Resumen Se ha demostrado que los tratamientos con Ca2+ y Si2+ confieren resistencia al estrés biótico y abiótico en muchas frutas. En cerezas dulces, el Ca2+ mejora la extensión de la vida útil durante el almacenamiento, pero solo se ha utilizado CaCl2. Por otro lado, existe escasa información sobre el CaCO3 como fuente de Ca2+, que ha mostrado un aumento de la firmeza en bayas. En este estudio, se evaluaron diferentes tratamientos a base de Ca2+ (CaCl2 y CaCO3) + Si2+ (SiO2) solos y combinados por inmersión en hidro-enfriamiento (0°C) sobre características fisicoquímicas en cerezas dulces ʹBingʹ (Prunus avium L.) durante el almacenamiento a baja temperatura (4°C). Los resultados demuestran que los tratamientos solos o combinados (Ca2+ y Si2+) en hidro-enfriamiento afectaron significativamente al color de la piel y pulpa de las cerezas dulces. Se aumentó la cromaticidad (C*) en los frutos tratados, indicando un color rojo intenso, especialmente en aquellas cerezas tratadas con CaCl2. Además, la firmeza aumentó durante el almacenamiento en los tratamientos con Ca2+, mientras que el tratamiento con SiO2 incrementó la acumulación de sólidos solubles totales (SST). Por lo tanto, los tratamientos combinados de Ca2+ y Si2+ con hidro-enfriamiento podrían ser una estrategia poscosecha prometedora para mantener las características fisi coquímicas deseables en cerezas dulces durante el almacenamiento a baja temperatura.

Abstract Ca2+ and Si2+ treatments confer resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in many fruits. In sweet cherries, Ca2+ improves shelf life extension during storage, but only CaCl2 is used. On the other hand, there is scarce information on CaCO3 as a source of Ca2+, which has shown increased firmness in berries. This study evaluated different treatments based on Ca2+ (CaCl2 and CaCO3) + Si2+ (SiO2) alone and combined with immersion in hydro-cooling (0°C) on physicochemical characteristics of ʹBingʹ sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) during storage at low temperature (4°C). Results demonstrate that alone or combined treatments (Ca2+ and Si2+) with hydro-cooling significantly affected skin and flesh color of sweet cherries. Chromaticity (C*) was increased in treated fruits, indicating an intense red color, especially in those cherries treated with CaCl2. Furthermore, firmness was increased during storage in treatments with Ca2+, while SiO2 treatment increased total soluble solids (TSS). Therefore, combined treatments of Ca2+ and Si2+ with hydro-cooling might be a promising postharvest strategy to maintain desirable physicochemical characteristics in sweet cherries during low-temperature storage.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de especies forestales e identificar hongos fitopatógenos en árboles de CDMX. El arbolado se delimitó en el Parque 18 de marzo a partir de la distribución de parques y jardines con vegetación nativa e introducida. De 2018 - 2020 se muestrearon especies arbóreas y se recolectó tejido vegetal enfermo, la clasificación se realizó mediante el manual de especies botánicas del Valle de México y la identificación de hongos con claves taxonómicas. Se encontraron 25 familias botánicas con diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) en la diversidad de especies nativas (39.51 %) e introducidas (60.49 %). Hojas, brotes y ramas presentaron manchas foliares, clorosis, cancros, muerte de tejido vascular, cenicillas y royas. El grado de afectación con mayor incidencia en sanidad y calidad del arbolado fue Kirramyces epicoccoides, Aspergillus niger, Tubercularia sp. y A. alternata (2.34, 2.58, 5.74, 6.80 %, respectivamente). La incidencia acumulada de casos registrados en arbolado fue del 17.46 %. Ulmus parvifolia expresó mayor aumento epidemiológico. A. alternata tuvo impacto significativo en la dinámica poblacional. La incidencia de hongos fitopatógenos en especies arbóreas evidenció el estatus fitosanitario general que representa el arbolado de CDMX, lo que permitirá establecer medidas de manejo de enfermedades específicas.

Abstract The objective was to determine the prevalence of forest species and identify phytopathogenic fungi in trees in CDMX. The trees were delimited to the Parque 18 de Marzo, based on the distribution of parks and gardens with native and introduced vegetation. From 2018 to 2020, diseased plant tissues were sampled and collected from tree species. The classification was through the manual of botanical species of the Valley of Mexico and the identification of fungi with taxonomic keys. We found 25 botanical families with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the diversity of native (39.51 %) and introduced (60.49 %) species. Leaves, shoots and branches presented leaf spots, chlorosis, cankers, death of vascular tissue, powdery mildew and rust. The degree of affectation with the highest impact on health and quality of the trees were by Kirramyces epicoccoides, Aspergillus niger, Tubercularia sp. and Alternaria alternata (2.34, 2.58, 5.74 and 6.80 %, respectively). The cumulative incidence of cases registered in trees was 17.46 %. Ulmus parvifolia expressed greater epidemiological increase. A. alternata had a significant impact on population dynamics. The incidence of phytopathogenic fungi in tree species evidenced the general phytosanitary status that CDMX trees represent, which will allow establishing management measures for specific diseases.

Resumen La superficie que se cultiva con maguey en Oaxaca se ha incrementado en más de 500 ha por año. En la “región del mezcal” se observan cambios en el uso del suelo, ya que las nuevas plantaciones de maguey se establecen como monocultivos en terrenos donde antes había vegetación natural, con la consecuente transformación de los ecosistemas hacia unos con menor biodiversidad y mayor fragilidad del suelo a la erosión. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar especies arbóreas nativas con potencial para restaurar áreas cultivadas con Agave en el estado de Oaxaca, y estimar su valor cultural desde la perspectiva de los actores. Para ello, se realizaron 108 entrevistas a productores de maguey en la “región del mezcal” y se determinó el Índice de Importancia Cultural para priorizar las especies mencionadas, así como cuatro taxa sugeridos por los autores, a partir de su importancia en la restauración. Los resultados mostraron 23 especies con potencial de uso, entre las que resaltan, por su valor cultural y potencial para restaurar áreas cultivadas con Agave, Pithecellobium dulce (guamúchil), Neltuma juliflora (mezquite), Dodonaea viscosa (jarilla) y Eysenhardtia polystachya (cuatle); además de las cuatro sugeridas: Bursera bipinnata (copal), Leucaena esculenta (guaje), Amphipterygium adstringens (cuachalalate) y Bursera linanoe (linaloe). Los productores indicaron estar conscientes del problema y plantearon la posibilidad de asociar árboles con maguey en el contorno del cultivo.

Abstract The surface area cultivated with maguey in the state of Oaxaca has increased by more than 500 ha per year. In the "mezcal region", changes in land use are observed, as new maguey plantations are established as monocultures on land where there used to be natural vegetation, and, therefore, these ecosystems become less diverse and more fragile and liable to erosion. The objective of this work was to identify native tree species with the potential to restore areas cultivated with Agave in Oaxaca, and to estimate their cultural value from the perspective of the stakeholders. For this purpose, 108 interviews were conducted with maguey producers in the "mezcal region", and the Cultural Importance Index was determined to prioritize the species mentioned, as well as four taxa suggested by the authors, based on their importance for restoration. The results showed 23 species with potential use, among which the following stand out for their cultural value and potential to restore areas cultivated with Agave: Pithecellobium dulce (camachile), Neltuma juliflora (mesquite), Dodonaea viscosa (broadleaf hopbush) and Eysenhardtia polystachya (kidneywood), in addition to the four suggested species: Bursera bipinnata (copal), Leucaena esculenta (leadtree), Amphipterygium adstringens (cuachalalate) and Bursera linanoe (linaloe). The producers indicated that they were aware of the problem and suggested the possibility of associating trees with maguey in the crop contour.

Resumen Los bosques urbanos son espacios verdes diseñados para mejorar la relación entre la naturaleza y las personas, pero debido a su fuerte interacción con la gente deben ser protegidos. Los árboles urbanos crecen bajo mayor estrés ambiental, lo que los hace más susceptibles a plagas y enfermedades, incluidas plantas parásitas como el muérdago verdadero. El género Cladocolea, conocido como muérdago verdadero corresponde a plantas parásitas de gran interés para los arboristas, ya que infestan árboles y arbustos, y provocan daños severos en los hospederos. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer el tipo de variabilidad espacial de las poblaciones del muérdago verdadero en áreas verdes urbanas de la alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México mediante el uso de geoestadística. Se muestrearon 38 sitios de dicha demarcación, de los cuales en 10 se identificó a la planta parásita. Se elaboraron semivariogramas experimentales y teóricos, mapas de agregación de la plaga y estimación del área infestada con el uso de geoestadística y se determinaron los índices Ia y Ja con SADIE. Los resultados mostraron que el muérdago presenta distribución agregada, que se ajusta a los modelos estadísticos exponenciales, Gaussianos y esféricos con una distribución espacial de tipo agregado, lo que ayuda en la elaboración de programas de manejo fitosanitario del arbolado urbano.

Abstract Urban forests are green spaces designed to improve the relationship between nature and people, but due to their strong interaction with people they must be protected. Urban trees grow under greater environmental stress which makes them more susceptible to pests and diseases, including parasitic plants such as true mistletoe. The Cladocolea genus, known as true mistletoe, corresponds to parasitic plants of great interest to arborists, since they infest trees and shrubs, and cause severe damage to hosts. The present research aimed to establish the type of spatial variability of true mistletoe populations in urban green areas of the Coyoacán municipality of Mexico City through the use of Geostatistics. 38 sites of said demarcation were sampled, of which the parasitic plant was identified in 10. Experimental and theoretical semivariograms, pest aggregation maps and an estimation of the infested area were developed using Geostatistics, and the Ia and Ja indices were determined using SADIE. The results showed that mistletoe has an aggregated distribution that fits the exponential, Gaussian and spherical statistical models, with an aggregated spatial distribution, which helps in the development of phytosanitary management programs for urban trees.

Abstract: Computer vision, for decades, has been involved in solving problems in everyday life, under the implementation of different computational methods, that have evolved over time. Feature extraction, along with other computer techniques, is considered a way to develop computer vision systems; currently, plays an important role, considered a complex task, allowing to obtain essential descriptors of the segmented images, differentiating particular characteristics between different classes, even when they share similarity with each other, guaranteeing the delivery of information not redundant to classification algorithms. Likewise, in this work, a computer vision system has been developed for the recognition of foliar damage caused by diseases and pests in tomato plants. The methodology implemented is based on four modules: preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification; in the first module, the image is preprocessed of a color space RGB to L*a*b*; in the second module, the area interest was segmented, under the implementation of the algorithm principal component analysis PCA; in the third module, features are extracted from the area of interest, obtaining texture descriptors with the Haralick algorithm, and chromatic features through Contrast descriptors, Hu moments, Gabor characteristics, Fourier descriptors, and discrete cosine transform DCT; in the fourth module, the performance of the classification algorithms were tested, with the characteristics obtained from the previous stage, considering: SVM, Backpropagation, Logistic Regression, KNN, and Random Forests.

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric extreme hydrocephalus (PEH) is a complex condition with uncertain prognostic outcomes. Objectives: In this study, we analyze the long-term change in cerebral parenchymal thickness of pediatric patients with extreme hydrocephalus after shunting. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients with PEH treated at the General Hospital of Mexico from 2009 to 2016. Cerebral parenchymal thickness was measured in computed tomography studies before surgical intervention, at 5 months, and 4 years post-surgery. The average change in thickness in millimeters was analyzed, and its normalized value was assessed using the Wilcoxon test and the R2 of a linear function. Results: Twelve patients, including 5 females and 7 males, were studied. Nine cases were congenital, while the remaining 3 cases were 6 months, 7, and 10-years-old. At 5.2 months PostOp., patients showed an average increase of 160% in cerebral parenchymal thickness, which increased to 270% at 4.3 years. However, 4 cases (33.3%) had an increase of < 10% from the original thickness. One patient at 4.3 years exhibited a 594% increase compared to the baseline. In the congenital cases, pre-operative thickness had a good correlation (R2 = 0.70) with post-operative thickness, but pre-operative age of patients did not correlate with post-operative thickness (R2 = 0.03). Conclusions: In this study, 3 out of 12 cases of PEH showed a long-term increase of > 200% compared to preoperative thickness. Even in cases of extreme hydrocephalus, significant long-term improvement can occur. Rapid treatment of these cases is crucial to increase the likelihood of improvement.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como propósito principal el analizar y determinar la correlación de la satisfacción laboral con el home office de los colaboradores de una empresa maquiladora en Durango, México, El diseño metodológico de la investigación es transversal descriptivo, no experimental con enfoque cuantitativo, aplicando el instrumento de Meliá y Peiró (1998) y Barreto Cruz (2021), validado a través de Alfa de Cronbach con .914. Los resultados reflejan una correlación débil entre la satisfacción laboral con el home office, sin embargo, estadísticamente significativa.

Abstract The main purpose of this research was to analyze the correlation of job satisfaction with the home office of the Employees of an automotive company in Durango, México. The methodological design of the research was descriptive, non-experimental with a quantitative approach, applying the Meliá and Peiró (1998) and Barreto Cruz (2021) instrument, validated through Cronbach's Alpha with .914. The results reflect a weak correlation between job satisfaction and the home office, although statistically significant.

Resumen: En la actualidad existe una alta demanda de los mercados mundiales de pimientos (Capsicum annuum). Sin embargo, los problemas nutricionales y patogénicos reducen la producción. El uso de silicio es una alternativa para mejorar las características fitosanitarias y productivas del cultivo de pimiento. En este contexto, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del silicio en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo en condiciones controladas. El estudio se realizó en el invernadero de la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias y Biológicas ó Agrarias y Forestales “La María”, el diseño experimental fue un completamente al azar (DCA) donde se aplicaron diferentes concentraciones de silicio: T1: 10 g, T2: 12 g, T3: 14 g planta-1 respectivamente, T4: Control agricultor y T5: Control absoluto. Durante cuatro semanas consecutivas se evaluó la altura de la planta, finalmente a los 90 días se evaluaron número de frutos y peso del fruto productivas. La aplicación de 10 g de silicio planta-1 incrementó el crecimiento de las plantas en 12 cm respecto al control absoluto y el rendimiento agrícola con valores promedios de 24 662 kg ha-1 en comparación al resto de los tratamientos.

Summary: There is currently a high demand in world markets for peppers (Capsicum annuum), however, nutritional and pathogenic problems reduce its production. The use of silicon is an alternative to improve the phytosanitary and productive characteristics of the pepper crop. In this context, our objective was to evaluate the effect of silicon on crop growth and yield under controlled conditions. The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Livestock and Biological Sciences or Agricultural and Forestry "La María". The experimental approach was a completely randomized design (CRD) with different concentrations of silicon: T1: 10 g, T2: 12 g and T3: 14 g plant-1 respectively, T4: Farmer control, and T5: Absolute control. Plant height was evaluated during four consecutive weeks. After 90 days of crop, the number and weight of productive fruits were evaluated. Our results show that the application of 10 g of silicon plant-1 increased plant growth by 12 cm compared to the absolute control and agricultural yield with average values of 24 662 kg ha-1, compared with the rest of the treatments.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar a los estados líderes en producción lechera en México con potencial para la producción de biogás y evaluar la rentabilidad de los sistemas de biodigestores-motogeneradores. Metodología: Se calculó el potencial de biogás, energía eléctrica y reducción de CO2eq para la actividad lechera en México y se utilizó la metodología de proyectos de inversión de Baca para realizar un análisis financiero exhaustivo para cinco tamaños de establos lecheros propuesto. Resultados: México podría producir 1,649.5 millones de metros cúbicos de biogás al año, lo que se traduciría en 2,327.3 GWh de electricidad al año, suficiente para abastecer a más de un millón de habitantes y se estima una compensación de 10,044 Mt de emisiones de CO2eq al año. Además, los establos más grandes, que albergan más de 2,000 cabezas de ganado, logran una recuperación de la inversión más rápida que sus homólogos más pequeños. Limitaciones: El estudio contempla el número de vacas lecheras por entidad federativa, ya que solo se dispone de información del número total de establos en México, pero no por entidad, lo que limita la especificidad de los resultados. Conclusiones: La implementación de sistemas biodigestores-motogeneradores se presenta como una estrategia viable, rentable y sustentable, alineando las necesidades energéticas con el cuidado ambiental en México.

Abstract Objective: To identify the leading Mexican states in milk production with potential for biogas production and to assess the profitability of biodigester-motogenerator systems. Methodology: The biogas potential, electric power potential and CO2eq reduction for dairy farming in Mexico were calculated and the Baca's investment project methodology was used to perform a thorough financial analysis of five proposed dairy barn sizes. Results: Mexico could produce 1,649.5 million cubic meters of biogas per year, which would translate into 2,327.3 GWh of electricity per year, enough to supply more than one million inhabitants and it is estimated to offset 10,044 Mt of CO2eq emissions per year. Moreover, the larger stables, housing more than 2,000 head of cattle, achieve a faster investment recovery than their smaller counterparts. Limitations: The study considers the number of dairy cows per federal entity, since information is only available on the total number of stables in Mexico, but not by entity, which limits the specificity of the results. Conclusions: The implementation of biodigester-motogenerator systems is presented as a viable, profitable, and sustainable strategy, aligning energy needs with environmental care in Mexico.

ABSTRACT The current article analyses in a diachronic way the Spanish scientific production related with the field of inclusive Education in the Primary Education stage indexed in the InDICEs-CSIC database during the term of 2000-2020. This analysis is carried out in a double level: cienciometric and conceptual. The first analysis offers evidence about the next cienciometric indicators: diachronic production, magazines with a higher scientific productivity, the most productive authors, institutional affiliation, subjects and themes. The conceptual analysis, through the informatic software Atlas.ti (22nd version), has allowed to identify the themes or topics, and its relation among them, with more importance in the field of inclusive education. The general results obtained from the investigation express, among other things, the inclusive education connection with numerous areas and fields of education, as the scientific consolidation -suggested by Price (1963), of this scientific area. Additionally, it is obvious the lack of institutional support related with the Spanish database management (and with free access) that allows to fulfil studies like these.

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza diacrónicamente la producción científica española relativa al ámbito de la educación inclusiva en la etapa de Educación Primaria indexada en la base de datos ÍnDICEs-CSIC, durante el periodo 2000-2020. Dicho análisis se realiza a un doble nivel: cienciométrico y conceptual. El primer análisis aporta evidencias sobre los siguientes indicadores cienciométricos: producción diacrónica, revistas con mayor productividad científica, autores más productivos, filiación institucional, materias y temática. El análisis conceptual, a través del programa informático Atlas.ti (versión 22), ha permitido identificar los tópicos de investigación, y su relación entre ellos, más relevantes en el campo de la educación inclusiva en esta etapa educativa. Como resultados generales del estudio se pone de manifiesto, entre otros aspectos, la conexión de la educación inclusiva con múltiples áreas o ámbitos de la educación, así como la consolidación científica -tal y como planteaba Price (1963), de este ámbito científico. Asimismo, se evidencia la falta de apoyo y respaldo institucional a la gestión de esta base de datos española (y de acceso libre) que permite realizar estudios de esta índole.

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence techniques introduces fresh perspectives in the implementation of these methods. This paper presents the combination of neural networks and evolutionary strategies to create what is known as evolutionary artificial neural networks (EANNs). In the process, the excitation function of neurons was modified to allow asexual reproduction. As a result, neurons evolved and developed significantly. The technique of a batch polymerization reactor temperature controller to produce polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by free radicals was compared with two different controls, such as PID and GMC, demonstrating that artificial intelligencebased controllers can be applied. These controllers provide better results than conventional controllers without creating transfer functions to the control process represented.

Resumen La integración de técnicas de inteligencia artificial introduce nuevas perspectivas en la aplicación de estos métodos. Este trabajo presenta la combinación de redes neuronales y estrategias evolutivas para crear lo que se conoce como redes neuronales artificiales evolutivas (RNAE). Durante el proceso, se modificó la función de excitación de las neuronas para permitir su reproducción asexual. Como resultado, las neuronas evolucionaron y se desarrollaron significativamente. La técnica del controlador de temperatura de un reactor de polimerización por lotes para producir polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) mediante radicales libres se comparó con dos controles diferentes (PID y GMC), demostrando así la aplicabilidad de los controladores basados en inteligencia artificial. Estos controladores ofrecen mejores resultados que los controladores convencionales sin crear funciones de transferencia al proceso de control representado.

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. The value of adjuvant treatment is controversial in Stages I and II. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct post-operative prognostic models applicable to patients with stages I-II colon carcinoma (CC). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with Stage I-II CC treated over a 25-year period. Exposure was defined as clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical factors (including CDX2 and MUC2 expression). Patients were randomly allocated to either a "modeling set" or a "validation set". Factors associated with recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were defined in the "modeling set". Their performances were tested in the "validation set". Results: From a total of 556 recruited patients, 339 (61%) were allocated to the "modeling set" and 217 (39%) to the "validation set". Three models explaining recurrence, DFS, and OS were described. Tumor location in the left colon (Hazards ratio [HR] = 1.57; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.48), lymphocyte (HR = 0.46; 96% CI 0.27-0.88) and monocyte (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-1) counts, neutrophil/platelet ratio (HR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.74-2.3, and HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1; for second and third category, respectively), albumin/monocyte ratio (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.21-0.87), and microscopic residual disease after surgery (HR = 8.7; 95% CI 3.1-24) were independently associated with OS. T classification and expression of CDX2 and/or MUC2 were not independently associated with recurrence or prognosis. Conclusion: These models are simple and readily available, and distinguish the risk and prognosis in patients with CC stages I and II; these models require cheaper processes than the use of more sophisticated molecular biology techniques. They may guide either the need for adjuvant therapy versus post-operative surveillance only, as well as aid in the design of clinical trials.

Resumen El presente artículo plantea una reflexión sobre la imagen del joven consumidor digital a través del análisis de la película Ron da error (Smith y Vine, 2021). Tras mostrar la relación entre el cine y la juventud y bosquejar el contexto tecnológico actual, se toman en consideración las tesis del filósofo Byung-Chul Han para profundizar en la película y extraer el retrato que ofrece del consumo juvenil en un entorno hiperconectado. Las conclusiones muestran cómo el consumo digital aliena a los jóvenes en un entorno tecnológico irrenunciable que los aleja de todo aquello que los hace humanos y los despoja de su individualidad en favor del poder de los algoritmos que aportan los robots.

Abstract This article reflects on the image of young digital consumers by analyzing the film Ron’s gone wrong. After showing the link between cinema and youth and outlining the current technological context, the philosopher Byung Chul-Han’s theses are used to delve into the film to extract the portrait it offers of youth consumption in a hyperconnected environment. The conclusions show how digital consumption alienates young people in an inalienable technological climate that distances them from everything that makes them human and strips them of their individuality in favor of the power of algorithms provided by robots.

Resumo Neste artigo, reflete-se sobre a imagem do jovem consumidor digital por meio de uma análise do filme Ron dá erro (Smith e Vine, 2021). Depois de mostrar a relação entre cinema e juventude, e delinear o contexto tecnológico atual, as teses do filósofo Byung-Chul Han são levadas em consideração para aprofundar o filme e extrair o retrato que ele oferece do consumo jovem em um ambiente hiperconectado. As conclusões mostram como o consumo digital isola os jovens em um ambiente tecnológico inalienável que os distancia de tudo o que os torna humanos e os despoja de sua in dividualidade em favor do poder dos algoritmos fornecidos pelos robôs.

Resumen: La antracnosis es una enfermedad fúngica presente en el cultivo de aguacate que ocasiona pérdidas económicas considerables para el sector productivo del Estado de México. Para focalizar las medidas de control, es necesario conocer el comportamiento espacial y la dinámica de la enfermedad en condiciones de campo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el comportamiento espacial de la antracnosis en aguacate Hass en Coatepec Harinas y Tenancingo, Estado de México utilizando estadística clásica y geoestadística. La estadística clásica no mostró el comportamiento real de la antracnosis debido a que se presentaron ajustes a la Binomial Negativa y distribución de Poisson. Con la geoestadística, se obtuvo la representación del comportamiento espacial de la enfermedad a través de mapas que muestran la presencia de centros de agregación; los semivariogramas para cada fecha de muestreo presentaron distribuciones ajustadas en su mayoría a modelos de tipo gaussiano y exponencial con rangos que fluctuaron entre los 12 y los 56 m, indicando asociación entre los datos; el mayor porcentaje de superficie infectada fue de 99% para el primer muestreo de abril, mientras para el primer muestreo de noviembre, el mayor porcentaje fue de 98% en ambos municipios. La geoestadística permite conocer con precisión cuales son los patrones de distribución que siguen las enfermedades como la antracnosis en las zonas aguacateras en el Estado de México y facilita la implementación de programas de manejo integrado con mayor efectividad, contribuyendo así a disminuir el uso excesivo de productos químicos, favoreciendo la obtención de frutos más inocuos.

Abstract: Anthracnose is a fungal disease present in the avocado crop that causes considerable economic losses for the productive sector of the State of Mexico. To target control measures, it is important to know the spatial behavior and the dynamics that the disease follows under field conditions. The application of geostatistical methods facilitates this work. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the spatial behavior of anthracnose in the Hass avocado crop in Coatepec Harinas and Tenancingo, two producing municipalities in the State of Mexico using classical and geostatistical statistics. The results obtained through classical statistics did not show the real behavior of anthracnose because, in both municipalities, there were adjustments to a Negative Binomial representation as well as to a Poisson distribution. With the use of geostatistics, it was possible to obtain the representation of the spatial behavior of the disease through maps, which show the presence of aggregation centers; the semivariograms for each sampling date presented distributions adjusted mostly to Gaussian and exponential models with ranges that fluctuated between 12 and 56 m, indicating association between the data; likewise, the highest percentage of infected area was 99% for the first sampling in April, while for the first sampling in November, the highest percentage was 98% in both municipalities. Geostatistics makes it possible to know precisely what are the distribution patterns followed by diseases such as anthracnose in avocado-growing areas in the State of Mexico and facilitates the implementation of integrated management programs more effectively, thus contributing to reducing the excessive use of products chemicals, favoring the obtaining of more innocuous fruits.

Resumen Introducción. El cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar es una neoplasia rara con alta probabilidad de malignidad. Su diagnóstico es un reto ya que se asemeja a otras masas benignas que pueden encontrarse en el hígado. Caso clínico. Mujer de 21 años con sensación de masa en hipocondrio derecho, a quien se le realizan marcadores tumorales y estudios de imágenes concluyendo que se trataba de un cistadenoma mucinoso biliar Resultado. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar, diagnosticada y tratada exitosamente con cirugía. Conclusión. El diagnóstico de cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar se confirma mediante marcadores tumorales y estudios radiológicos, y su tratamiento es quirúrgico debido al riesgo de malignidad.

Abstract Introduction. Biliary mucinous cystadenoma is a rare neoplasm with a high probability of malignancy. Its diagnosis is a challenge since it resembles other benign masses that can be found in the liver. Clinical case. A 21-year-old woman with a sensation of a mass in the right hypochondrium, who underwent tumor markers and imaging studies, concluding with a diagnosis of biliary mucinous cystadenoma. Result. A case of a patient with biliary mucinous cystadenoma diagnosed and successfully treated by surgery is presented. Conclusion. The diagnosis of biliary mucinous cystadenoma is confirmed by tumor markers and radiological studies, and its treatment is surgical due to the risk of malignancy.