RESUMO A busca por métodos de controle alternativo de meloidoginoses é uma realidade para vários pesquisadores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi observar se filtrados de culturas de fungos sapróbios do semiárido nordestino controlam Meloidogyne javanica em plantas de tomate. Os filtrados de cultura de 10 fungos sapróbios, água (testemunha), batata e dextrose, Pochonia chlamydosporia (tratamento biológico padrão) e químico foram utilizados nos seguintes experimentos: eclosão, mobilidade, mortalidade de J2 e ensaios em casa de vegetação. Todos os filtrados estudados diminuíram a eclosão do nematoides e causaram a mortalidade de J2. Nos ensaios em casa de vegetação, verificou que o filtrado de cultura do fungo Curvularia inaequalis diminuiu o número de ovos e o número de galhas por sistema radicular sem influenciar no desenvolvimento do tomateiro. pesquisadores forma tomate 1 testemunha, testemunha , (testemunha) dextrose tratamento padrão experimentos mobilidade J vegetação tomateiro (testemunha

ABSTRACT The search for alternative control methods against root-knot nematode disease is a reality for several researchers. Thus, the objective of the current study was to observe if filtrates from cultures of saprobic fungi from the Northeastern semiarid region, Brazil, can control Meloidogyne javanica in tomato plants. The filtrates from the culture of 10 saprophytic fungi, water (control), potato and dextrose, Pochonia chlamydosporia (standard biological treatment) and chemical treatment were used in the following experiments: hatching, mobility, J2 mortality and greenhouse trials. All studied filtrates decreased nematode hatching and caused J2 mortality. In the greenhouse experiments, the filtrate from the culture of the fungus Curvularia inaequalis decreased the number of eggs and the number of galls per root system without influencing the development of the tomato plant. rootknot knot researchers Thus region Brazil plants 1 control, , (control) dextrose standard experiments mobility J trials plant (control

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rhizobacteria isolated from tomato plants to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and induce the activity of pathogenesis-related enzymes in Micro-Tom tomato plants. Three rhizobacterial isolates were evaluated to determine the most efficient antagonist agent, which was later identified by gene sequencing as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PKM16. The antagonistic effects of B. amyloliquefaciens against S. sclerotiorum were assessed in vivo and in vitro using live and autoclaved cultures at concentrations of 0% (control), 20%, 30%, and 40% (v/v). The residual effects of four treatments (20% live culture, 20% autoclaved culture, a Bacillus subtilis-based commercial product, and autoclaved distilled water) on tomato plants inoculated with S. sclerotiorum were determined. The same treatments were also used to assess the myceliogenic germination of sclerotia and induction of plant defense enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and β-1,3-glucanase) in tomato plants. The live culture had a residual effect for 4 days and inhibited sclerotial germination by approximately 30%. Furthermore, live and autoclaved bacterial growth cultures stimulated enzyme activity. Therefore, B. amyloliquefaciens PKM16 was antagonistic to S. sclerotiorum, effectively inhibiting mycelial growth and activating defense mechanisms in Micro-Tom tomato plants. ABSTRACT pathogenesisrelated pathogenesis related MicroTom Micro Tom agent PKM B S 0 control, , (control) 20 30 30% 40 v/v. vv v/v . v (v/v) (20 subtilisbased subtilis based product water determined peroxidase, peroxidase (peroxidase catalase oxidase ammonialyase, ammonialyase ammonia lyase, lyase ammonia-lyase β1,3glucanase β13glucanase βglucanase β 1,3 glucanase 1 3 β-1,3-glucanase Furthermore Therefore PKM1 (control 2 (v/v (2 β1 3glucanase 13 1, (

ABSTRACT. Studies regarding soil quality and health often need to be up-to-date, as they feed new models for quantifying agricultural impacts on the environment. This study was established to understand how types of vineyard cultivation (organic and conventional) affect soil chemical and microbial attribute dynamics throughout different seasons. Vineyard management had a strong effect on chemical soil attributes. Organic carbon and phosphorus were 2.8 and 2.0 times greater, respectively, in organic vineyards than in conventional vineyards. Metabolic quotient (qCO2) values were lowest in summer and autumn, with an average of 2.31-2.49 µg C-CO2 h-1 g-1 soil, under organic management, indicating greater microbial growing efficacy. Regardless of season and sampling position, organic soil had a higher C microbial biomass than conventional vineyards, with values ranging from 179.79 to 284.71 µg g-1 soil, which were similar to those of the adjacent forest soil. Overall, there were increases in both the microbial and the chemical attributes of soil under organic vineyards compared relative to conventional management, which might have been due to the continuous input of organic matter, crop rotation, and alternative plant protection and fertilizer compounds used in organic farming.

RESUMO O controle biolósgico, pensando no manejo integrado, tem sido inserido em conjunto com outras técnicas de manejo de doenças, como antracnose da cultura da soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ação de isolados de Trichoderma e Bacillus na indução de mecanismos de resistência da soja á antracnose. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (agentes de controle biológico x horários de coleta) com cinco repetições. Sementes de soja foram tratadas com Trichoderma asperellum BV10, Bacillus subtilis BV02, B. amyloliquefaciens BV03, Carbendazim + Thiram e água destilada (testemunha). Sete dias após a emergência foi realizada a inoculação de Colletotrichum truncatum sobre os cotilédones com 2 μL de suspensão esporos (5 x 104 mL−1) sobre os cotilédones. A atividade de catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), fenilalanina amônia liase (FAL), gliceolina (GLI) foram avaliadas antes e após a inoculação do patógeno. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Os tratamentos não influenciaram o primeiro horário de coleta. O T. asperellum BV10 incrementou a atividade de POX e FAL em até 173%. B. amyloliquefaciens BV03 aumentou a atividade de POX. A GLI não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos em nenhum horário de coleta e ensaio. T. asperellum BV10 reduziu até 61% do diâmetro da lesão de antracnose. O tratamento de sementes de soja com T. asperellum BV10 possui potencial no controle da antracnose, aumentando a resposta de defesa de plântulas à C. truncatum.

ABSTRACT The biological control, thinking about the integrated management, has been inserted with other management techniques to disease control, such as soybean anthracnose. The aims of this work were to verify the action of Trichoderma and Bacillus isolates in the induction of soybean resistance mechanisms to anthracnose as a function of seed treatment. The statistical design was entirely randomised, in a 5 x 2 (agent species x sampling times) factorial scheme with five replicates. Soybean seeds were treated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03, B. subtilis BV02, Trichoderma asperellum BV10, Carbendazim + Thiram and distilled water (control). Seven days after seedling emergence, 2 μL of 1 x 10−4 Colletotrichum truncatum spores were inoculated on the cotyledons. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and glyceollin (GLY) activities before and after pathogen inoculation, as well as the diameter of the anthracnose lesion on the cotyledons, were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the mean values were compared by Fisher’s test (p < 0.05). The treatments did not influence the first sampling time before inoculation. Trichoderma asperellum BV10 increased POX and PAL activities up to 173%, while B. amyloliquefaciens BV03 increased POX activity. Glyceollin was not influenced by the treatments. The T. asperellum BV10 reduces the diameter of the anthracnose lesion by up to 61%. Thus, T. asperellum BV10 has the potential to control soybean anthracnose, improved the response defense against C. truncatum, when performed on seed treatment.

RESUMO O tomateiro pode ser atacado por diversas doenças, como a pinta preta, que causa grandes prejuízos aos produtores, exigindo grande número de aplicações de fungicidas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de filtrados de fungos sapróbios no controle de pinta preta do tomateiro (Alternaria solani). Os tratamentos foram constituídos por filtrados de Stachylidium bicolor (SBI), Periconia hispidula (PHI), Brachysporiella pulchra (BPU), Myrothecium leucotrichum (MLE) e Pycnoporus sanguineus (PSA) diluídos a 20%, além da testemunha (água) e acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM). As plantas de tomate, com cinco folhas, foram pulverizadas com filtrados e três dias após realizou-se a inoculação com A. solani. As variáveis analisadas foram a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) e a atividade específica de catalase, lipoxigenases, peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. A aplicação de filtrado de SBI promoveu redução de 80% e 96% da AACPD na terceira e quarta folha respectivamente. A catalase foi incrementada com uso dos filtrados de BPU e PHI 96 hpi. A lipoxigenase foi incrementada 130, 72, 130 e 81% no horário 24 hpi ao aplicar os filtrados de SBI, PHI, MLE e ASM respectivamente. Os filtrados de SBI, BPU, MLE e PSA incrementaram a atividade da lipoxigenase em 30, 26, 12 e 22% respectivamente, no horário 120 hpi. A atividade de peroxidase aumentou 74% em função da aplicação de SBI 120 hpi. A polifenoloxidase não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. O filtrado de S. bicolor é efetivo em promover o controle da severidade da pinta preta do tomateiro.

ABSTRACT Tomato plants can be attacked by several diseases. The early blight disease causes large losses to tomato growers and requires many applications of fungicide for its control. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of saprobic fungi filtrates on the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato plants. The treatments consisted of fungi filtrates (Stachylidium bicolor - SBI; Periconia hispidula - PHI; Brachysporiella pulchra - BPU; Myrothecium leucotrichum - MLE; and Pycnoporus sanguineus - PSA) diluted at 20%, a control (water), and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Tomato plants with five leaves were treated with the filtrates, and A. solani was inoculated after three days. The variables analyzed were: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and specific activity of the enzymes: catalase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. The SBI filtrate decreased the AUDPC in 80% for the third leaf and 96% for the fourth leaf. Catalase activity increased due to the application of BPU and PHI filtrates, at 96 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Lipoxygenase activity increased in 130%, 72%, 130%, and 81% at 24 hpi when applying the SBI, PHI, MLE, and ASM filtrates, respectively. The application of SBI, BPU, MLE, and PSA filtrates increased lipoxygenase activity in 30%, 26%, 12%, and 22%, respectively, at 120 hpi. Peroxidase activity increased 74% at 120 hpi, when applying the SBI filtrate. Polyphenol oxidase activity was not affected by the treatments. S. bicolor filtrate is efficient to control the severity of the early blight disease in tomato plants.

Abstract The induction of resistance (IR) in plants by natural products has been the subject of several studies, these being activated by eliciting molecules of biotic or abiotic origin. Elicitors activate resistance mechanisms such as pathogenesis-related proteins (PRP’s), which act to protect plants by preventing pathogen development. The present study aims to verify the activation of PRP's (peroxidase, catalase, polyphenoloxidase and β-glucanase) in pyre corn plants (Zea mays) treated with different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 3% and 5%) of the commercial biofertilizer Microgeo®. Analyzing the PRP’s enzymes, it was observed that the Microgeo® activated and increased the activity of these enzymes and that this induction is more related to the activation time, but not to the concentration used.

Resumen La inducción de resistencia (IR) en plantas por productos naturales ha sido objeto de varios estudios, siendo estas activadas por moléculas elicitoras de origen biótica o abiótica. Los elicitores activan mecanismos de resistencia como las proteínas relacionadas a patogénesis (PRP’s), que actúan en la protección de plantas impidiendo el desarrollo del patógeno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo verificar la activación de PRP’s (peroxidasa, catalasa, polifenoloxidasa e β-glucanasa) en plantas de maíz pira (Zea mays) tratadas con diferentes concentraciones (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 3% y 5%) del biofertilizante comercial Microgeo®. Analizando las enzimas PRP’s se observó que el Microgeo® activó e incrementó la actividad de estas enzimas y que está inducción está más relacionada al tiempo de activación, pero no a la concentración utilizada.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o progresso temporal das doenças ferrugem polisora (Puccinia polysora), cercospora (Cercospora zeae-maydis), mancha branca (Pantoea ananatis) e helmintosporiose (Exserohilum turcicum) no milho, bem como sua correlação com as variáveis climáticas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos com tratamentos ao acaso. O modelo monomolecular foi o que melhor se ajustou às epidemias. Com os dados de severidade de cada doença, foram elaboradas correlações com as variáveis climáticas (DFtemp-dias favoráveis com temperatura entre 18-28ºC; DFumid-dias favoráveis com umidade relativa>60%; PrecAcc-precipitação acumulada; PrecDia- precipitação/dia e Prec10-precipitação>10mm) observadas durante o período de avaliação. Após as análises pôde-se inferir que a variável precipitação acumulada foi determinante para a ocorrência de epidemias das doenças estudadas.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the temporal progress of the diseases southern rust (Puccinia hpspolysorahps), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora hpszeaehpsatn-atnmaydis), white spot (Pantoea hpsananatishps) and spot blotch (Exserohilum hpsturcicumhps) in corn, as well as their correlation with climate variables. Experimental design was in complete blocks with random treatments. The monomolecular model best fit to the epidemics. Using the severity data from each disease, correlations were established with the climate variables (DFtemp-favorable days with temperatures between 18-28 ºC; DFumid-favorable days with relative humidity>60%; PrecAcc-cumulative rainfall; PrecDia-precipitation/day, and Prec10- precipitation>10 mm) observed during the evaluation period. After analyses, it was possible to infer that the variable cumulative precipitation was determinant for the occurrence of epidemics of the studied diseases.

RESUMO Com o intuito de desenvolver novas medidas de proteção de plantas contra doenças, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o controle da pinta preta (Alternaria solani) e da mancha bacteriana (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) no tomateiro, e a atividade antimicrobiana contra seus agentes causais utilizando pó solúvel de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis). Para o teste de estabilidade, o pó solúvel foi armazenado a 40 oC por 0, 60, 120 e 180 dias e testado em cinco concentrações (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-1). Definidos o tempo de prateleira e a melhor concentração, avaliaram-se os intervalos de aplicação de sete, 14 e 21 dias. Como tratamentos controle foram utilizados os fungicidas Azoxystrobina (200 mg do ingrediente ativo – i.a. mL-1) para pinta preta e Oxicloreto de cobre (400 mg i.a. mL-1) para mancha bacteriana. Não houve atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato contra A. solani e X. vesicatoria. A concentração calculada de extrato de alecrim que resultou em menor severidade das doenças foi de 130 mg L-1, com tempo de prateleira do pó solúvel de 24 meses. O extrato proporcionou o mesmo nível de controle da pinta preta e da mancha bacteriana que os fungicidas utilizados, com eficiência de até 75%, em intervalo de aplicação de sete dias. Estes resultados demonstram a eficiência do pó solúvel de alecrim para controle da pinta preta e da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro.

ABSTRACT Aiming to develop new measures of plant protection against diseases, the objective of this study was to verify the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) in tomato plants, as well as the antimicrobial activity against their causal agents, using soluble powder of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). For the stability test, the soluble powder was kept at 40 oC during 0, 60, 120 and 180 days and assayed at five concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1). When the shelf life and the best concentration were defined, the application intervals of seven, 14 and 21 days were evaluated. As control treatments, the following fungicides were used: Azoxystrobin (200 mg active ingredient – a.i mL-1) for early blight and Copper Oxychloride (400 mg a.i. mL-1) for bacterial spot. There was no in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract against A. solani and X. vesicatoria. The calculated concentration of rosemary extract that resulted in the least severity of diseases was 130 mg L-1, with 24 months of shelf life of the soluble powder. The extract provided the same control level for early blight and bacterial spot as that of the used fungicides, showing efficiency of up to 75% at a seven-day application interval. These results show the efficiency of rosemary soluble powder in controlling early blight and bacterial spot in tomato plants.

RESUMO Compostos secundários de plantas medicinais podem ativar mecanismos de defesa em plantas contra patógenos. O extrato aquoso (EA) de Corymbia citriodora têm manifestado essa atividade, mas são escassas informações dos mecanismos de ação envolvidos. Assim, esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do EA na indução de enzimas de defesa e na proteção de pepino à Colletotrichum lagenarium. Para tanto, o EA, autoclavado ou não, foi avaliado quanto a capacidade de proteção e indução de peroxidases, polifenoloxidases, quitinases e b-1,3 glucanases e fenilalanina amônialiase. Água destilada e acibenzolar-S-metil (50 mg i.a. L-1) foram utilizados como testemunhas. Também foi avaliado o efeito do EA nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, bem como o efeito local e sistêmico, e de uma ou duas aplicações. A inoculação do patógeno ou a coleta de amostras para determinação da atividade enzimática foi realizada 72 horas após os tratamentos. O EA reduziu a severidade de C. lagenarium e induziu peroxidases e β-1,3-glucanases em 37,6, 67,2 e 122,7%, respectivamente. Houve redução na severidade da doença e aumento de peroxidases a partir da concentração de 5% do EA. Este apresentou somente efeito local, com maior redução na severidade quando em duas aplicações. Estes resultados sugerem o efeito indutor de resistência do EA em pepino com indução de peroxidases e β-1,3-glucanases.

ABSTRACT Secondary compounds of medicinal plants can activate defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. The aqueous extract (AE) of Corymbia citriodora has shown that activity, but there is scarce information about the involved mechanisms of action. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of AE on the induction of defense enzymes and protection of cucumber from Colletotrichum lagenarium. Thus, the AE, autoclaved or not, was evaluated for its capability of protecting and inducing peroxidases, polyphenoloxidases, chitinases and β-1.3-glucanases, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Distilled water and acibenzolar-S-methyl (50 mg a.i. L-1) were used as controls. The effect of AE at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20% was also evaluated, as well as its local and systemic effect, and the effect of one or two applications. Pathogen inoculation or sample collection for determination of enzyme activity was performed at 72 hours after treatments. The AE reduced the severity of C. lagenarium and induced peroxidases and β-1.3-glucanases by 37.6, 67.2 and 122.7%, respectively. There was a reduction in the disease severity and an increase in peroxidases from the concentration of 5% AE. The latter showed only local effect and greater reduction in severity when two applications were performed. These results suggest the effect of AE in inducing resistance in cucumber and inducing peroxidases and β-1.3-glucanases.

RESUMO O uso de elicitores em plantas para o controle de doenças tem demonstrado ação no acúmulo de fitoalexinas. Dentre estes, produtos do metabolismo de fungos apresentam eficiência na ativação de mecanismos de resistência induzida das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de filtrados dos fungos sapróbios Curvularia inaequalis, Pseudobitritis terrestris, Memnomiella echinata e Curvularia eragrostidis na indução de faseolina, gliceolina e deoxiantocianidinas. Para isso, discos de micélio dos fungos foram repicados em meio líquido BD (batata e dextrose) e mantidos em B.O.D. a 25 ºC, 12h luz/escuro. Após 20 dias foi realizada filtragem e utilizado os filtrados nos experimentos. A faseolina foi determinada em hipocótilos estiolados de feijão. Para avaliação da gliceolina, foram utilizados cotilédones de plântulas de soja. O acúmulo de deoxiantocianidinas foi avaliado em mesocótilos estiolados de sorgo. Os Resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de regressão (p<0,05). Os filtrados dos fungos sapróbios C. erogrostis, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris e M. echinata promoveram maior incremento no acúmulo de faseolina nas concentrações 9, 8, 9 e 7%, respecivamente. O acúmulo de gliceolina variou com as concentrações dos sapróbios C. erogrostis, C. inaequalis e P. terrestris, ajustando-se o comportamento ao modelo cúbico. O acúmulo de deoxiantocianidinas aumentou conforme a concentração, enquanto os filtrados de M. echinata e C. eragrostidis promoveram aumento de 2 e 3 vezes mais que a aplicação de água. A aplicação dos filtrados de P. terrestris, C. eragrostidis, C. inaequalis e M. echinata induziram o acúmulo de fitoalexinas em soja, feijão e sorgo.

ABSTRACT The use of elicitors in plants for disease control is demonstrated by the accumulation of phytoalexins. Among these elicitors, metabolic products from fungi have been shown to be effective in the activation of mechanisms of induced resistance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of filtrates from the saprobic fungi Curvularia inaequalis, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Memnoniella echinata and Curvularia eragrostidis in inducing phaseolin, glyceolin and deoxyanthocyanidins. For this, fungal mycelial disks were liquid-subcultured in potato dextrose (BD) media and maintained in BOD at 25 °C and 12 h of light and darkness. After 20 days, the cultures were filtered and, the filtrates were used in the experiments. Phaseolin was measured in etiolated hypocotyls of bean. For glyceolin evaluation, cotyledons of soybean were used. The deoxyanthocyanidin accumulation was evaluated in etiolated mesocotyls of sorghum. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by regression tests (p < 0.05). The filtrates of the saprobic fungi C. eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris and M. echinata promoted 9, 8, 9 and 7% greater increases in the concentration of phaseolin accumulations, respectively. The glyceolin accumulation varied with the concentration of C. eragrostidis, C. inaequalis and P. terrestris by adjusting the behavior to a cubic model. The deoxyanthocyanidin accumulation increased with concentration, while the filtrates of M. echinata and C. eragrostidis promoted 2 to 3 times more increases than the application of water. The filtrates of P. terrestris, C. eragrostidis, C. inaequalis and M. echinata induced accumulations of phytoalexins in soybean, beans and sorghum.

RESUMO Alternaria solani, agente etiológico da pinta preta, é considerado um fitopatógeno de grande impacto econômico na cultura do tomate, gerando grandes prejuízos aos agricultores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial antagonista por confronto direto, produção de voláteis e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de filtrado de fungos sapróbios contra A. solani. Assim, confrontou-se o fitopatógeno A. solani com os fungos sapróbios Volutella minima, Memnoniella echinata, M. levispora, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium, G. macrocladum, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Pithomyces chartarum, Lappodochium lageniforme, Dictyochaeta simplex, Stachybotrys nephrosfora e S. globosa, observando a formação de halo de inibição e agressividade dos fungos por meio de uma escala de nota. Foi avaliado também o crescimento do fitopatógeno na concentração 20% para selecionar filtrado de sapróbios com atividade antimicrobiana. Posteriormente os filtrados dos sapróbios selecionados foram estudados nas concentrações 5; 10; 15 e 20%, avaliando o crescimento micelial de A. solani. Os sapróbios L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum, apresentaram maior crescimento micelial em relação a A. solani sete dias após a repicagem do fitopatógeno. Aos 15 dias somente o L. lageniforme conteve o patógeno. No teste de confrontação direta os fungos L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum ocuparam uma maior área na placa de Petri que o patógeno. Os filtrados dos fungos G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis na concentração de 20% promoveram redução no crescimento micelial de A. solani de 34, 21, 19, 10 e 10%, respectivamente. Ao analisar o efeito das concentrações dos filtrados no crescimento micelial de A. solani, observou dose-dependência em todos os tratamentos, com máxima inibição do crescimento para os filtrados de G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis, respectivamente, na concentração 20%.

ABSTRACT Alternaria solani, the etiological agent of early blight, is considered a phytopathogen of great economic impact on tomato crop, causing great losses to farmers. The aim of this study was to assess the antagonistic potential for direct confrontation, the production of volatile compounds and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of saprobic fungal filtrate against A. solani. Thus, the phytopathogen A. solani was confronted with the saprobic fungi Volutella minima, Memnoniella echinata, M. levispora, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium, G. macrocladum, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Pithomyces chartarum, Lappodochium lageniforme, Dictyochaeta simplex, Stachybotrys nephrosfora and S. globosa, to observe inhibition zone formation and aggressiveness of the fungi according to a score scale. The phytopathogen growth was also evaluated at the concentration of 20% to select the saprobe filtrate with antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, the selected saprobe filtrates were studied at the concentrations of 5; 10; 15 and 20%, evaluating the mycelial growth of A. solani. The saprobes L. lageniforme and G. macrocladum showed greater mycelial growth, compared to A. solani, at seven days after transferring the phytopathogen. At 15 days, only L. lageniforme contained the pathogen. In the direct confrontation test, the fungi L. lageniforme and G. macrocladum occupied a larger area on the Petri dish, in contrast to the pathogen. The fungal filtrates G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terretris, S. globosa and C. eragrostidis, at a concentration of 20%, promoted a reduction in the mycelial growth of A. solani by 34, 21, 19, 10 and 10%, respectively. Analyzing the effect of the filtrate concentrations on the mycelial growth of A. solani, dose-dependence was observed in all treatments, with maximum growth inhibition for filtrates of G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terretris, S. globosa and C. eragrostidis, respectively, at the concentration of 20%.

RESUMO A homeopatização de óleos essenciais revela-se como uma alternativa para o controle de fitopatógenos e na indução de compostos de defesa em plantas, como as fitoalexinas. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito de soluções dinamizadas de Eucalyptus citriodora (EC) e Cymbopogon citratus (CC) na germinação de conídios de Alternaria solani e Corynespora cassiicola e na produção de fitoalexinas em soja. Para os testes foram utilizados os tratamentos homeopáticos: 6CH, 12CH, 30CH, 60CH, 100CH e 200CH de ambos os óleos. A porcentagem de germinação foi determinada 4 horas após incubação dos patógenos na presença dos tratamentos, em placas tipo Elisa a 25 ºC, e feita contagem de esporos em microscópio óptico. Para fitoalexinas, cotilédones de soja oriundos de sementes cultivadas em areia estéril foram cortados na superfície inferior e submetido aos tratamentos, permanecendo no escuro por 20 horas. A gliceolina formada foi extraída e determinada em espectrofotômetro. Todas as dinamizações aplicadas reduziram a germinação de ambos patógenos, chegando à redução de 59% em A. solani e 42% em C. cassiicola por CC 30CH. As dinamizações testadas não foram eficientes para indução de gliceolina, indicando maior potencial dos tratamentos sobre os patógenos em comparação a elicitação destes compostos de defesa. Baseando-se nestes resultados, é possível evidenciar o potencial de tratamentos homeopáticos no controle de A. solani e C. cassiicola. O processo de homeopatização manteve as propriedades antimicrobianas dos óleos testados.

ABSTRACT The homeopathic use of essential oils is seen as an alternative in the control of plant pathogens and in the induction of such defensive plant compounds as phytoalexins. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate the effect of dynamised solutions of Eucalyptus citriodora (EC) and Cymbopogon citratus (CC) on conidial germination in Alternaria solani and Corynespora cassiicola, and on the production of phytoalexins in the soybean. The following homeopathic treatments from both oils were used in the tests: 6CH, 12CH, 30CH, 60CH, 100CH and 200CH. Germination percentage was determined four hours after incubation of the pathogens in the presence of the treatments using Elisa plates at 25 °C; spore counts were made by optical microscope. For the phytoalexins, soybean cotyledons from seeds grown in sterile sand were cut on their lower surface and subjected to the treatments, remaining in the dark for 20 hours. The gliceolin formed was extracted and determined by spectrophotometer. All the levels of dynamisation applied reduced germination in both pathogens, reaching 59% for A. solani and 42% for C. cassiicola with CC 30CH. The dynamisations under test were not efficient in gliceolin induction, demonstrating a greater potential of the treatments for pathogens, when compared to induction of these defensive compounds. Based on the results, it is possible to demonstrate the potential of homeopathic treatments in the control of A. solani and C. cassiicola. The homeopathic process maintained the antimicrobial properties of the oils under test.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is to evaluate the economic viability of tomato cultivation in a system of organic farming, and to compare it with the conventional farming system. The fixed and variable costs of both cultivation systems were calculated, as well as the costs of disease control with the application of alternative products and pesticides. The revenues were computed using commercial production and the direct sales price. The total cost per area was higher in the conventional system, while the cost per plant was greater in the organic system, since it used a lower plant population density. In the conventional system, 2.33 times more was spent on plant management, due to the fact that the number of sprayings was greater than that carried out in organic farming. We further find that companion planting with other species such as coriander, in addition to helping with the management of the main crop, is important for economic sustainability as it is an extra source of income. Considering the specificities of the two systems, the profitability of organic cultivation, even accounting for its lower productivity , could exceed that of conventional cultivation.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial de extratos oriundos de plantas medicinais (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Equisetum arvense L. e Moringa oleifera Lam.) e produtos comerciais (a base de extratos vegetais, óleos vegetais e fosfito de potássio) no controle in vitro de Diplocarpon rosae. Avaliou-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre o fitopatógeno pelo índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial, inibição do crescimento micelial, inibição da esporulação, índice de esporulação, síntese de proteínas, a atividade específica de peroxidase e catalase no micélio do fitopatógeno, utilizando extrato bruto aquoso (EBA) de folhas de R. officinalis (1%); EBA de caules de E. arvense (1%); EBA de sementes de M. oleifera (1%); produto comercial a base de extratos vegetais fermentados (0,01%); produto comercial a base de fosfito de potássio (0,01%); produto comercial a base de óleos vegetais (0,01%); produto a base de massa cítrica (0,01%); fungicida a base de Tiofanato metílico (0,007%); adjuvante (0,0025%) BDA e BD. Pelos resultados observou-se maior redução do crescimento de D. rosae quando na presença do produto comercial a base de óleos vegetais. O EBA de E. arvense e o produto comercial a base de extratos vegetais fermentados apresentaram efeito anti-esporulante. Os tratamentos com EBA de R. officinalis, EBA de E. arvense, EBA de M. oleifera, produto comercial a base de óleos vegetais e produto a base de massa cítrica aumentaram a síntese de proteínas no micélio D.rosae. Houve aumento da atividade específica das enzimas peroxidase e catalase no micélio quando na presença do EBA de R. officinalis e produto comercial a base de fosfito de potássio, respectivamente. O EBA de E. arvense, e os produtos comerciais a base de óleos vegetais e a base de extratos vegetais fermentados, apresentaram resultados promissores no controle do fitopatógeno D. rosae.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the potential of extracts derived from medicinal plants (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Equisetum arvense L. and Moringa oleifera Lam.) and commercial products (based on plant extracts, plant oil and potassium phosphite) on the in vitro control of Diplocarpon rosae. The effect of treatments on the phytopathogen was evaluated according to the mycelial growth speed rate, mycelial growth inhibition, sporulation inhibition, sporulation rate, protein synthesis, and peroxidase and catalase specific activity on the mycelium of the phytopathogen, using aqueous crude extract (ACE) of R. officinalis leaves (1%); ACE of E. arvense stems (1%); ACE of M. oleifera seeds (1%); commercial product based on fermented plant extracts (0.01%); commercial product based on potassium phosphite (0.01%); commercial product based on plant oil (0.01%); product based on citrus mass (0.01%); fungicide based on thiophanate methyl (0.007%); and adjuvant (0.0025%) in PDA and PD media. Results showed a higher reduction in the growth of D. rosae in the presence of commercial product based on plant oils. The ACE of E. arvense and the commercial product based on fermented plant extracts exhibited anti-sporulant effect. Treatments with ACE of R. officinalis, ACE of E. arvense, ACE of M. oleifera, commercial product based on plant oil and product based on citrus mass increased protein synthesis in D. rosae mycelium. There was increased specific activity of the enzymes peroxidase and catalase in the mycelium in the presence of ACE of R. officinalis and commercial product based on potassium phosphite, respectively. The ACE of E. arvense and the commercial products based on plant oils and fermented plant extracts showed promising results in the control of the phytopathogen D. rosae.

RESUMO Considerando a necessidade de alternativas que sejam eficientes e mais sustentáveis no tratamento pós-colheita, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a interferência de subprodutos de Cymbopogon citratus aplicados à campo, em sistema orgânico de produção, na qualidade pós-colheita de tomate tipo italiano, comparando-os a frutos obtidos de sistema convencional. Os tratamentos aplicados na pré-colheita foram: Extrato aquoso bruto de C. citratus a 1%, 5%, 10% e 15%, Óleo essencial de C. citratus a 10 µL L-1, 100 µL L-1, 200 µL L-1 e 400 µL L-1, Citral a 10 µL L-1, 100 µL L-1, 200 µL L-1 e 400 µL L-1, testemunha com aplicação de água, Calda Bordalesa 1%, Crop-set - Improcop® e tomate cultivado em sistema convencional. Foram realizadas análises físicas (coloração, perda de massa parcial e total, volume, viabilidade e peso específico), químicas (pH, SST, AT e ratio) e sensoriais (firmeza ao toque, aparência geral externa, característica da polpa, aparência geral interna, aroma, textura, sabor, sabor estranho, doçura, acidez e qualidade global). Diferenças significativas foram verificadas na comparação entre os dois sistemas de cultivo, de modo que os frutos orgânicos apresentaram tendência em demorar mais para amadurecer, menor acidez, maior SST na avaliação final e maior ratio. Na análise sensorial receberam as melhores notas para os parâmetros acidez, textura, doçura e qualidade global.

ABSTRACT Considering the need for alternatives that are efficient and more sustainable during post-harvest treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of by-products of Cymbopogon citratus applied in the field under a system of organic production, on the postharvest quality of the Italian tomato, comparing them to fruits obtained under a conventional system. The treatments applied pre-harvest were: crude aqueous extract of C. citratus at 1%, 5%, 10% and 15%; essential oil of C. citratus at 10 µL L-1, 100 µL L-1, 200 µL L-1 and 400 µL L-1; Citral at 10 uL L-1, 100 mL L-1, 200 uL L-1 and 400 uL L-1; control with an application of water; 1% Bordeaux mixture; Crop-Set - Improcop®; and tomato grown under a conventional system. The following analyses were carried out: physical (colouration, partial and total weight loss, volume, viability and specific weight), chemical (pH, TSS, TA and ratio) and sensory (firmness to touch, general external appearance, pulp characteristics, general internal appearance, aroma, texture, flavour, off flavour, sweetness, acidity and overall quality). Significant differences were found in comparisons between the two systems, where the organic fruit tended to take longer to mature, had lower acidity, higher TSS in the final evaluation, and a higher ratio. In the sensory analysis, these received the best grading for the parameters of acidity, texture, sweetness and overall quality.