Abstract Background Achieving nutritional goals established by scientific societies is a constant challenge and not always achieved. Objective To investigate the dietary adequacy of individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), participants in the Cardioprotective Brazilian Food Program residing in the Northeast region of Brazil, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC). Methods Cross-sectional analysis with data from the study implementing the Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet (DICA BR), which evaluated individuals with CVD treated in specialized cardiovascular health centers in eight states in the Northeast region. Food consumption was obtained by 24-hour dietary records and dietary adequacy followed SBC recommendations. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results 647 patients were studied, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 63.1 (9.4) years, 50.2% of whom were female. When evaluating food intake, a low adequacy of carbohydrates (52.3%), proteins (70.9%), lipids (38.8%), and fiber (22.4%) was observed. It was observed that the majority of women consumed a low-protein diet (59.2%) and the elderly had a greater inadequacy in carbohydrate consumption (52.6%). Regarding sodium intake, men had a higher intake (72.9%), while the elderly showed a 13% reduction. Furthermore, it was shown that men ate more fiber (28.1%) and individuals with higher education had a high consumption of saturated fatty acids (70.5%). Conclusions Most individuals did not achieve the recommended dietary therapy goals for secondary cardiovascular prevention. The findings of the present study reinforce the need to implement structured strategies to encourage healthy eating habits in these individuals. achieved CVD, , (CVD) Brazil SBC. . (SBC) Crosssectional Cross sectional DICA BR, BR BR) 24hour hour 24 005 0 05 0.0 significant 64 studied standard deviation 631 63 1 63. 9.4 94 9 4 (9.4 years 502 50 2 50.2 female 52.3%, 523 52.3% 52 3 (52.3%) 70.9%, 709 70.9% 70 (70.9%) 38.8%, 388 38.8% 38 8 (38.8%) 22.4% 224 22 (22.4% lowprotein protein 59.2% 592 59 (59.2% 52.6%. 526 52.6% 6 (52.6%) 72.9%, 729 72.9% 72 (72.9%) 13 reduction Furthermore 28.1% 281 28 (28.1% 70.5%. 705 70.5% 5 (70.5%) prevention (CVD (SBC 00 0. 9. (9. 50. 52.3 (52.3% 70.9 7 (70.9% 38.8 (38.8% 22.4 (22.4 59.2 (59.2 52.6 (52.6% 72.9 (72.9% 28.1 (28.1 70.5 (70.5% (9 52. (52.3 70. (70.9 38. (38.8 22. (22. 59. (59. (52.6 72. (72.9 28. (28. (70.5 ( (52. (70. (38. (22 (59 (72. (28 (52 (70 (38 (2 (5 (72 (7 (3

Resumo Fundamento Alcançar as metas nutricionais estabelecidas pelas sociedades científicas é um desafio constante e nem sempre alcançado. Objetivo Investigar a adequação alimentar de indivíduos com doença cardiovascular (DCV), participantes do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor residentes da região Nordeste do Brasil, segundo as recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). Métodos Análise transversal com dados do estudo de implementação da Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA BR) que avaliou indivíduos com DCV, atendidos em centros especializados em saúde cardiovascular em oito estados do Nordeste. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e a adequação da dieta seguiu as recomendações da SBC. Foram considerados significantes valores de p < 0,05. Resultados Foram estudados 647 pacientes, com média (desvio padrão) de idade de 63,1 (9,4) anos, sendo 50,2% do sexo feminino. Na avaliação da ingestão alimentar, observou-se baixa adequação de carboidratos (52,3%), proteínas (70,9%), lipídios (38,8%) e fibras (22,4%). Observou-se que a maioria das mulheres consumia dieta hipoproteica (59,2%) e idosos tinham maior inadequação no consumo de carboidratos (52,6%). Em relação a ingestão de sódio, os homens apresentaram maior ingestão (72,9%), enquanto os idosos apresentaram redução de 13%. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os homens ingeriam mais fibras (28,1%) e indivíduos com maior escolaridade tinham um consumo elevado de ácidos graxos saturados (70,5%). Conclusões A maioria dos indivíduos não alcançou as metas dietoterápicas preconizadas para prevenção cardiovascular secundária. Os achados do presente estudo reforçam a necessidade de implementação de estratégias estruturadas, a fim de estimular hábitos alimentares saudáveis nesses indivíduos. alcançado DCV , (DCV) Brasil SBC . (SBC) DICA BR 2 005 0 05 0,05 64 pacientes desvio padrão 631 63 1 63, 9,4 94 9 4 (9,4 anos 502 50 50,2 feminino observouse observou se 52,3%, 523 52,3% 52 3 (52,3%) 70,9%, 709 70,9% 70 (70,9%) 38,8% 388 38 8 (38,8% 22,4%. 224 22,4% 22 (22,4%) Observouse Observou 59,2% 592 59 (59,2% 52,6%. 526 52,6% 6 (52,6%) sódio 72,9%, 729 72,9% 72 (72,9%) 13 13% disso 28,1% 281 28 (28,1% 70,5%. 705 70,5% 5 (70,5%) secundária estruturadas (DCV (SBC 00 0,0 9, (9, 50, 52,3 (52,3% 70,9 7 (70,9% 38,8 (38,8 22,4 (22,4% 59,2 (59,2 52,6 (52,6% 72,9 (72,9% 28,1 (28,1 70,5 (70,5% 0, (9 52, (52,3 70, (70,9 38, (38, 22, (22,4 59, (59, (52,6 72, (72,9 28, (28, (70,5 ( (52, (70, (38 (22, (59 (72, (28 (52 (70 (3 (22 (5 (72 (2 (7

Resumo Em razão de a obesidade ter alcançado proporções epidêmicas e dado ao atual reconhecimento da adiposidade central como um importante fator de risco cardiometabólico, diversos pesquisadores têm se dedicado em desenvolver e validar índices e equações preditivas para avaliar o Tecido Adiposo Visceral (TAV). Este estudo avaliou a aplicabilidade do Índice de Adiposidade Visceral (IAV) como preditor de risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos atendidos em um hospital no nordeste brasileiro. O TAV foi avaliado por tomografia computadorizada (TC) e o IAV foi calculado através de equações específicas para cada sexo. A amostra envolveu pacientes adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos acompanhados no ambulatório de cardiologia. Os seguintes parâmetros cardiometabólicos foram coletados: glicemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, perfil lipídico, proteína C-reativa e ácido úrico. Regressão linear simples foi empregada para avaliar o poder explicativo do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado por TC. A capacidade preditiva do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC foi de 25,8% (p=0,004) para o sexo masculino e 19,9% (p<0,001) para o sexo feminino. O IAV se correlacionou fortemente com as variáveis TG (r=0,916, p< 0,001) e TG/HDL (r=0,952, p<0,001) e inversamente com o HDL (r=-0,441, p<0,001), além disso, apresentou baixa correlação com as variáveis: circunferência abdominal, colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada (p<0,05). O IAV associou-se com variáveis consideradas fatores de risco cardiometabólico, porém exibiu baixa capacidade preditiva em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC, sendo recomendada cautela em sua utilização em indivíduos brasileiros.

Abstract As obesity has reached epidemic proportions and given the current recognition of central adiposity as an important cardiometabolic risk factor, several researchers have focused on developing and validating predictive indexes and equations to evaluate Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT). This study evaluates the applicability of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) for predicting cardiometabolic risk in individuals treated in a hospital In the northeast region of Brazil. The VAT was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and the VAI was calculated through specific equations for each gender. The sample involved adult and elderly patients of both genders followed up in a cardiology outpatient clinic. The following cardiometabolic parameters were collected: fasting glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP) and uric acid. The simple linear regression was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT. The predictive capacity of VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT was 25.8% (p=0.004) for males and 19.9% (p<0.001) for females. VAI correlated strongly with the triglyceride (TG) (p<0.001) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (p<0.001) and inversely correlated with HDL (p<0.001). Moreover, VAI showed low correlation with the following variables: abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, fasting glycemia, and glycated hemoglobin (p<0.05). VAI was associated with variables considered as cardiometabolic risk factors, but exhibited a low predictive capacity regarding the volume of VAT determined by CT. Thus, caution is recommended in its use in Brazilian individuals.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluated calcification of the coronary arteries and its association with visceral fat and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels. METHODS: A cross sectional study involving 140 individuals without any previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. A biochemical analysis of vitamin D serum levels was carried out, as well as computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcium score and visceral adipose tissue. RESULTS: The mean age of the individuals was 55.9 (±12.4). Coronary artery calcium was observed in 40.7% of the population. Vitamin D presented median serum levels of 30.4 ng/ml (IQ24.5–39.1), with 14,1 and 33.7% of the individuals presenting deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the calcium score was more prevalent in aged patients (p<0.01), in hypertensive individuals (p<0.01), in diabetics (p=0.02), and in those with a higher concentration of VAT (p=0.02). In the adjusted analysis, it was found that the highest concentration of VAT (OR: 4.0; 95%CI 1.4–11.7), hypertension (OR: 4.8; 95%CI 1.5–15.3), and age (OR: 10.4; 95%CI 3.9–27.6) were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of body mass index, diabetes, and 25OHD. CONCLUSIONS: Excess visceral fat was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Serum levels of 25OHD were not associated with CAD in its early stages.

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the relationship between visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods: A case series study was conducted with 146 male and female adult outpatients at a hospital in Northeast Brazil. VAT and SAT were quantified using computed tomography and GFR was estimated using the formula proposed by the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration. The conceptual model also considered socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables. Results: Females accounted for 71.9% of the sample and mean age was 52.5±13.2 years. Mean body mass index indicated obesity in both sexes (men:30.4±5.9 kg/m2; women: 31.6±6.1 kg/m2). For the same mean age and BMI, men had more VAT and a higher VAT/SAT ratio. Mean GFR was similar between sexes and within the normal range. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that 21.8% of the reduction in GFR in males could be explained by the VAT/SAT ratio (p=0.002). Among females, both VAT alone and the VAT/SAT ratio were predictors of GFR reduction (r2=4.8%, p=0.025 and r2=5.3%, p=0.019, respectively). Conclusion: Mean VAT and VAT/SAT ratio were compatible with abdominal obesity in both sexes and were related to a reduction in GFR.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) y subcutáneo (TAS) con la tasa de filtración glomerular. Métodos: Estudio tipo serie de casos, en 146 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, atendidos en un ambulatorio de un hospital de referencia en el Nordeste brasileño. El TAV y el TAS se cuantificaron por tomografía computadorizada y la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) estimada por la fórmula del grupo Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). El modelo conceptual también consideró variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, antropométricas y de estilo de vida. Resultados: Pacientes con edad promedio de 52,5 ± 13,2 años y el 71,9% de sexo femenino. El promedio del IMC en ambos sexos se encuentra en el rango de obesidad (hombres= 30,4 ± 5,9 kg/m2 vs mujeres= 31,6 ± 6,1 kg/m2). Para un mismo promedio de edad e IMC, los hombres presentaron mayor TAV y mayor razón TAV/TAS que las mujeres. El promedio de la TFG fue similar entre los sexos y se encuentra en el rango normal. A través de regresión lineal simple, se evidenció que, en el sexo masculino, la disminución de la TFG puede explicarse en el 21,8% por la razón TAV/TAS (p=0,002). En el sexo femenino, tanto el TAV aislado como la razón TAV/TAS fueron predictores de disminución de la TFG (r2= 4,8%; p=0,025 e r2= 5,3%; p=0,019), respectivamente. Conclusión: Se evidenciaron valores muy elevados de los parámetros antropométricos de obesidad abdominal y promedio de TAV y de la razón TAV/TAS compatible con obesidad visceral en ambos sexos, siendo que estos dos últimos parámetros estuvieron relacionados al descenso de la TFG.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. Results: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.

ABSTRACT Visceral fat is an important predictor of cardiometabolic risk, but evidence suggests that the ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat (≥0.4) may be a more appropriate indicator to assess individual predisposition to accumulate visceral fat (VF) and predict cardiometabolic alterations. Objective: To evaluate the predisposition to accumulate VF and its association with cardiometabolic alterations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 147 patients seen at a hospital in Northeast Brazil. VF and subcutaneous fat (SF) were evaluated by computed tomography and anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors were investigated. Results: The mean age was 52.7±13.2 years. Mean VF/SF ratio was high: 0.79±0.29 for men and 0.54±0.22 for women and was correlated with the glucose profile and coronary calcium score (CCA) (p< 0.05). VF was directly correlation with non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), TG/HDL ratio, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin and CCA (p< 0.05) and inversely with HDL-c (p= 0.001). Conclusions: A high predisposition to VF accumulation was observed in the population. VF/SF ratio correlated with cardiometabolic alterations, but the concentration of isolated VF correlated with a higher number of parameters. In this investigation, VF alone was a more powerful predictor of cardiometabolic alterations than the ratio of VF/SF.

RESUMEN La grasa visceral es una importante medida predictora de riesgo cardiometabólico, sin embargo, se ha sugerido que la razón entre los componentes visceral y subcutáneo (TAV/TAS ≥ 0,4) puede ser un indicador más apropiado para evaluar la predisposición para acumular grasa visceral (GV) y las alteraciones cardio-metabólicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la predisposición para acumular GV y su asociación con alteraciones cardio-metabólicas. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 147 individuos atendidos en un ambulatorio de un hospital en el Nordeste brasileño. Se evaluaron el TAV y el TAS por tomografía computarizada y se investigaron variables demgráficas, clínicas, antropométricas y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 52,7±13,2 años y se observó una elevada razón TAV/TAS de 0,79±0,29 en hombres y 0,54±0,22 en mujeres. Se correlacionó la razón TAV/TAS con perfil glucídico y puntuacion de calcio coronariano (PCC) (p< 0,05), mientras que el TAV aislado presentó correlación directa con colesterol no-HDL, triglicéridos (TG), razón TG/HDL, glicemia, hemoglobina glicosilada y PCC (p<0,05) e inversa con HDL-c (p= 0,001). Conclusiones: Se observó una elevada predisposición para la acumulación de TAV. La razón TAV/TAS presentó correlación con alteraciones cardiometabólicas, pero la concentración de TAV aislada se correlacionó con un número superior de parámetros, siendo en esta investigación un predictor más potente que la razón TAV/TAS para indicar esas alteraciones.

Introduction: The phase angle (PA) has been considered a sensitive tool to assess nutritional status and effectiveness of interventions dietetics. Objective: To evaluate the PA as an indicator of nutritional status and prognosis in critically ill patients. Methods: Prospective observational study of patients admitted to the Coronary Intensive Care Unit between May and October 2013. The PA was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, PA was considered low below 5º values for men and 4.6º for women. The values obtained were related to other evaluation parameters of nutritional status: anthropometric (arm circumference - AC , triceps skinfold thickness - TST , corrected arm muscle area - AMAc and calf circumference - CC) and biochemical (total lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit), in addition to clinical prognostic APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II) and serum albumin. The tabulation and analysis were performed using SPSS version 13.0. Results: The sample consisted of 110 patients, in which an association was found between low AF and renal failure on dialysis (p < 0.001), % adequacy AC (p = 0.028), % adequacy of TST (p = 0.043), albumin level (p = 0.042), anemia (p = 0.040) and APACHE II (p = 0.012) scores. The AF was positively correlated with CC (p= 0.043) and inversely with the length of hospitalization (p = 0.006). Conclusions: PA in the ICU may be useful to identify early and malnourished patients as a prognostic indicator.

Introducción: El ángulo de fase (AF) viene siendo considerado una herramienta sensible para evaluar el estado nutricional y la efectividad de las intervenciones dietoterápicas. Objetivo: Evaluar el AF como indicador del estado nutricional y pronóstico en pacientes críticos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional con pacientes admitidos en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Coronarias, entre Mayo y Octubre de 2013. El AF se determinó por medio del análisis por Bioimpedancia Eléctrica, considerándose bajo AF valores inferiores a 5º para los hombres y 4,6º para las mujeres. Los valores obtenidos se relacionaron con otros parámetros de evaluación del estado nutricional: antropométricos (circunferencia del brazo - CB, pliegue cutáneo triciptal - PCT, área muscular del brazo corregida - AMBc circunferencia de pantorrilla - CP) y bioquímico (recuento total de linfocitos, hemoglobina, hematocrito), además de los pronósticos clínicos APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II) y albúmina sérica. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se realizaron a través del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 13.0. Resultados: La muestra se compuso por 110 pacientes, en la cual se verificó asociación entre bajo AF e insuficiencia renal en diálisis (p<0,001), % de adecuación de CB (p=0,028), % de adecuación de PCT (p=0,043), hipoalbuminemia (p=0,042), anemia (p=0,040) y puntuación APACHE II (p=0,012). El AF se correlacionó positivamente con la CP e inversamente con el tiempo de internación (p=0,006). Conclusiones: El AF en UCI parece ser útil para identificar a pacientes desnutridos precozmente y como indicador pronóstico.