.

OBJETIVO: Medir a espessura das criptas e quantificar o número de células caliciformes comparando a mucosa cólica com e sem trânsito intestinal, relacionando-as ao tempo de exclusão. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos Wistar, foram distribuídos em três grupos com 20 animais segundo a operação final para a retirada dos cólons, realizadas em seis, 12 ou 18 semanas. Em cada grupo, 15 animais foram submetidos à derivação do trânsito por colostomia proximal no cólon esquerdo e fístula mucosa distal e cinco apenas à laparotomia (controle). Os cólons com e sem trânsito fecal foram removidos, processados, submetidos a cortes histológicos corados pela hematoxilina-eosina. A altura das criptas colônicas e o número de células caliciformes foram mensurados por morfometria computadorizada. Foram utilizados os testes t de Student e Kruskal-Wallis para comparação e análise de variância, estabelecendo-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A altura das criptas diminui nos segmentos sem trânsito fecal (p=0,0001), reduzindo entre seis e 12 semanas de exclusão (p=0,0003), estabilizando-se após este período. O número de células caliciformes nas criptas é menor nos segmentos sem trânsito após 12 e 18 semanas (p=0,0001), porém aumenta com o decorrer do tempo de exclusão (p=0,04) CONCLUSÃO: A exclusão do trânsito intestinal diminui a espessura das criptas colônicas e o número de células caliciformes nos segmentos sem trânsito. Existe aumento do número de células caliciformes com o decorrer do tempo de exclusão.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the thickness of the crypts and quantify the number of goblet cells of the colonic mucosa with and without intestinal transit, relating them to exclusion time. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 20 animals each according to the time of the final operation for the removal of the colon, in six, 12 or 18 weeks. In each group 15 animals underwent colonic exclusion by left colon proximal colostomy and distal mucous fistula, and five underwent only laparotomy (control). The colons with and without fecal stream were removed, processed and submitted to histological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The height of the colonic crypts and the number of goblet cells were measured by computerized morphometry. We used the Student t test and Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison and analysis of variance, using a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). RESULTS: The height of the crypts decreased in segments without fecal stream (p =0.0001), reducing from six to 12 weeks of exclusion (p = 0.0003), stabilizing thereafter. The number of goblet cells in the crypts was smaller in segments without transit after 12 and 18 weeks (p = 0.0001), but increased as the time of exclusion progressed (p = 0.04) CONCLUSION: The exclusion of intestinal transit decreases the thickness of the colonic crypts and the number of goblet cells in the segments without transit. There is an increased number of goblet cells in the course of time exclusion.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão tecidual do gene de reparo MGMT comparando a mucosa cólica normal e neoplásica em doentes com câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 44 portadores de adenocarcinoma colorretal confirmado por estudo histopatológico. Foram excluídos doentes suspeitos de pertencerem a famílias com câncer colorretal hereditário (HNPCC e PAF) e os portadores de câncer do reto médio e inferior submetidos a tratamento quimioradioterápico neoadjuvante. A expressão do gene MGMT foi avaliada pela técnica da reação de polimerase em cadeia em tempo real (RT-PCR). A comparação dos resultados encontrados para expressão do gene MGMT entre tecidos normais e neoplásicos foi feita pelo teste t de Student pareado, adotando-se nível de significância de 5% (p <0,05). RESULTADOS: A expressão tecidual do gene MGMT em todos os doentes foi menor no tecido neoplásico quando comparada a do tecido normal (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: O gene de reparo MGMT encontra-se menos expresso no tecido neoplásico quando comparados aos tecidos normais em portadores de CCR esporádico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of tissue repair gene MGMT by comparing normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: We studied 44 patients with colorectal cancer confirmed by histopathology. We excluded patients suspected of belonging to families with hereditary colorectal cancer (HNPCC and FAP) and patients with cancer of the lower or medium rectum treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The MGMT gene expression was assessed by the technique of polymerase chain reaction in real time (RT-PCR). The comparison of results for MGMT gene expression between normal and neoplastic tissues was made by paired Student's t test, adopting a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). RESULTS: Tissue expression of the MGMT gene in all patients was lower in tumor tissue when compared to normal tissue (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The repair gene MGMT is less expressed in tumor tissue compared to normal tissues in patients with sporadic CRC.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes de clisteres contendo extrato aquoso de Ilex paraguariensis comparando segmentos com e sem trânsito fecal e correlacionando com o tempo de intervenção. MÉTODOS: Vinte e seis ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à derivação do trânsito no cólon esquerdo pela confecção de colostomia proximal e fístula mucosa distal. Foram divididos de forma randomizada em dois grupos experimentais de 13 animais, de acordo com o sacrifício ser realizado após duas ou quatro semanas do procedimento cirúrgico. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos experimentais segundo a aplicação diária ter sido realizada com enemas diários contendo solução fisiológica a 0,9% ou extrato aquoso de Ilex paraguariensis na concentração de 0,2 g/100 ml. O diagnóstico de colite foi estabelecido por análise histológica e os níveis de estresse oxidativo pela dosagem tecidual de malondialdeído Para comparar os níveis de malondialdeído entre os cólons com e sem trânsito fecal em cada grupo experimental adotou-se o teste de Mann-Withney, e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para verificar a variação dos níveis de estresse oxidativo segundo o tempo de irrigação, estabelecendo-se para ambos o nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Os níveis de malondialdeído nos animais submetidos à intervenção com soro fisiológico nos cólons providos e desprovidos de trânsito fecal após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de 0,05±0,006, 0,06±0,006 e 0,05±0,03, 0,08±0,02 respectivamente. Os níveis de malondialdeído nos animais irrigados com Ilex paraguariensis, nos cólons providos e desprovidos de trânsito, após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de 0,010±0,002, 0,02±0,004 e 0,03±0,007, 0,04±0,01, respectivamente. Após duas e quatro semanas de intervenção os níveis de malondialdeído foram menores nos animais irrigados com Ilex paraguariensis, independente do tempo de irrigação (p=0,0001 e p=0,002, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação diária de extrato aquoso de Ilex paraguariensis reduz os níveis de dano oxidativo tecidual nos segmentos cólicos sem trânsito fecal, independente do tempo de irrigação.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antioxidant effects of enemas containing aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis, comparing segments with and without fecal stream and correlating the segments with the duration of intervention. METHODS: Twenty-six Wistar rats were subjected to a diversion of the fecal stream in the left colon by a proximal colostomy and distal mucosal fistula. The rats were distributed randomly into two experimental groups of 13 animals each based on the time of sacrifice after surgical procedure (two or four weeks). Each group was then divided into two experimental subgroups that received either second daily enemas containing 0.9% saline solution or aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis at 0.2g/100g. Colitis was diagnosed by histopathological analysis and the detection of oxidative tissue damage by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the tissue levels of malondialdehyde between colon segments with and without fecal stream in each experimental group, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the variance between the levels of oxidative stress according the duration of the irrigation; both tests determined significance at 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: The levels of malondialdehyde in the animals subjected to intervention in the colon with saline with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.05±0.006 and 0.06±0.006, and 0.05± 0.03 and 0.08 ±0.02, respectively. The malondialdehyde levels in the animals irrigated with Ilex paraguariensis with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.010±0.002 and 0.02±0.004, and 0.03±0.007 and 0.04±0.01, respectively. After two and four weeks of intervention, the levels of malondialdehyde were lower in the animals irrigated with Ilex paraguariensis regardless of the time of irrigation (p=0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: The daily rectal application of enemas containing aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis decreases oxidative tissue damage in the colon without fecal stream regardless of the time of irrigation.

Os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) representam o principal substrato energético para células da mucosa cólica. A derivação intestinal, reduzindo suprimento de AGCC, responsabiliza-se pela colite de exclusão (CE). Aplicação retal de butirato tem sido eficaz no tratamento da doença. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis de lipoperoxidação na mucosa cólica, após aplicação de butirato, em modelo de CE. Vinte seis ratos Wistar foram submetidos à colostomia proximal e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos segundo sacrifício ser realizado em duas ou quatro semanas. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrups segundo intervenção com soro fisiológico ou butirato. O diagnóstico de CE foi estabelecido por estudo histopatológico e os níveis de lipoperoxidação pelos níveis de malondialdeído (MDA). Utilizaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (significantes quando p<0,05). Após duas semanas, os níveis de MDA foram menores nos segmentos sem trânsito nos animais irrigados com butirato (p=0,006); porém, após quatro semanas foram semelhantes (p=0,08). No cólon sem trânsito irrigado com butirato, os níveis de MDA aumentaram com o tempo de exclusão (p=0,02); enquanto no cólon com trânsito não se modificaram (p=0,86). O butirato reduz os níveis de MDA na mucosa cólica sem trânsito fecal, após duas semanas de derivação; entretanto, a irrigação isolada não é capaz de reduzir os níveis de lipoperoxidação das células mucosas com o progredir do tempo de exclusão intestinal.

The short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the main energy substrate for the cells of the colonic mucosa. Diversion of the fecal stream reducing the supply of SCFA is responsible for diversion colitis (DC). Rectal application of butyrate has been demonstrated effective in the treatment of the disease. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of lipid peroxidation in the colon mucosa after application of butyrate in model of DC. Twenty-six rats were submitted to proximal colostomy and distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into two groups according sacrifice carried out in two or four weeks. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to intervention with saline solution or butyrate. The diagnosis of colitis was established by histopathology and the levels of lipid peroxidation by tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). We used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, establishing a significance level of 5% (significant with p<0.05). After two weeks, the levels of MDA were lower in the segments without fecal stream of animals irrigated with butyrate (p=0.006), but after four weeks were similar (p=0.08). In the colon without fecal stream irrigated with butyrate, MDA levels increased with the time (p=0.02), while in segments with fecal stream MDA not changed. (p=0.86). Butyrate reduces the levels of MDA in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream, after two weeks of derivation. However, the irrigation with the substance is not able to reduce the lipid peroxidation of mucosal cells with increasing time of intestinal exclusion.

A aplicação de clisteres contendo peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) determina o aparecimento de quadros graves de colite, algumas vezes de evolução fatal. É possível que a colite induzida por H2O2 possa ocorrer pela quebra da barreira funcional do epitélio cólico por estresse oxidativo. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de peroxidação lipídica em células da mucosa cólica após instilação de H2O2 no reto excluso de trânsito fecal. Método: Vinte seis ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a colostomia proximal terminal no cólon descendente e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos segundo o sacrifício ter sido realizado duas ou quatro semanas após a derivação intestinal. Cada grupo experimental foi dividido e dois subgrupos segundo aplicação de clisteres, em dias alternados, contendo solução fisiológica a 0,9% ou H2O2 a 3%. O diagnóstico de colite foi estabelecido por estudo histopatológico e os níveis de dano oxidativo tecidual pela dosagem de malondialdeído por espectrofotometria. Os resultados foram analisados com os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, estabelecendo-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Os níveis de malondialdeído nos irrigados com SF nos cólons com e sem trânsito fecal após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de: 0,05 ± 0,006; 0,06 ± 0,006 e 0,05 ± 0,03, 0,08 ± 0,02, respectivamente. Os níveis de malondialdeído nos irrigados com H2O2, nos cólons com e sem trânsito, após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de 0,070 ± 0,006; 0,077 ± 0,01 e 0,052 ± 0,01, 0,08 ± 0,04, respectivamente. Após duas semanas os níveis de malondialdeído foram maiores nos animais irrigados com H2O2 em relação ao grupo controle (p= 0,007 e p= 0,01, respectivamente). Após quatro semanas não houve diferenças significantes Não ocorreu variação nos níveis de malondialdeído com o decorrer tempo de irrigação. Conclusão: Clisteres com H2O2, podem determinar o aparecimento de colite por ocasionarem estresse oxidativo nas células epiteliais da mucosa intestinal.

The use of rectal enemas with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) determines the onset of severe colitis, sometimes with fatal evolution. It is possible that H2O2-induced colitis can occur by damage to the functional epithelial barrier of the colon by oxidative stress. Objective: The aim of present study was evaluate the levels of lipid peroxidation in cells of the colonic mucosa after instillation of H2O2 into the rectum excluded from fecal transit. Method: Twenty six male Wistar rats were undergone to proximal terminal colostomy in the descending colon and distal mucous fistula. The animals were randomized in two experimental groups according to the sacrifice was made two or four weeks after diversion of the fecal stream. Each experimental group was divided into two subgroups second application of enemas containing saline solution 0.9% or 3% H2O2 on alternate days. The diagnosis of colitis was established by histopathology study and the oxidative damage by tissue levels of malondialdehyde quantified by spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test, adopting a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). Results: The levels of malondialdehyde in colon segments irrigated with saline, with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were: 0.05 ± 0.006, 0.06 ± 0.006 and 0.05 ± 0.03, 0.08 ± 0.02, respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde in colon segments irrigated with H2O2, in the colon with and without fecal stream, after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.070 ± 0.006, 0.077 and 0.052 ± 0.01 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.04, respectively . After two weeks the levels of malondialdehyde were higher on animals irrigated with H2O2 than control group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.01, respectively). After four weeks there were no significant differences in malondialdehyde levels related with the time of irrigation. Conclusion: Rectal enemas with H2O2, may determine the onset of colitis by oxidative stress on epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa.