Abstract In this paper, we construct the Human Capital Index (ICH) for Brazil, covering the period from 1995 to 2022. We used microdata from National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and PNAD Contínua, both made available by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We adapted the methodology used by several international organizations, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The ICH captures structural movements in the quality of the Brazilian workforce, given the wide temporal range of the data, and its derivation is compatible with the usual methodology for decomposing economic growth. We thus used the ICH to adjust the labor factor in the total factor productivity (TFP) calculation. The results show that ICH presented an average annual growth of 2.2% between 1995 and 2022. In addition, the inclusion of the ICH influenced the TFP dynamics, which registered an average annual drop of 0.9% in the analyzed period. paper (ICH Brazil 199 2022 (PNAD Contínua IBGE. IBGE . (IBGE) organizations BLS. BLS (BLS) workforce data (TFP calculation 22 2 2.2 addition dynamics 09 0 9 0.9 19 202 (IBGE (BLS 2. 0. 1 20

Resumo Neste estudo construímos o Índice de Capital Humano (ICH) para o Brasil, cobrindo o período de 1995 a 2022. Utilizamos os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e da PNAD Contínua, ambas disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), e adaptamos para o caso brasileiro a metodologia empregada por diversas organizações internacionais, como o Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). O ICH captura os movimentos estruturais da qualidade da mão de obra brasileira, dada a ampla abrangência temporal dos dados, e sua derivação é compatível com a metodologia usual de decomposição do crescimento econômico. Neste sentido, empregamos o ICH no ajuste do fator trabalho utilizado no cálculo da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF). Os resultados mostram que no período de 1995 a 2022 o ICH apresentou um crescimento anual médio de 2,2%. Além disso, a inclusão do ICH influenciou a dinâmica da PTF, que registrou queda anual média de 0,9% no período analisado. (ICH Brasil 199 (PNAD Contínua IBGE, IBGE , (IBGE) internacionais BLS. BLS . (BLS) brasileira dados econômico sentido PTF. PTF (PTF) 202 22 2 2,2% disso 09 0 9 0,9 analisado 19 (IBGE (BLS (PTF 20 2,2 0, 1 2,

Abstract We build a model that captures the main elements of the public higher education system to evaluate the performance of different financing mechanisms in terms of efficiency and equity. Our main finding is that the provision of direct places in public colleges and universities raises a trade-off between efficiency and equity whenever part of the education cost is financed through taxes. Alternative mechanisms, namely public provision with tuition fees covering totally or partially the educational cost, are also analyzed. We show that, compared to these alternatives, the policy of“free”higher education performs worse in terms of the trade-off between efficiency and equity. The less the taxpayer subsidizes students JEL Codes I22, I24the lower the trade-off. tradeoff trade off taxes analyzed alternatives offreehigher free I22 I Ithe tradeoff. off. I2