The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass silage dry matter with increasing levels of sugarcane bagasse. A completely randomized design was adopted with five treatments: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% inclusion of sugarcane bagasse on an as-fed matter basis, with five replications, totalling 25 experimental units. The increasing proportion of sugarcane bagasse analysed was favourable only in increasing the concentration of dry matter and fibre of silages and in maintaining a considerable crude protein content. In the in situ degradation assay, the addition of sugarcane bagasse in silage decreased the ruminal degradability of dry matter, and as the passage rates increased, the effective degradability decreased. In the in vitro gas production assay, the total production of gases was decreased with the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse, as did the degradability of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre. The recommendation for the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse should be analysed according to the desired objective, emphasizing that values higher than 5% can greatly compromise the final nutritive value of elephant grass silage.

RESUMO Os dados genealógicos compreenderam 45.711 animais nascidos entre 1901 e 2016, com 48.127 animais no arquivo de pedigree. A estrutura populacional foi analisada em termos de completude de pedigree, coeficiente de endogamia individual (F), intervalo de geração (L), taxa de endogamia (ΔF), tamanho efetivo da população (Ne), número efetivo de fundadores (ff) e número efetivo de ancestrais (fa). O rebanho consistia inicialmente de 13 touros e 14 vacas, e houve variações no número de touros e vacas selecionados ao longo do período analisado, com 2.575 touros, 13.691 vacas e 45.711 nascimentos registrados no final de 2016. No total, 48,81% das vacas tiveram apenas uma progênie. A maioria das barragens (47,59%) tinha entre três e sete anos, com média de L na população de 7,9 anos. De acordo com os resultados, 52,75% das vacas, 44,92% dos touros e 63,71% dos bezerros da raça Guzerá na região Norte do Brasil apresentaram algum grau de endogamia, com coeficientes de pequena magnitude (0,56, 0,83 e 0,71% para vacas, touros e bezerros, respectivamente). Essa flutuação não impediu a evolução genética do rebanho na região. O tamanho efetivo da população não parece comprometer a manutenção da variabilidade genética na raça.

ABSTRACT Genealogical data comprised 45,711 animals born between 1901 and 2016, with 48,127 animals in the pedigree file. Population structure was analyzed in terms of pedigree completeness, individual inbreeding coefficient (F), generation interval (L), rate of inbreeding (ΔF), effective population size (Ne), effective number of founders (ff), and effective number of ancestors (fa). The herd initially consisted of 13 bulls and 14 cows, and there were variations in the number of selected bulls and cows throughout the analyzed period, with 2,575 bulls, 13,691 cows, and 45,711 births recorded at the end of 2016. In total, 48.81% of the cows had only one progeny. Most dams (47.59%) were between three and seven years old, with a mean L in the population of 7.9 years. According to the results, 52.75% of the cows, 44.92% of the bulls, and 63.71% of the calves of the Guzerat breed in the northern region of Brazil showed some degree of inbreeding, with small-magnitude coefficients (0.56, 0.83, and 0.71% for cows, bulls, and calves, respectively). This fluctuation did not hinder the genetic evolution of the herd in the region. The effective population size does not seem to compromise the maintenance of genetic variability in the breed.

This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of cryptic Candida species from candidemia cases in 22 public hospitals in São Paulo State, Brazil, and their antifungal susceptibility profiles. During 2017 and 2018, 144 isolates were molecularly identified as 14 species; C. parapsilosis (32.6%), C. albicans (27.7%), C. tropicalis (14.6%), C. glabrata (9.7%), C. krusei (2.8%), C. orthopsilosis (2.8%), C. haemulonii var. vulnera (2.1%), C. haemulonii (1.4%), C. metapsilosis (1.4%), C. dubliniensis (1.4%), C. guilliermondii (1.4%), C. duobushaemulonii (0.7%), C. kefyr (0.7%), and C. pelliculosa (0.7%). Poor susceptibility to fluconazole was identified in 6.4% of C. parapsilosis isolates (0.12 to >64 µg/mL), 50% of C. guilliermondii (64 µg/mL), 66.6% of C. haemulonii var. vulnera (16-32 µg/mL), and C. duobushaemulonii strain (MIC 64 µg/mL). Our results corroborated the emergence of C. glabrata in Brazilian cases of candidemia as previously reported. Importantly, we observed a large proportion of non-wild type C. glabrata isolates to voriconazole (28.6%; <0.015 to 4 µg/mL) all of which were also resistant to fluconazole (28.6%). Of note, C. haemulonii, a multidrug resistant species, has emerged in the Southeast region of Brazil. Our findings suggested a possible epidemiologic change in the region with an increase in fluconazole-resistant species causing candidemia. We stress the relevance of routine accurate identification to properly manage therapy and monitor epidemiologic trends.

RESUMO Foram analisadas 480 amostras de leite em quatro repetições em relação a quatro tratamentos por conservantes (sem conservante, bronopol, bronolat e brononata), três tempos de armazenamento, em temperatura até 4ºC desde a recepção da amostra (24, 48 e 72 horas), cinco porcentagens de adição de água (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0%) e dois instrumentos analíticos (crioscópio eletrônico e FTIR). O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito desses parâmetros na determinação do índice crioscópico pelo método de precisão em crioscópio eletrônico e por espectroscopia com transformada de Fourier no infravermelho, determinando-se, assim, as melhores condições analíticas. Entre os conservantes utilizados, bronolat foi o melhor e brononata foi o menos eficiente, não sendo, portanto, recomendado para análise de crioscopia por FTIR. O tempo de armazenamento das amostras não interferiu nas determinações analíticas pelo método de precisão e por FTIR.

ABSTRACT A total of 480 milk samples were analyzed in four repetitions with four preservative treatments (no preservative, Bronopol, Bronolat and Brononata), three storage times at temperatures up to 4 °C (24, 48 and 72hours after reception), five different water additions (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) and two analytical instruments (electronic cryoscope and FTIR). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of these parameters in the determination of the freezing point by the reference method and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thus determining the best analytical conditions and establishing a mathematical equation for electronic determination by FTIR spectroscopy. Bronolat was the best preservative and Brononata was the worst and is not recommended to analyze freezing point by FTIR. The storage time of the samples did not interfere in the analytical determinations by the precision method and by FTIR.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of ultrasound (US)-mediated phonophoresis alone or in association with diclofenac diethylammonium (DCF) administered topically in animal models of inflammation. A pre-clinical, prospective, and randomized experimental study of quantitative and qualitative nature was carried out. Phonophoresis was performed using a therapeutic ultrasound apparatus in two distinct models of acute inflammation. Edema was induced by an intraplantar injection of carrageenan and measured by plethysmography. The Hargreaves test was used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity and investigate the action of phonophoresis on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. A histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin was used to evaluate tissue repair, and the expression of COX-2 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. At the peak of inflammatory activity (3 h), treatment with US, US+DCF, and DCF significantly reduced edema formation compared to the control group. Treatment with US+DCF was more effective than treatment with US alone at both analyzed times. In the analysis of the antinociceptive activity, the treatments significantly increased the latency time in response to the thermal stimulus. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction of the inflammatory infiltrates and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the association was effective in reducing COX-2 expression compared to the control group. The association of DCF with US produced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rat models of inflammation, which may be associated with inhibition of COX-2 and TNF-α production.

RESUMO Feridas cutâneas em bovinos são um constante desafio clínico cirúrgico por desencadearem perdas econômicas bastante significativas. O látex proveniente da seiva da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) apresenta potencial terapêutico para incrementar o processo de reparação tecidual. Portanto, pretendeu-se com esse estudo avaliar o tipo de reação tecidual e os possíveis mecanismos de angiogênese desencadeados pelo implante de uma membrana de látex natural em bovinos. Para tal, foram utilizados seis bovinos da raça Nelore, submetidos ao implante subcutâneo experimental de três fragmentos de membranas de látex natural. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido e da membrana aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a implantação, para avaliações histológicas, ultraestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e imunoistoquímicas com anticorpos antimarcador de macrófagos (MAC), CYR 61 e VEGF. O implante de látex proporcionou aumento da angiogênese e reparação tecidual em bovinos, não mediada pela expressão do VEGF e CYR 61.

ABSTRACT Cattle wounds are a constant surgical and clinical challenge, leading to important economical losses. The latex from the sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) has therapeutic potential to enhance tissue repair process. Therefore, we evaluated the type of tissue reaction and possible mechanisms of angiogenesis triggered by implanting natural latex rubber in bovine species. Six Nelore bovines were subjected to subcutaneous experimental implant of three fragments of natural rubber latex membranes. Tissue and rubber membrane samples were harvested at 15, 30 and 45 days implantation for histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical evaluation with anti macrophage marker (MAC), anti CYR 61, anti VEGF antibodies. The latex membrane estimulates tissue reaction and repair and significant angiogenesis stimuli without activating CYR 61 and VEGF pathways.

ABSTRACT A series of arylamidines 3a-j was designed, synthesized and investigated for antimicrobial activity. Structures of the compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and a 2D spectroscopic study was performed. A preliminary screening of the antimicrobial tests clearly showed that three out of ten arylamidines, viz, 3f, 3g and 3i, were effective against all the gram-negative bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteric; and against the yeast, candida albicans. Further, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) against the bacteria and yeast were determined. All compounds 3a-d, 3f, 3g, 3i and 3j were also investigated for their low cytotoxic effects on tested cell lines. Compounds 3d and 3f were the most effective derivatives against HL-60 and HEp-2 cells, respectively, with IC50 value (2µg/mL), and low normal cells toxicity.

ABSTRACT Matter and energy flux dynamics of wetlands are important to understand environmental processes that govern biosphere-atmosphere interactions across ecosystems. This study presents analyses about hourly interaction between wind speed and energy fluxes in Brazilian Wetlands - Mato Grosso - Brazil. This study was conducted in Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (PRNH SESC, 16º39'50''S; 56º47'50''W) in Brazilian Wetland. According to Curado et al. (2012), the wet season occurs between the months of January and April, while the June to September time period is the dry season. Results presented same patterns in energies fluxes in all period studied. Wind speed and air temperature presented same patterns, while LE was relative humidity presented inverse patterns of the air temperature. LE was predominant in all seasons and the sum of LE and H was above 90% of net radiation. Analyses of linear regression presented positive interactions between wind speed and LE, and wind speed and H in all seasons, except in dry season of 2010. Confidence coefficient regression analyses present statistical significance in all wet and dry seasons, except dry season of 2010, suggest that LE and H had interaction with other micrometeorological variables.

ABSTRACT The study of radiation entrance and exit dynamics and energy consumption in a system is important for understanding the environmental processes that rule the biosphere-atmosphere interactions of all ecosystems. This study provides an analysis of the interaction of energy in the form of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the Pantanal, a Brazilian wetland forest, by studying the variation of PAR reflectance and its interaction with local rainfall. The study site is located in Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, where the vegetation is a monodominant forest of Vochysia divergens Phol. The results showed a high correlation between the reflection of visible radiation and rainfall; however, the behavior was not the same at the three heights studied. An analysis of the hourly variation of the reflected waves also showed the seasonality of these phenomena in relation to the dry and rainy seasons. A predictive model for PAR was developed with a neural network that has a hidden layer, and it showed a determination coefficient of 0.938. This model showed that the Julian day and time of measurements had an inverse association with the wind profile and a direct association with the relative humidity profile.

A presença online é essencial para as organizações de turismo, e a qualidade dos seus websites pode influenciar os consumidores. No caso dos hotéis, existem muitos estudos para avaliar o desempenho do website com base, entre outros fatores, nas suas funcionalidades e na usabilidade, no entanto, existem poucos sobre a quantidade de diferentes informações disponíveis para o consumidor. Num futuro próximo, através da utilização de Big Data, espera-se que os websites dos hotéis sejam dinâmicos, que se adaptem em tempo real e que apresentem informações personalizadas para cada consumidor. Este artigo apresenta um referencial para a caracterização dos websites de hotéis, com foco na quantidade de informações disponíveis para o consumidor, o qual foi aplicado num estudo de caso, durante os últimos meses de 2013, nos websites dos hotéis de cinco estrelas da região do Algarve, Portugal. A aplicação do referencial, permitiu identificar um conjunto exaustivo de indicadores para a caracterização dos websites, os quais foram agrupados em dez dimensões de informação, que por sua vez, foram agrupadas em quatro grupos. Por fim, são apresentadas e discutidas as avaliações quantitativas e qualitativas obtidas, que ilustram quais os indicadores e as dimensões mais contemplados em websites de hotéis para satisfazer as necessidades de informação do consumidor.

Online presence is essential for tourism organisations, and the quality of websites can influence customers. In the case of hotels, there are many studies to evaluate website performance based on functionality, usability and other factors, much less on the amount of different information available to the consumer. In the near future by using Big Data it is expected that hotel websites will be dynamic, they will adapt themselves on-the-fly, showing personalized information to each consumer. Different consumers will have different websites (information’ available) from the same hotel. This paper presents a framework for the characterisation of hotel websites, focusing on the amount of information available to the consumer in each website, which was applied in a case study during the last months of 2013 to the websites of five-star hotels that operate in the tourist region of the Algarve, Portugal. The framework allowed to identify a set of exhaustive indicators for hotel website characterisation, which were then grouped into ten fundamental information dimensions. These dimensions further fell into four dimension groups. Finally, it is presented and discussed quantitative and qualitative evaluations, that illustrates which indicators and dimensions are more often considered on hotel websites to satisfy the consumer’s information needs.

Com o objetivo de sanar algumas dúvidas na área da oncologia veterinária, o presente artigo pretende comparar os resultados dos exames histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de neoplasias de células redondas inespecíficas, realizar imunofenotipagem dos casos de linfoma canino e determinar o grau de proliferação e apoptose de linfomas. Dos 11 animais que apresentaram diagnóstico imuno-histoquímico de linfoma, cinco foram diagnosticados como linfoma por coloração HE das lâminas histopatológicas e seis foram classificados como neoplasia de células redondas inespecíficas. Todos os casos submetidos ao exame imuno-histoquímico foram de linfomas de células-T. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a proliferação celular e apoptose. A comparação entre os resultados histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos obtidos nos casos analisados sugeriu que a imuno-histoquímica é essencial para a diferenciação das neoplasias de células redondas.

With the purpose of shedding light on some doubts in veterinary oncology, the present article intends to compare the results of histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of unspecific round cell neoplasia, to realize immunophenotyping of canine lymphoma cases, to establish the T or B origin of neoplastic cells, and to determine the degree of proliferation and apoptosis of lymphomas by immunohistochemistry. Of 11 animals presenting immunohistochemical diagnosis of lymphoma, five had been diagnosed as Lymphoma by HE staining of histopathological slides and six had been classified as unspecific round cell neoplasia. All cases submitted to immunohistochemical examination were T-cell lymphomas. There was a positive correlation between cell proliferation and apoptosis. The comparison among histopathological and immunohistochemical results obtained in the cases examined in the present study suggested that immunohistochemistry is essential for the differentiation of round cell neoplasia.

Neste trabalho estamos relatando o isolamento por métodos clássicos de cromatografia de seis policetídeos de Penicillium herquei. Os compostos citreoseine ( 1) , emodina ( 2) , janthinona ( 3) , citrinina ( 4) , citrinina H1( 5) e dicitrinol ( 6) foram identificados por métodos espectrais de RMN 1D e 2D e EM. Os compostos 1, 2 e 3 foram testados contra formas promastigotas de Leishmania brasiliensis e 1 e 2 também foram ensaiados contra a Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Bacillus subtilis e mostraram boa atividade.

In this work we are reporting the isolation by classical methods of chromatography of six polyketides from Penicillium herquei. The compounds citreorosein ( 1) , emodin ( 2) , janthinone ( 3) , citrinin ( 4) , citrinin H1 ( 5) and dicitrinol ( 6) were identified by spectral methods of 1D and 2D NMR and MS. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were tested against promastigotes forms of Leishmania brasiliensis and 1 and 2 were also assayed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis and showed good activity.

Vinte e quatro estirpes de Ralstonia solanacerum provenientes de vários hospedeiros foram avaliadas por meio de inoculação artificial para sua capacidade em causar doença em mudas de Strelitzia. Os resultados revelaram, com uma exceção, que apenas as estirpes isoladas de Musa ou Heliconia (classificadas na raça 2) causaram sintomas de murcha em Strelitzia, indicando seu potencial patogênico para essa espécie vegetal, ou pelo menos, que mudas de Strelitzia podem ser utilizadas como planta teste para o diagnóstico presuntivo da doença Moko da bananeira.

Twenty four strains of Ralstonia solanacearum belonging to races 1, 2 and 3 of biovars I, II and III, isolated from various hosts were investigated for their ability to cause disease on Strelitzia seedlings through artificial inoculation. Results revealed that, with one exception, only strains isolated from plants of Musa or Heliconia (classified as race 2) caused wilt symptoms on Strelitzia, indicating their pathogenic potential to that plant species. Seedlings of Strelitzia could be used as test plants for presumptive diagnosis for banana Moko disease.

Sintomas do cancro bacteriano da videira na variedade Red Globe foram observados em agosto de 2009 em pomar de Tupi Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e o agente causal Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola foi identificado por meio de testes patológicos e moleculares. O procedimento de erradicação foi adotado e aproximadamente 4.700 plantas foram destruídas. Um levantamento realizado nas regiões produtoras do Estado de São Paulo não encontrou nenhum outro pomar contaminado, e essa espécie bacteriana é considerada ausente neste estado.

Symptoms of bacterial canker of grapevine in the variety Red Globe were observed in August 2009 in an orchard at Tupi Paulista, São Paulo State, Brazil, and the causal agent Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola was identified by pathological and molecular tests. Eradication procedure was adopted and approximately 4,700 plants were destroyed. A survey was conducted on grape-producing regions in the state of Sao Paulo, which found no other contaminated orchard, and this bacterial species is considered absent in the state.