ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for air and terrestrial navigation and for many applications is increasing in the last decades. However, the Earth’s ionosphere causes GNSS signal delay due to the total electron content (TEC) and scintillation in the signal phase and amplitude. This scintillation can give rise to deleterious effects in the GNSS positioning. So, it is important to assess the effects of the ionosphere over the GNSS signal. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to have a large spatial and temporal coverage of data from many different sounders, being the GNSS receivers of great importance due to their global coverage and availability. In this work, we present a retrospective of the scintillation monitoring networks in Brazil and their characteristics. As the RBMC network managed by the IBGE provides TEC and as rate of TEC index (ROTI) is well correlated with ionospheric irregularities, we present also the RBMC network description. These RBMC GNSS receivers provide data in regions with scarcity of scintillation monitors. The description of the Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring Receivers (ISMR) Query Tool, that is a web software that has been supporting research on the ISMR data, is also presented. (GNSS decades However Earths Earth s (TEC amplitude positioning So goal sounders availability work characteristics ROTI (ROTI irregularities monitors (ISMR Tool presented

ABSTRACT Ecological restoration mitigates the negative effects of fragmentation and habitat loss. This practice allows the conservation of key species, such as Ocotea porosa, a tree native to the Araucaria Forest and extremely endangered. A key point in restoration projects is the source of seeds, as well as guidelines for collection. When carried out under technical criteria, the collection allows the maintenance of genetic diversity and adaptive potential in restoration plantations. Given the importance of seed source, genetic diversity, and adaptive potential, this study aimed to define areas and criteria for collecting seeds by characterizing the demography, genetics, and reproductive phenology of an O. porosa population. A plot of 16 hectares was installed in the municipality of Passos Maia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and a demographic survey of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 15 cm was carried out. Indices of diversity and internal genetic structure (IGS) were estimated using allozyme markers. The reproductive phenology of 67 individuals was evaluated during 8 months. The studied population showed a high density of individuals (10.7 ind. ha-1) with normal diametric distribution. The phenological pattern of the species is regular, seasonal, and annual. The evaluated population showed high genetic diversity, high fixation index, and significant IGS up to 80 meters away. Based on these results, the evaluated fragment can be used as a seed collection area. It has high genetic diversity, density, and area size sufficient to contain several demes. In addition, it is highly recommended that the matrices be at least 80 meters apart to avoid the effects of significant IGS. loss endangered plantations demography genetics O 1 Maia Catarina Brazil DBH (DBH (IGS markers 6 months 10.7 107 10 7 (10. ind ha1 ha ha-1 distribution regular seasonal annual index away results demes addition 10. (10 ha- (1 (

RESUMO A restauração ecológica é uma forma de mitigar os efeitos negativos da fragmentação e perda de habitat. Essa prática permite a conservação de espécies-chave, como Ocotea porosa, uma árvore nativa da Floresta com Araucária e extremamente ameaçada de extinção. Um ponto fundamental em projetos de restauração é a fonte de sementes bem como as diretrizes para a coleta. Quando realizada sob critérios técnicos, a coleta permite a manutenção da diversidade genética e potencial adaptativo nos plantios de restauração. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar aspectos da demografia, genética e fenologia reprodutiva de uma população de O. porosa, visando gerar informações para definição de áreas e critérios para a coleta de sementes. Foi instalada uma parcela de 16 hectares no munícipio de Passos Maia, Santa Catarina e realizado levantamento demográfico de árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) > 15 cm. Foram estimados índices de diversidade e de estrutura genética interna (EGI), utilizando-se marcadores isoenzimáticos. A fenologia reprodutiva de 67 indivíduos foi avaliada durante 8 meses. O fragmento estudado apresentou uma alta densidade de indivíduos (10,7 ind. ha-1), com uma distribuição diamétrica similar a normal. O padrão fenológico da espécie é sazonal regular e anual. A população avaliada apresentou uma alta diversidade genética, elevado índice de fixação, além de uma EGI significativa até 80 metros de distância. Conclui-se que o fragmento avaliado pode ser utilizado como área de coleta de sementes. O mesmo possui alta diversidade genética, densidade e tamanho de área suficiente para conter várias demes. Além disso, é altamente recomendado que as matrizes tenham no mínimo 80 metros de distância entre si, evitando os efeitos da EGI significativa. habitat espécieschave, espécieschave espécies chave, chave espécies-chave porosa extinção técnicos exposto demografia 1 Maia DAP (DAP cm EGI, , (EGI) utilizandose utilizando se isoenzimáticos 6 meses 10,7 107 10 7 (10, ind ha1, ha1 ha ha-1) normal anual fixação Concluise Conclui demes disso si (EGI 10, (10 ha-1 (1 ha- (

Abstract Introduction The increase in sedentary screen time can negatively affect the quality of sleep, impacting the performance of daily activities. Objective To analyze the association between sedentary screen time and sleep quality, regardless of the symptoms of anxiety in adolescents of both genders. Method Cross-sectional study integrating school-based epidemiological research with a representative sample (n = 666) of high school students (14 to 19 years old) in public schools in the municipality of Caruaru-PE. The translated versions into Portuguese of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) were applied to analyze sleep quality and anxiety, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association, considering sleep quality as an outcome. Results There was a positive, statistically significant (p< .001) correlation between sleep quality and symptoms of anxiety (r = .393). A significant association regarding the association between screen time and sleep quality was noted only in those adolescents classified as being possible or probable anxiety cases and only in exposure to the computer (OR = 2.337; 95% CI [1.01, 5.43]) and video games (OR = 8.083; 95% CI [2.0, 32.8]) after adjusting for gender, age, and school shift. Discussion and conclusion Increased interaction with the screen and higher levels of anxiety can be more harmful to sleep in adolescents. Exposure to screen time, specifically those which have a greater interaction such as video games and computers, can have a negative impact on sleep quality, but only in adolescents with a higher risk of anxiety.

Resumen Introducción Un elevado tiempo de exposición de pantalla puede afectar tanto la calidad del sueño como las actividades diarias. Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre el tiempo de pantalla sedentario y la calidad del sueño, independientemente de los síntomas de ansiedad en adolescentes de ambos sexos. Método Estudio transversal que integra la investigación epidemiológica escolar con una muestra representativa (n = 666) de estudiantes (14 a 19 años) de escuelas públicas de Caruaru-PE. Las versiones traducidas al portugués del Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI) y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD) se aplicaron para analizar la calidad del sueño y la ansiedad. Se utilizó regresión logística binaria para analizar la asociación, considerando como resultado la calidad del sueño. Resultados Hubo una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa (p< .001) entre la calidad del sueño y los síntomas de ansiedad (r = .393). Una asociación significativa en cuanto a la asociación entre el tiempo de pantalla y la calidad del sueño se observó sólo en adolescentes clasificados como casos posibles o probables de ansiedad y sólo en la exposición al ordenador (OR = 2.337; IC 95% [1.01, 5.43]) y videojuegos (OR = 8.083; 95% IC [2.0, 32.8]) después de los ajustes. Discusión y conclusión Una mayor interacción con la pantalla y altos niveles de ansiedad pueden ser perjudiciales para el sueño. La exposición al tiempo de pantalla, específicamente aquellos con mayor interacción, como los videojuegos y las computadoras, puede afectar negativamente la calidad del sueño, pero sólo en adolescentes con mayor riesgo de ansiedad.

ABSTRACT Among the less exploited Brazilian native fruit trees, the Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga) has many uses, being their fruits appreciated in fresh consumption and its pulp used in popsicles, ice-creams, and jellies production. However, there is a lack of research on this species, being necessary more studies. This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality and the genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis fruits harvested in different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments (accessions), ten replications with ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The fruits were evaluated for pulp and peel color, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C content. The fruits from accessions M4 and M5 presented physical and chemical characteristics higher than the other plants. The evaluated accessions presented genetic variability, being the methodology employed efficiently to indicate this variability, in which the accession M2 was the most divergent.

Abstract This paper analyses click farm platforms as an element of contribution to the deepening of platformization of labour in Brazil. Based on interviews with workers and observations of platforms, WhatsApp and Facebook groups, and videos on YouTube, the investigation highlights working conditions, materialities and forms of organization of people who are paid to like, comment, and follow accounts on social media platforms. Click farms act as parasite platforms in relation to social media infrastructures. The profile of those who work for the platforms is that of woman, with history of informal work. There are parallel markets for selling and buying fake accounts and bots, which are part of the tactics of these workers to survive in the context of click farms. Brazil groups YouTube conditions like comment infrastructures woman bots

Resumo Este artigo analisa as plataformas de fazendas de cliques como elemento de aprofundamento da plataformização do trabalho no Brasil. Com base em entrevistas com trabalhadores e observações em plataformas, grupos de WhatsApp, Facebook e vídeos no YouTube, a investigação destaca condições de trabalho, materialidades e formas de organização das pessoas que são pagas para curtir, comentar e seguir perfis em plataformas de mídias sociais. As fazendas de cliques agem como plataformas parasitas em relação às infraestruturas das mídias sociais. O perfil de quem trabalha para as plataformas é de mulher, com histórico de trabalho informal. Há mercados paralelos de venda e compras de contas fakes e bots, que fazem parte das táticas desses trabalhadores para sobreviver no contexto das fazendas de cliques. Brasil WhatsApp YouTube curtir sociais mulher informal bots

Resumo O bairro dos Alagados caracterizou-se como um conjunto de casas e pontes de madeira, as chamadas palafitas, e os moradores dessa comunidade foram submetidos a um processo de realocação, em que foram retirados das palafitas e direcionados a conjuntos habitacionais em locais de terra firme. Esse processo foi iniciado em 1980 e finalizado somente nos anos 2000, revelando sua complexidade. Diante disso, o presente texto objetiva compreender os impactos que essas mudanças socioespaciais representaram na vida desses moradores. Os principais resultados apontaram que, de fato, houve mudança no que tange à qualidade de vida, à dignidade e a aspectos relacionados à estrutura, demonstrando que as políticas de organização urbana são de suma importância para a qualidade geral da vida dos atores sociais. Em contrapartida, para os moradores entrevistados, as políticas públicas findaram-se na realocação, visto que não houve melhoria em outros aspectos da vida, como acesso a outros direitos, como segurança pública, saúde e lazer.

Abstract The neighborhood of Alagados was characterized as a set of houses and wooden bridges, called stilts, and the residents of this community were found in a process of relocation, being removed from stilts and directed to housing complexes in terra firme areas. This process started in 1980 and only ended in the 2000s, revealing its complexity. Therefore, this text aims to understand the acts that these socio-spatial changes represent in the lives of these residents. The main results showed that there was in fact a change not related to quality of life, dignity and related aspects in the structure, demonstrating that urban organization policies are of paramount importance for the general quality of life of social actors. On the other hand, for the residents interviewed, as public policies ended only in relocation, with no improvement in other aspects of life such as access to other rights such as public safety, health and leisure.

ABSTRACT The air traffic environment is a complex system that involves several players. Between the air navigation service provider (ANPS) and the final client, many different organizations act with different purposes but are strongly interfaced. Changes and modifications in terms of technology, predefined process, or personnel are constantly needed, requiring coordination among the stakeholders. However, due to the high level of interaction between the players, any change in a complex system like the air traffic environment requires risk management. This paper demonstrates the suitability and advantages of the System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes/Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STAMP/STPA) method to be applied to the risk assessment of an operational air traffic modification. The method, which had never been used on an air traffic problem in Brazil before, was applied considering the implementation of segregated simultaneous operation at the Guarulhos International Airport. The results were proven to be effective in terms of deriving useful safety requirements. From such demonstration, STAMP/STPA can be considered as a feasible alternative to the brainstorming method currently applied for risk assessment and generation of safety requirements regarding modifications in the structure of the air traffic services (ATS) in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Air navigation is increasingly dependent on the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). It allows the determination of the aircraft’s position in all phases of the flight and brings many advantages. Although GNSS navigation results in gains, the radio signals from these systems are strongly influenced by the ionospheric environment. It introduces errors that can affect the accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity requirements established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ionospheric layer has different behaviors depending on the latitude, time of day, season of the year, geomagnetic activity and solar cycle. Since Brazil is located in a region of low latitudes, it experiences a series of unique challenges when compared to regions of mid-latitudes. For this reason, the application of GNSS-based technologies in aviation over the Brazilian territory requires an in-depth assessment of the ionosphere effects. Therefore, the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) named GNSS Technology for Supporting Air Navigation was formed in 2017 to better assess the ionosphere impacts and assist government agencies and companies in the development of safe air navigation procedures over Brazil in a near future. This paper presents the most relevant advances achieved so far within this multidisciplinary project that involves Brazilian research centers and universities.

Abstarct Introduction: Childhood mental disorders have been increasing significantly, affecting children/adolescent’s quality of life. Therefore, education stakeholders must be trained in such areas, in order to answer effectively to children/adolescents needs. Objectives: Factorial structure and internal consistency evaluation of the “Questionnaire on Training Needs in Health and Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents”. Methods: The psychometric study was carried out on a non-probabilistic sample of 136 education stakeholders, (62,5% teachers, 32,4% nurses and 5,1% police), with an average age of 48.34 years, mostly female (70.6%). The Questionnaire on Training Needs in Health and Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents was applied. Results: The psychometric properties revealed a reliable and valid instrument in the assessment of the education stakeholders training needs of the education stakeholders in health and quality of life of children and adolescents. Which presented an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha total of 0.859) and evidence of validity. It was found that 77.9% consider they need to attend specific training in the areas of mental health and QOL of children and adolescents. 22.8% of education stakeholders did not attend training. Conclusions: The identification of the training needs of education stakeholders on mental health and the QOL of children and adolescents enhances the implementation of specific training programs tailored to these needs. This questionnaire can be an important tool for the study of training needs

Resumen Introducción: Las patologías de naturaleza mental en la infancia han aumentado significativamente, afectando la calidad de vida de los niños / adolescentes. Por lo tanto, es imperativo que los agentes educativos tengan capacitación en esta área para responder de manera efectiva a las necesidades de los niños / adolescentes. Objetivos: Evaluar la consistencia interna y la estructura factorial del “Cuestionario sobre necesidades de capacitación en salud y calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes”. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio psicométrico en una muestra no probabilística de 136 agentes educativos, (62,5% docentes, 32,4% enfermeros/as y 5,1% policías), con una edad media de 48,34 años, en su mayoría mujeres (70,6%). Se aplicó el Cuestionario sobre necesidades de capacitación en salud y calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes. Resultados: Las propiedades psicométricas revelaron un instrumento confiable y válido en la evaluación de las necesidades educativas en salud y calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes por parte de los agentes educativos, presentando una consistencia interna adecuada (alfa de Cronbach de 0.859 en total) y evidencia de validez. Se encontró que el 77.9% considera que necesitan asistir a capacitación específica en las áreas de salud mental y calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes. El 22.8% de los agentes educativos no asistió a la capacitación. Conclusiones: La identificación de las necesidades de capacitación de los agentes educativos sobre salud mental y la calidad de vida de los niños y adolescentes mejora la implementación de programas de capacitación específicos adaptados a estas necesidades. Este cuestionario puede ser una herramienta importante para el estudio de las necesidades de capacitación.

Resumo Introdução: As patologias de foro mental na infância têm vindo a aumentar de forma significativa, afetando a qualidade de vida das crianças/adolescentes. Assim, é imperativo que os agentes educativos tenham formação nesta área de modo a responderem eficazmente às necessidades das crianças/adolescentes. Objetivos: Avaliar a consistência interna e a estrutura fatorial do “Questionário Necessidades Formativas em Saúde e Qualidade de Vida das Crianças e Adolescentes”. Métodos: O estudo psicométrico foi realizado numa amostra não probabilística de 136 agentes educativos (62,5% professores, 32,4% enfermeiros e 5,1% polícias), em média com 48,34 anos, maioritariamente do género feminino (70,6%). Aplicou-se o Questionário Necessidades Formativas em Saúde e Qualidade de Vida das Crianças e Adolescentes. Resultados: As propriedades psicométricas revelaram um instrumento fiável e válido na avaliação das necessidades formativas em saúde e qualidade de vida das crianças e adolescentes por parte dos agentes educativos, apresentando uma adequada consistência interna (alpha de Cronbach total de 0,859) e evidência de validade. Constatou-se que 77,9% consideram ter necessidade de frequentar formação específica nas áreas de saúde mental e QDV das crianças e adolescentes. 22,8% dos agentes educativos não frequentaram formação. Conclusões: A identificação das necessidades de formação dos agentes educativos sobre a saúde mental e a e QDV das crianças e adolescentes potencia a implementação de programas de formação específica ajustados a essas necessidades. Este questionário poderá constituir-se como um importante instrumento para o estudo das necessidades de formação

Resumo O pessegueiro é uma fruteira de clima temperado, propagada por meio de enxertia com a cultivar copa e o porta enxerto oriundo de sementes, o que resulta em reduzida uniformidade, sendo a propagação por estaquia herbácea uma alternativa viável. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de diferentes genótipos de porta-enxerto de pessegueiro propagados por estaquia herbácea. O experimento foi realizado utilizando-se de estacas padronizadas em 15 cm de comprimento, tratadas em solução de AIB, na concentração de 3.000 mg L-1 que, posteriormente, foram transplantadas para embalagens de polietileno com capacidade para 3 L. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por três plantas. Foram testados 16 genótipos de pessegueiro oriundos do programa de melhoramento genético da UFV: 713-3; 713-6; 713-7; 713-10; 813-2; 813-3; 813-5; 813-15; 913-3; 913-6; 913-11; 913-17;C6; C7 e C8; e após 80 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros: comprimento de haste (cm), diâmetro de haste (mm) e comprimento de entrenós (cm). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, pelo teste F; e as médias, comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, com o auxílio do programa estatístico GENES. Conclui-se que o menor desenvolvimento inicial foi obtido no genótipo 1113-11, e as maiores estacas foram obtidas nos genótipos 713-13 e 813-5.

Abstract The peach tree is a temperate fruit tree propagated by grafting with the scion cultivar and the rootstock from seeds, generating low uniformity, a viable alternative is propagation by herbaceous cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different genotypes of peach rootstock propagated by herbaceous cuttings. The experiment was carried out with standardized cuttings of 15 cm in length treated with 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA solution, then were transplanted into 3 L polyethylene bags. A completely randomized design with five replications was adopted, each plot consisting of three plants. Sixteen peach genotypes from UFV breeding program were tested: 713-3, 713-6, 713-7, 713-10, 813-2, 813-3, 813-5, 813-15, 913-3, 913-6, 913-11, 913-17, C6, C7 and C8. After 80 days the following parameters were evaluated: stem length (cm), stem diameter (mm) and internode length (cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test and averages compared by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level with the GENES statistical software. It can be concluded that the lower initial development was observed in genotype 1113-11 and the highest initial development was from genotypes 713-13 and 813-5.

O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar pela primeira vez alguns aspectos da reprodução do caranguejo-uçá em manguezais da Baía da Babitonga (Santa Catarina). Além disso, a densidade e o tamanho do estoque deste recurso pesqueiro foram também estimados. Os exemplares foram coletados mensalmente, de maio de 2002 a abril de 2003, em duas áreas distintas: Iperoba e Palmital; um total de 2265 espécimes (1623 machos e 642 fêmeas) foi analisado. Os machos com gônadas maturas foram registrados durante todo o ano, enquanto as fêmeas com gônadas maturas ocorreram em apenas cinco meses. As fêmeas ovígeras foram registradas apenas em dezembro e janeiro. O etograma do fenômeno de migração reprodutiva ("andada") esteve em concordância com a maior atividade de caranguejos associada às luas cheias e novas, com maior intensidade em dezembro e janeiro, relacionados ao verão austral. A densidade total no Manguezal de Iperoba foi de 2,05 ± 0,97 ind./m², não diferindo significativamente daquela registrada para o Manguezal do Palmital (2,06 ± 1,08 ind./m²) (p < 0,05). A média global para a estimativa de densidade na Baia da Babitonga foi de 2,05 ± 1,00 ind./m², correspondendo a 1,42 ± 0,89 ind./m² com base nas galerias abertas e 0,64 ± 0,63 ind./m² para as galerias fechadas.

The aim of this work is to characterize, for the first time, aspects of the reproduction of the mandrove-land crab in mangroves of the Babitonga Bay (Santa Catarina). Furthermore, density and stock size of this fishery resource were also estimated. The specimens were sampled from May 2002 to April 2003, from two distinct locations: Iperoba and Palmital; a total of 2265 specimens (1623 males and 642 females) were analyzed. Males with mature gonads were recorded throughout the year, while females with mature gonads were only recorded during a five-month period. Ovigerous females were recorded in December and January. The ethogram of the reproductive migration phenomenon ("andada") is in agreement of high crab activity associated to full- and new-moon, with higher intensity during December and January, also related to the austral summer season. The total sampling density on Iperoba Mangrove was 2.05 ± 0.97 individuals.m-2 and did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) from the density recorded on Palmital Mangrove (2.06 ± 1.08 individuals.m-2). The overall average of density estimation at Babitonga Bay was 2.05 ± 1.00 individuals.m-2, which corresponded to the density of open (1.42 ± 0.89 individuals.m-2) and closed burrows (0.64 ± 0.63 individuals.m-2).