ABSTRACT: One of the main issues related to the management of forage legumes is the fact that these plants can be found in a broad diversity of morphology, structures and growth habits. This study evaluated the structural and productive characteristics of forage legumes with different growth habits [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; and Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], in response to two harvesting frequencies (60 and 90 days). The experimental design was completely randomized in blocks, with a split-plot scheme and four replications (n=4). The type of forage legume influenced the number of secondary branches, the number of leaves per branch, leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), percentage of leaves and stems (%), leaf/stem ratio, and pod production (P<0.05). D. pernambucanus had the lowest LI and LAI (P < 0.05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande and C. ternatea showed a greater leaf percentage and leaf/stem ratio (P < 0.05). There was an effect of the harvesting frequency on the percentage of stems, leaves, pod production, and total production (P < 0.05). Longer harvesting frequencies affected differently these legumes, especially the accumulation of stems in D. pernambucanus, which displayed an intense increase after 60 days of growth. The choice of the best harvesting frequency for these legumes evaluated should consider the proposal of the usage. In our study, it was shown that harvesting at 60 days did not affect the total forage mass accumulated, which possibly is the most advantageous choice. ABSTRACT morphology Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 days. . days) blocks splitplot split plot n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) branches branch LAI, (LAI) LI, (LI) %, % (%) leafstem stem P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 0 05 (P<0.05) D 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) C 6 usage accumulated (L ( n= (n=4 (LAI (LI (% P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 00 0.0 (n= P0 P<0. (P<0.0 0. (n P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P<

RESUMO: Uma das principais questões relacionadas ao manejo de leguminosas forrageiras é o fato de que essas plantas podem ser encontradas em uma ampla diversidade de morfológica, estruturais e de hábitos de crescimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características morfológicas, estruturais e produtivas de leguminosas forrageiras com diferentes hábitos de crescimento [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; e Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], em resposta a duas frequências de colheita (60 e 90 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em blocos, com esquema de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições (n=4). O tipo de leguminosa forrageira influenciou no número de ramos secundários, número de folhas por ramo, índice de área foliar (IAF), interceptação luminosa (IL), porcentagem de folhas e colmos (%), razão folha/colmo e produção de vagens (P<0,05). D. pernambucanus apresentou os menores IL e IAF (P<0,05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande e C. ternatea apresentaram maior porcentagem de folhas e relação folha/colmo (P<0,05). Houve efeito da frequência de colheita na porcentagem de produção de hastes, folhas e vagens e na produção total (P<0,05). Frequências de colheita mais longas afetaram de forma diferente as leguminosas forrageiras avaliadas, principalmente o acúmulo de caules em D. pernambucanus, que apresentou aumento intenso após 60 dias de crescimento. A escolha da melhor frequência de colheita para essas leguminosas avaliadas deve levar em consideração a sua forma de uso. No presente estudo, foi demonstrado que a colheita aos 60 dias não afetou a massa forragem total acumulada, o que possivelmente é a escolha mais vantajosa. RESUMO morfológica morfológicas Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 dias. . dias) blocos n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) secundários ramo IAF, (IAF) IL, (IL) %, % (%) folhacolmo folha colmo P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 0 05 (P<0,05) D C hastes 6 uso acumulada vantajosa (L ( n= (n=4 (IAF (IL (% P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 (n= P0 P<0, (P<0,0 (n P<0 (P<0, P< (P<0 (P< (P

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of spineless cactus of the genus Nopalea, F-21 (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck), IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck) and Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), in different phenophases. There was no effect (P < 0.05) of the phenological phases of spineless cactus on DM, ash, OM, EE, and CP. Varieties F-21 and Miúda presented higher values of DM and OM, whereas the CP was higher for IPA-Sertânia. The contents of NDF, ADF, and ADL, as well as the fractions of carbohydrates B2 and C were higher in the mature stage, irrespective of the variety. The Miúda variety showed higher levels of NFC and fractions A + B1 and the lower levels of pectin compared to the F-21 and IPA-Sertânia varieties, but not differ of TC to F-21. The volume of gas produced via the degradation of NFC was higher for young phenological phases. The young and intermediate stages showed a higher in vitro digestibility of DM. Based on the results, varieties IPA-Sertânia and Miúda have a high potential for use in animal feed because of their high nutritional quality. Mature cladodes showed a higher fibrous fraction and lower digestibility in all varieties. Nopalea F21 F 21 F-2 Dyck, Dyck , IPASertânia IPA Sertânia phenophases P 0.05 005 0 05 ash OM EE IPASertânia. Sertânia. NDF ADF ADL B stage F21. 21. results quality F2 2 F- 0.0 00 0.

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in various crops. Based on the existing literature, this herbicide has carcinogenic characteristics, being able to be found in water courses, not only for its leaching in soils, but also in the effluents of the industries that produce it. Due to its negative impact on living beings, this work aims to investigate the applicability of the electrochemical treatment of a synthetic solution containing glyphosate with boron-doped diamond anode. Two electrochemical systems were tested (magnetic stirring and recirculation flow) for studying the applied current density (j = 30-200 mA cm-2), initial glyphosate concentration (250-850 mg L-1) and initial pH (3-9) as operating conditions. Best removal efficiencies were achieved at 100 mA cm-2, 850 mg L-1 of glyphosate and the natural effluent pH (≈5,0). The performance of the electrochemical systems was evaluated in terms of removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and energy requirements. After 120 min of treatment, comparing the magnetic stirring system to the recirculation it was verified that the first one is the most economically viable with an energy consumption of 56 kWh m-3. However, the results at both electrochemical systems are more efficient than those reported in the literature when the initial concentration, time and mass transport coefficient are considered.

Abstract Soil and water salinity are considered the main limiting factors of plant production. This work aimed to evaluate the influences of irrigation frequency and soil salinity on the development of cactus pear cv. Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). The experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement of four salinity levels: 0.3 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.5 (medium) and 3.6 (high salinity) (ds m-1), associated with four irrigation frequencies (each 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and two soil textures (sandy and sandy loam) in a randomized block design with four replicates. One cladode was planted in each polyethylene pot containing 10 kg of soil. The soil texture influenced some of the morphological characteristics of the cactus pear, so that plants grown in sandy loam soil yielded higher number of cladodes (9.47) and higher productivity (62.1 g plant-1). The sandy soil produced plants with fewer cladodes (4.50). Irrigation water with a salinity level of 3.6 ds m-1 and an irrigation frequency of 7 days showed higher soil electrical conductivity (48.65 dS m-1) and plants with a higher damage (5.0) and lower productivity (32.51 g plant-1), indicating a low tolerance of the cv. Miúda to salt stress.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e o rendimento da cana-de-açúcar irrigada com águas salobras e frações de lixiviação. Adotou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,5; 2,0; 3,5; 5,0 e 6,5 dS m-1) e duas frações de lixiviação (0 e 0,17), correspondendo a 100 e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado diariamente. Os níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação foram obtidos pela adição de NaCl e CaCl2 à água de abastecimento, de modo a se obter proporção molar entre Na:Ca de 1:1. Realizou-se medidas de altura e diâmetro de colmo, do número de perfilhos, do número de folhas e da área foliar com periodicidade mensal entre os 60 e 300 dias após o plantio (DAP). A produtividade e a massa seca de colmo foram determinadas aos 300 DAP. Concluiu-se que a salinidade da água de irrigação influenciou de maneira negativa as variáveis de crescimento e rendimento na cana-de-açúcar, sendo a fração de lixiviação de 0,17 capaz de reduzir os efeitos deletérios dos sais sobre as plantas.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the growth and yield of sugarcane irrigated with brackish water and leaching fractions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water salinity levels (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two leaching fractions (0 and 0.17), corresponding to 100 and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration. The irrigation management was performed daily. Irrigation water salinity levels were obtained by adding NaCl and CaCl2 to the public-supply water, in order to obtain a molar ratio between Na:Ca of 1:1. The following measurements were taken: height and stem diameter; number of tillers; number of leaves and leaf area with monthly frequency between 60 and 300 days after planting (DAP). It was concluded that irrigation water salinity negatively influenced the variables of growth and yield in the sugarcane, and the leaching fraction of 0.17 was capable of reducing the deleterious effects of the salts on the plants.

Onze alcalóides acridônicos isolados de Swinglea glutinosa(Bl.) Merr. foram avaliados para suas atividades in vitrocontra linhagens de Plasmodium falciparumsensíveis a cloroquina 3D7, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesienseSTIB9000 e Leishmania donovaniL82. Ensaios com células KB foram também executados com o objetivo de se determinar o grau de toxicidade das substâncias ativas contra os parasitas. Nove dos compostos apresentaram IC50 entre 0,3 e 11,6 µM contra P. falciparum. Em contraste, um pequeno número de compostos mostrou atividade significativa contra T. brucei rhodesiensee nenhum apresentou atividade contra L. donovani. Entre os alcalóides três tiveram IC50 < 1,0 µM contra P. falciparum, enquanto que contra T. b. rhodesiensecinco mostraram IC50 < 10 µM. A caracterização dos alcalóides, 1,3,5-triidróxi-4-metóxi-10-metil-2,8bis(3-metilbut-2-enil)acridin-9(10H)-ona (1), 2,3-diidro-4,9-diidróxi-2-(2-hidróxipropan-2-il)11-metóxi-10-metilfuro[3,2-b]acridin-5(10H)-ona (2) e 3,4-diidro-3,5,8-triidróxi-6-metóxi-2,2,7trimetil-2H-pirano[2,3-a]acridin-12(7H)-ona (3), é aqui discutida. Discute-se também a relação estrutura-atividade para todos os compostos ensaiados. O isolamento e dados espectrais para os alcalóides 1-3estão sendo aqui descritos pela primeira vez, embora em trabalho anterior tenham sido relatadas as suas atividades citotóxicas.

Eleven acridone alkaloids isolated from Swinglea glutinosa(Bl.) Merr. were examined for in vitroactivity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum3D7, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesienseSTIB900 and Leishmania donovaniL82. An assay with KB cells was developed in order to compare in vitrotoxicity of alkaloids with the selective action on the parasites. Nine of the compounds had IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 11.6 µM against P. falciparum. In contrast, a small number of compounds showed significant activity against T. brucei rhodesienseand none had activity against L. donovani. Among the alkaloids three had IC50 < 1.0 µM against P. falciparum, whereas against T. b. rhodesiensefive had IC50 < 10 µM. The characterization of the acridone alkaloids, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-10-methyl-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)acridin-9(10H)-one (1), 2,3-dihydro-4,9-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-11-methoxy-10-methylfuro[3,2-b] acridin-5(10H)-one (2) and 3,4-dihydro-3,5,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,2,7-trimethyl-2Hpyrano[2,3-a]acridin-12(7H)-one (3), is discussed, as well as the structure-activity relationship of all compounds assayed. Isolation and spectral data of alkaloids 1-3are described for the first time although their citotoxicities to cancer cells have been described before.

The productive performance of four Holstein-Gir genetic groups (1/2H, 1/4H, 5/8H, 5/8Hinter se) and the effects of non-genetic factors on production traits was evaluated using a data set of 7,951 test-day samples collected between January 1980 and December 1999 from the Arcoverde Experimental Station in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco (Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária). The statistical model included the fixed effects of calving year (1980 to 1999) and month (January to December), genetic group of the cow, age at months of calving (33 to 190) and days in milk at each test-day. Random effects were sire, cow and residual with test-days treated as repeated records within each cow within each lactation. For the four genetic groups the milk yield (MY) means were 1/2H = 8.61 kg ± 1.16 kg, 1/4H = 5.34 kg ± 0.46 kg, 5/8H = 7.42 kg ± 0.39 kg and 5/8Hinter se = 5.76 kg ± 0.46 kg; the fat yield (FY) means were 1/2H = 0.375 kg ± 0.052 kg, 1/4H = 0.231 kg ± 0.026 kg, 5/8H = 0.299 kg ± 0.025 kg and 5/8Hinter se = 0.231 kg ± 0.026 kg; and the fat percentage (FP) means were 1/2H = 4.45 kg ± 0.29%, 1/4H = 4.08 kg ± 0.12%, 5/8H = 3.87 kg ± 0.10% and 5/8Hinter se = 3.89 kg ± 0.12%. Phenotypic correlations between tests were MY = 0.97, FY = 0.94 and FP = 0.98. The best productive performance was for the 1/2H group, followed by the 5/8H group. The performance of the synthetic group was substantially below the performance of the 5/8H group.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a percepção e a atitude em relação à epilepsia aplicamos questionário de 9 perguntas, modificado de Caveness e Gallup,1980. Foram entrevistados 105 acompanhantes de pacientes da Clínica de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP (grupo I); 93 estudantes admitidos em 1996 nos cursos de medicina e enfermagem (grupo II); 101 estudantes do último ano de outros cursos, que não medicina (grupo III); e 69 estudantes do sexto ano do curso de medicina (grupo IV). Todos os estudantes eram da UNICAMP. Responderam que já tinham ouvido falar em epilepsia 87,6% do grupo I e 100% dos demais grupos. Com relação à causa da epilepsia responderam não sei ou respostas erradas: grupo-I 51,1%, grupo-II 30,2%, grupo-III 32,7% e grupo-IV 0%. Os autores discutem os seus achados comparativamente à literatura internacional pertinente e concluem que: 1. Há clara relação entre o nível educacional e familiaridade e atitude em relação à epilepsia; 2. Eliminação efetiva do preconceito em relação à epilepsia exige treinamento específico e não informações superficiais, de cunho amplo sobre a condição. Estes dados suportam a noção de que campanhas nacionais devam ser realizadas para melhor esclarecimento leigo sobre as epilepsias, incluindo a população universitária.

PURPOSE: To assess public awareness and attitudes toward epilepsy in Brazilians of different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. BACKGROUND: Several studies have examined public awareness and attitudes toward epilepsy in various countries but there are no equivalent data for Brazil or South America. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have applied the survey proposed by Caveness and Gallup , with some modifications and adaptations to four groups (I-IV) of subjects: I- 105 individuals accompanying patients to the Ophthalmologic outpatient clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); II- 93 students recently admitted to medical and nursing school; III- 101 senior non-medical students; and IV- 69 senior medical students. Groups II, III, and IV were students at UNICAMP. RESULTS: Individuals with a low socioeconomic standing had a poor profile of familiarity, knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy. The pre-university and university students had a relatively good profile when compared to the published international polls. Senior medical students had an excellent level of familiarity and knowledge, but showed no change in their objection to having a son or a daughter marry an epileptic person. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that there is a clear-cut relationship between the level of education and the individual's familiarity and attitudes toward epilepsy. Effective elimination of the prejudice toward epilepsy requires specific training and not just general, superficial information about the condition.